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APPLICATION OF GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE NATURAL RESOURCES AND NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA IN MALAYSIA

By James Dawos Mamit, Ph.D. Deputy Minister Deputy Minister Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Malaysia

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Total Land Area: 330,290 sq. km 13 States & 3 Federal Territories

Sabah

13 States & 3 Federal Territories

Sarawak Peninsular

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For identifying abundance and locations of For identifying abundance and locations of natural resources. For determining strategic plan and sound For determining strategic plan and sound management practices for extraction of natural resources. natural resources. For identifying impacts of exploitation of natural resources on environmental health. For expedient and quick decisions and For expedient and quick decisions and actions.

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Natural Resources in Malaysia Malaysia

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Mineral Resource Mineral Resource Forest Resource Forest Resource Water Resource

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Peninsular Malaysia: 5.789 mil. ha. 5.789 mil. ha. Sabah: 4.436 mil. ha. Sarawak: 10.095 mil. ha. Sarawak: 10.095 mil. ha. Total: 20.312 mil. ha. Permanent Forest Reserve: 12.739 mil. ha. Peninsular 4.793 mil. ha., Sabah 4.337 mil. ha., Sarawak 4.387 mil. ha.

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Mangrove Forest Mangrove Forest Beach/Littoral Forest Forest Peat Swamp Forest Lowland Mixed Dipterocarp Forest Dipterocarp Forest Hill Mixed Dipterocarp Forest Dipterocarp Forest Montane and Sub- Montane Forest Montane Forest

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Forest Industry contributed USD6.73 bil. Forest Industry contributed USD6.73 bil. to GDP and availed job opportunities to 500,000 Malaysians in 2012 500,000 Malaysians in 2012

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Over-exploitation in Over-exploitation in licensed concession areas concession areas Illegal Forest Illegal Forest Harvesting: 647 cases till 2013, 647 cases till 2013, Incurring losses USD10.91 mil. USD10.91 mil.

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Remoteness Remoteness and Inaccessibility Inaccessibility

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Metals: Bauxite Gold Non-Metals: Rock Aggregates Gold Ilmenite Iron Ore Aggregates Clay Coal Manganese Rare Earth Rutile Coal Feldspar Kaolinite Limestone Rutile Tin Silver Struverite Limestone Mica Sand and Gravels Struverite Zirkon Gravels Silica Sand

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• Silica Sand 155,800,000 m/tons
• Kaolinite 117,180,000 m/tons
• Kaolinite 117,180,000 m/tons
• Coal 970,570,000 m/tons
• Iron Ores 50,000,00 m/tons
• Iron Ores 50,000,00 m/tons

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Industry Performance: Mining and Mining and Quarrying Sector contributed contributed USD2.09 bil. or 1.06% to GDP in 1.06% to GDP in 2011 289 mines in 2011 289 mines in 2011 7,053 workers

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Most valuable Most valuable natural asset to humans asset to humans

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Annual Rainfall: 990 bil. m3 Surface Runoff: 566 bil. m3 Surface Runoff: 566 bil. m Evapo-transpiration: 360 bil. m3 Groundwater Recharge: 64 bil. m3 Groundwater Recharge: 64 bil. m Surface Artificuial Storage: 25 bil. m3 (Dams) (Dams) Groundwater Storage: 5,000 bil. m3 (Aquifers)

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(Aquifers)

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Climate Change Climate Change Unplanned developments Uncontrolled physical

Polluted and Degraded

Uncontrolled physical activities by individuals and groups

Degraded Quality

groups Unethical actions

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Current River Water Pollution: Out of 464 rivers, Out of 464 rivers, 59% clean 34% polluted 34% polluted 7% severely polluted

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Putative relationship between forests and rainfall, i.e., decline in forest cover causes disruption in rainfall regimes (4% decline). Soil is less protected from torrential rains in denuded areas, causing severe surface run-offs and erosion. Much higher daily variation in ground temperature in denuded areas.

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Biodiversity loss.

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Impact of Forest Exploitation on Hydrological System Hydrological System High river sedimentation loads and turbidity; landslides can increase river sediment loads landslides can increase river sediment loads by 5- to 50-fold directly after logging. Elevated sediment loads impair fish habitat, Elevated sediment loads impair fish habitat, heighten flood risk downstream, alter river-flow direction and speed, and increase river-flow direction and speed, and increase costs of treatment for potable water Supplies.

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Discharge of mine effluent into rivers. Seepage from tailings and waste rock Seepage from tailings and waste rock impoundments. Sedimentation of rivers caused by poorly Sedimentation of rivers caused by poorly built roads during exploration and mine construction. construction. Various chemicals for processing finely ground ore-tailings discharfed into rivers.

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ground ore-tailings discharfed into rivers.

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Remoteness and Inaccessibility: Remoteness and Inaccessibility: How and what to do???

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Geospatial technology is an essential component an essential component

• f Natural Resources

Management Tools, as Management Tools, as natural resources are directly affected by directly affected by changes in the shape and extent of the and extent of the proposed disturbances.

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The methods used for the measurement, The methods used for the measurement, analysis and visualization of features and phenomena that occur on Earth. phenomena that occur on Earth. Three commonly used technologies: Global Positioning Systems (GPS) Global Positioning Systems (GPS) Geographical Information Systems (GIS) (GIS) Remote Sensing (RS) Remote Sensing (RS)

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Geospatial technologies provide the means Geospatial technologies provide the means to integrate diverse datasets based on their geospatial attributes, thus allowing for geospatial attributes, thus allowing for holistic analysis. Geospatial technologies make it possible to Geospatial technologies make it possible to

• bserve remote and inaccessible places, thus

making accurate and timely spatially distributed datasets readily available (eg., distributed datasets readily available (eg.,

• pen burning).

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GPS is a network of GPS is a network of 2 dozens satellites, transmitting signals transmitting signals to GPS receivers, allowing them to allowing them to determine location, direction and speed. direction and speed. Geodetic control for surveying, engineering, mapping…

USES

engineering, mapping… Cadastr survey

USES

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Forest Resource and Environment: Land area and coverage, soil types, species Land area and coverage, soil types, species composition, topography, hydrography, infrastructure, rainfall. infrastructure, rainfall. Mineral Resource: Land area, soil chemistry, topography, rock formations and physical properties. formations and physical properties. Water Resource: Hydrography, aquifers and ground water, Hydrography, aquifers and ground water, topography.

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Science and Techniques of obtaining geospatial Science and Techniques of obtaining geospatial information about a phenomenon without in contact with it (e.g., flood) contact with it (e.g., flood)

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RS Applications for Natural Resources Management Management

FORESTRY: MINING: WATER FORESTRY: Identifying forest types and Species MINING: Identifying rock formations WATER RESOURCE: Determination of water and Species Estimating timber formations and minerals Estimating water boundaries and surface areas timber volume and yield Estimating mineral reserves surface areas Mapping of floods yield reserves floods and flood plains ENVIRONMENT: Monitoring land degradation and pollution, water pollution, land degradation and pollution, water pollution, air pollution, open burning, impact of natural disasters…

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Over-exploitation. Non-compliance to Non-compliance to Forest Management Plan and Logging Plan and Logging Prescriptions, such as prescribed as prescribed uration of logging, cutting logging, cutting cycle, tree size.

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State of Sarawak State of Sarawak Scenario

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Determining productivity, productivity, safety hazard issues, compliance to laws compliance to laws and regulations, adherence to work adherence to work Plans.

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Determining quantity and quality Determining quantity and quality

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Knowledge, represented by using and analysing a series of geospatial information datasets. datasets. Geospatial information that are the sum of our intepretation and synthesis of datasets. intepretation and synthesis of datasets. We cannot provide relevant geospatial information without fundamental datasets, including interrelationship between these including interrelationship between these datasets, the management of datasets, and the means of accessing and distributing those means of accessing and distributing those datasets.

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Land degradation, Terrestrial Land degradation, Natural disasters, Biodiversity loss. Terrestrial Ecosystem Biodiversity loss.

Water Quality:

59% clean,

Inland Water

59% clean, 34% polluted, 7% severly polluted.

Inland Water Aquatic Ecosystem

7% severly polluted.

Ecosystem

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Using Geospatial Information to Develop Integrated Management to Develop Integrated Management Plan for Natural Resources and Environment Environment

Geospatial technologies are used for Geospatial technologies are used for inventory, delineation and mapping of natural resources: natural resources: Production Forests Protected Areas and Wetlands Protected Areas and Wetlands Wildlife Reserves Mining Sites and Mineral Reserves Mining Sites and Mineral Reserves Water Resource and Pollution

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Utilization

• f Geospatial
• f Geospatial

Technologies is based on: is based on: Types of information information to be delivered Users needs Users needs

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Geospatial Technologies are vital for Sustainable Management of Natural Sustainable Management of Natural Resources and the Environment for purposes of expedient and accurate purposes of expedient and accurate decision-making

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