5/25/2017 Basic Beliefs of Confucianism Rulers should be good moral examples. Filial Piety-respect for your elders. Education is the way to advance in society. China Review Civil Service Exams-for government jobs. Family is the foundation of society Daoism (Taoism) Geographic Features that Isolate China • Himalaya Mountains – separate China/India • Laozi‐ founder • Gobi Desert – separates China & Russia • People should live in harmony with nature. • Huang He (Yellow) River – dangerous flooding • Follow “the way” of the universe. • Monsoons – seasonal winds that bring large amounts of rain • Balance between Yin (earth, female & dark forces) and Yang (heaven, male & light forces) • *** Acceptance & Yielding*** Confucian Philosophy (no gods) Legalism Confucius- China’s most influential philosopher – Han Feizi ‐ founder (thinker). – Harsh laws, strict punishments The Analects- collected sayings – Emperor Shi Huangdi Know your place in society 5 Key Human Relationships Ruler – Subject Father – Son Husband – Wife Older Brother – Younger Brother Friend – Friend 1
5/25/2017 Early Chinese Civilization Mandate of Heaven • Heaven (gods) gave an emperor the right to rule. – Started over 4000 years ago in the Huang He River ( Yellow River) Valley …deadly flooding • When the ruler had heavens approval, things – Heart of China = Agriculture (farming) were good. – Terrace farming • When the ruler lost the Mandate of Heaven, things were bad and it was time for a new dynasty (ruling family). Signs the Ruler had the Mandate of Middle Kingdom Heaven – Geographic features like mountains, deserts and • 1 . Peace jungles isolated Ancient China • 2. Prosperity $$$ – No cultural diffusion/act as barriers • 3. Building roads & canals – Heaven, Hell and China‐ Ethnocentrism (belief • 4. Land given to the peasants that your culture is better than others) • 5. People are protected Signs the Ruler lost the Mandate of Dynasties of China Heaven • During China’s history it has experienced rule • 1. Natural disasters‐ floods, earthquakes, by a number of dynasties (ruling families). storms • 2. High taxes • Shang Dynasty • 3. Rulers corrupt • Zhou Dynasty‐ first books, accurate calendar, • 4. Wars silk making, Mandate of Heaven to overthrow • 5. Famine (starvation) & Disease the Shang. 2
5/25/2017 Dynastic Cycle Tang & Song Dynasties • Golden Age • Grand Canal‐ increased trade and travel • Calligraphy • Pagodas Qin Dynasty Ming Dynasty 221 B.C.E. – 206 B.C.E. • Took control of China in 1368 C.E. by overthrowing the Mongols (who had been ruling for 900 years) and pushing them back behind the Great Wall. • porcelain • Overseas expansion • Zheng He, a Chinese admiral exchanged luxury goods like silks and exotic animals with Europeans. Reasons why westerners were Han Dynasty interested in China…. 206 B.C.E. – 220 C.E. • Emperor Wudi tea, spices, porcelain, silk • Civil Service Exams based on Confucian trade rights teachings to get a government job, not family new markets for goods connections. • Paper making from wood pulp • Acupuncture • Silk Road‐ 4,000 mile trade route from China to Italy. 3
5/25/2017 Boxer Rebellion Imperialism in China 1900 • British merchants traded opium in China in • The nationalist group “The Boxers” assaulted the late 1700’s. China tried to stop imports of foreign communities across China in an effort the addictive drug. to kick out foreigners. • In 1839, to keep trade open the British and • Japan and western armies quickly defeated Chinese fought the Opium War. the boxers and forced the Chinese to grant foreigners even more concessions. • Great Britain won because of their military and industrial strength. Treaty of Nanjing Sun Yixian 1842 1911 • President of the Chinese Republic *China had to pay for Great Britain's war costs • Open ports to British trade • Three Principles of the People • Give Hong Kong to the British (until 1997) • Nationalism, Democracy & Livelihood (jobs) • Extraterritoriality‐ British citizens in China live • Stepped down because he couldn’t unite under British rules and tried in British courts. China. • Rival warlords fought for power. Spheres of Influence Chinese Civil War • Jiang Jieshi‐ Nationalist leader of the Guomindang and supported by the middle class. • Mao Zedong‐ Communist party leader and supported by the peasants. • Long March‐ 100,000 Communist’s retreated 6,000 miles and only 20,000 survived. Mao set up a base in Northern China. 4
5/25/2017 The Great Leap Forward Reasons for Communist Success 1958 • Support of the peasants. • Goal: Increase agricultural and industrial • Support of women and rejecting the output • People were put on communes, groups of inequalities of Confucian philosophy. • Hit‐and‐run guerrilla warfare. people who lived and worked together. • Production quotas • People thought Nationalists were corrupt. • Poorly made goods • Farming output decreased • Outcome: Widespread famine and death The Cultural Revolution Jiang Jieshi flees… 1966 • Goal: Renew people’s loyalty to communism • In 1949, Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalist party and establish a more equitable society. of the Guomindang fled to the island of • Mao shut down schools and urged students to Taiwan, or the Republic of China (Capitalist experience the revolution for themselves. Asian Tiger). • Students formed Red Guards and attacked teachers, government officials and factory managers. • Outcome: economy slows, people fear arrest, no one is educated. People’s Republic of China Deng Xiaoping 1949 1976 • Mao Zedong‐ Communist, one party dictatorship • Four Modernizations • Agricultural society into a modern industrial • Farming‐ methods modernized nation. • Industry‐ upgraded • Literacy increased • Science and technology‐ promoted & • Health care developed • Social classes eliminated • Defense‐ systems and military forces improved • Women were equal • Basic rights of all denied 5
5/25/2017 Deng Xiaoping Overpopulation • Ended communes. Over one billion people • Allowed a small amount of capitalism. One Child Policy Chinese government provides birth control • Farmers could grow extra food and sell it for Financial Incentives to couples who limit their a profit. family to one child. • Allowed some private business to produce goods and services. • Allowed foreigners to own and operate businesses in a special zone. Deng Xiaoping Return of Hong Kong • Results of Reforms: • 1842‐ Great Britain gained the island of Hong Kong. It modernized and became very • Economy grew wealthy. • Better standard of living for some • July 1, 1997 Hong Kong was turned over to • Foreign relations and trade improved. the Chinese government. • Crime and corruption grew • China agreed not to change Hong Kong’s social • Gap between rich and poor increased and economic system for 50 years and allowed • Desire for political freedom….. the island some self‐rule. Tiananmen Square Korea May 1989 • Demonstrators in Beijing occupied Tiananmen Cultural bridge between Japan and China (selective borrowing) Square and demanded more political rights and freedoms. Korean War 1950-1953 • When they refused to leave, the government North - Communist - Aligned with the Soviet sent in troops and tanks. Union • Thousands were killed or wounded. South - Democratic – Aligned with the United Maintaining control and order were more States important to the Chinese government than Containment –stop the spread of communism political freedom for their people. Stalemate (Demilitarized Zone-DMZ) 6
5/25/2017 North Korea • Opium War (1839–1842 • Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864) Totalitarian Dictatorship • Boxer Rebellion (1898–1901) Kim Jong IL- died in 2012 and his This series of events is most closely associated with the (1) spread of communism to China and Korea son Kim Jung Un took over. (2) growing concerns about the influence of the West in Nuclear Weapons China (3) alliance formed between Vietnam and China Axis of Evil (4) increasing expansion of civil and political rights in China People are starving The Long March is significant in Chinese history South Korea because it Asian Tiger (1) ended Japanese occupation of China Economic power (2) reinforced the concept of the Mandate of Kia cars, small electronics Heaven Wealthy Capitalistic Country (3) caused the Boxer Rebellion (4) established Mao Zedong as a revolutionary Aligned with the US leader Which belief system was the basis for the civil service exams given during the Han, Tang, and Song dynasties? (1) legalism (3) Buddhism (2) Daoism (4) Confucianism 7
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