Accelerator-physics Mas Master ter Aca Acade demy 2 my 201 018 - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Accelerator-physics Mas Master ter Aca Acade demy 2 my 201 018 - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Introduction to Accelerators and Accelerator-physics Mas Master ter Aca Acade demy 2 my 201 018 8 Kur urt A t Aulen ulenba bache her Institut f Institut fr K r Ker ernp nphys hysik ik Joh ohan anne nes s Gute Gutenb

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SLIDE 1

Introduction to Accelerators and Accelerator-physics

Mas Master ter Aca Acade demy 2 my 201 018 8 Kur urt A t Aulen ulenba bache her Institut fü Institut für K r Ker ernp nphys hysik ik Joh

  • han

anne nes s Gute Gutenb nber erg g – Univ Univer ersität sität Main Mainz

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SLIDE 2
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 2

This morning: Introduction to accelerators This afternoon: Introduction to Accelerator physics This afternoon: 15:00 guided tour through the MAMI accelerator I.1.0 Program

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SLIDE 3
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 3

I.1.0 Literatur

Internet: Unterlagen der CERN Accelerator Schools (CAS) zu allgemeinen und speziellen Themen der Beschleunigerphysik unter http://cas.web.cern.ch/cas/

  • bzw. der U.S. Particle Accelerator School (USPAS) unter http://uspas.fnal.gov/

The Infancy of Particle Accelerators - Life and Work of Rolf Wideröe Compiled and edited by Pedro Waloschek http://www-library.desy.de/elbooks/wideroe/WiE-BOOK.htm und zur Vertiefung…..

Berichte der „großen“ Beschleunigerphysik Konferenzen (seit 1965): http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/ A.W. Chao, Physics of Collective Beam Instabilities in High Energy Accelerators, Wiley and Sons (download unter: http://www.slac.stanford.edu/~achao/wileybook.html)

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SLIDE 4
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 4

I.1.1 Definitions Concept of acclerators/accelerator physics

Accelerator Particle- source Experiment Beam formation Experiment

(internal beam exp.) (externer Beam)

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SLIDE 5
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 5

I.1.1 Definitions Particles:

In Accelerators generated formed accleratec. stored: Elektronen (e-), Protons (p), Ions (e.g. 12C1+,179Au79+, 238U92+) Positrons (e+), Anti-Protons (p) Muons (m+, m-) Neutrons (n) Molekules (z.B. LiH2

  • )

Created by accelerators and then used for experiments und dann ggf. manipuliert: Muons-, Pions- Neutrons short lived /exotic Isotops (6,8He, 11Li, 100Sn) Superheavy nuclei (269Ds – Darmstadium 110, 272Rg – Röntgenium 111, Ununoctium - 118) Neutrinos Anti-Hydrogen Photons

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SLIDE 6
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 6

I.1.1 Definitions accelerator:

Beam preparation/formatin and increase of kinetic energy (accleration) (but also de-acceleration for instance for trapping exotic particles, e.g. anti-hydrogen) Beamparameter: time structure dc (direct current = ) cw (continous wave = ) pulsed ( Macro + Micro)

Pulslength dt (typ. ps – ms) Frequency f (typ. MHz – GHz) Macro-Pulslänge Dt (typ ns – ms) Micro-Pulslänge dt (typ. ps – ms, runter bis zu fs) Frequenz f (typ. Hz – kHz)

duty cycle = Dt × f (Tast-Verhältnis) internal (‚trapped‘) external Beam

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SLIDE 7
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 7

Intensity: particle number n / Charge Q / Beam current I I = Q/t = n*q / t e.g.. cw-Beam with f=2.45GHz, dt=1.4ps, 255000 e- / Bunch (MAMI) → average current I = 2.45GHz*255000*1.602 · 10-19C / 1s = 100mA → Peak-current Î = 255.000*1.602 · 10-19C / 1.4ps = 30mA average currents in accelerators pA bis A Peak-currents ~kA z.B 5kA = 3.1·109 e- in 100fs (XFEL, DESY) Beam dimensions: Transerse size + transverse momenta = Phase space („emittance) Paricel density in phase space = „Brightness“ )

I.1.1 Definition

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SLIDE 8
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 8

I.1 Definitionen

Energie / Impuls: Unit of energy : 1eV = kinetic energy of particle with charge e after falling through potetial of 1V in vacuum = 1.602·10-19 J Masseeinheit: eV/c2 (oft wg. Normierung c=1 auch nur eV) Impulseinheit: eV/c (oft wg. Normierung c=1 auch nur eV)

 

 

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 1 1 1 Ruhemasse : : auch

  • der

1 fo) Lorentztra (Aus dukt) (Skalarpro                                       c v m mit E c c m c m v m p c m c m E E c m mc E c p c m E

kin

m m m m

                         X 1 1 X ) p , p , p , E ( P ) z , y , x , t ( X

z y x

(Lorentz-Transformation in z-Richtung)

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SLIDE 9
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 9

Storage ring: (Large) trap for charged particles with high kinetic energies ) E.g. Electrons: E=105GeV ( LEP / Perimeter 27km, CERN bis 2000)  = 105GeV / 511keV = 205500 / =0.999999999988 4 x 8.7·1011 e- correspond to 58.5kJ stored Energy Für Protonen: E=7TeV (im LHC / perimeter 27km, CERN ab 07/2008)  = 7TeV / 938.3MeV = 7460 / =0.9999999910 Für 2808 x 1.15·1011 p ents 362.1MJ gespeicherte Energie

  • ther Parameter:

Spin / Polarisation ionic states Stability of current, position angle, energy Positions- / Winkelstabilitäten (sub mm Auflösung) Energiestabilität (z.B. MAMI 1keV bei 855MeV)

I.1.1 Definition

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SLIDE 10
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 10

I.2 Accelerators in fundamental research

l: Wellenlänge

Mikroskopy to uncover small structures

size d

Resolution of structure d requires l < d

(Licht: Wellenlänge = 400 – 700nm ~ mm)

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SLIDE 11
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 11

I.2

de Broglie relation (Matter/wave duality)

p h  l

h = 6.626·10-34 Js = 4.136 ·10-21 MeV/s 7.7MeV 4He: p = /c E = 0.064 / c · (7.7MeV+3755.5MeV) = 240.8 MeV/c → l = 5·10-15m 1GeV 4He: p = /c E = 0.613 / c · (1000MeV+3755.5MeV) = 2917.4 MeV/c → l = 4·10-16m Structur size momentum Elektron-energy, kinetic Atom 10-10m 12.4keV/c 150,4eV Atomkern 10-14m 124MeV/c 123,5MeV Hadronen (p,n) 10-15m 1240MeV/c 1239,5MeV Hochenergie- physik 10-18m ~TeV/c ~TeV String Theorie 10-33m ~ 1015 TeV/c ~ 1015 TeV

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SLIDE 12
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 12

Elektron(1898) nuclei, e.g. Helium: Proton(1919) & Neutron(1931) (Nukleons)

(point like, charge –e) Proton: 10-15m, Ladung e+ Neutron: 10-15m, „neutral“

p p n n

e  E>300 MeV ….but…

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SLIDE 13
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 13

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SLIDE 14
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 14

Leptonen Quarks

e Elektron d u ne up down 1 e- 2/3 e+ 1/3 e- Ladung Müon m nm s c charm strange top Tau t nt b t bottom Masse

1 ~ 0 ? 5 12 210 ~ 0 ? 2.500 215 3.500 ~ 0 ? 340.000 8.300

1 2 3

(8x) 4 Kräfte: Gravitation, Elektromagnetismus, Schwache Kraft, Starke Kraft Photon () Z0, W± QED QCD

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SLIDE 15
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 15

d u u Proton Neutron d u d Baryonen Mesonen u d Pion

many open questions

Confinement ? Why 3 hierarchy ? Higgs mass 120GeV)

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Hadronen

mu=3MeV md=6MeV m=938,3MeV m=139,6MeV m=939,6MeV

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SLIDE 16
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 16

Der Large Hadron Collider, CERN

Proton – Proton Collider mit 2 · 7.000.000.000.000eV = 14TeV Energie

p p LHC

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SLIDE 17
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 17

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SLIDE 18
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 18

Large Hadron Collider, CERN

630MJ stored energy (~1000 PKW mit 100km/h) Data rate: 22000 DVD / s Darin ca. ein wichtiges Ereignis ! Operational since: 2007 1200 superconducting magnets 8,3T Internationales Projekt:

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SLIDE 19
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 19

Why operate ‚small‘ accelerators like the Mainzer Mikrotron MAMI ?

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SLIDE 20
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 20

Hadronen Collider are „Nucleon-smashers“

d u u d u u

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SLIDE 21
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 21

MAMI serves as a „precision tool“

e

Nukleons are many body structures (Valence-quarks, Gluons, „Sea-Quarks“ generated by very complex „strong“ interaction

point like Electron e

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SLIDE 22
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 22

Purpose of MAMI Coincidence experiments with c.w. beam to give optimum conditions for data acquisation.

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SLIDE 23
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 23

„Drei Spektrometer Anlage“

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SLIDE 24
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 24

z.B. Charge distribution in Neutron

Recent Measurement at MAMI

Experimental tests for deeper understanding of strong interaction

Older prediction

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SLIDE 25
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 25

Ein, pin, Sin Beam: E=1508MeV ± 0.030MeV (0.002%) I= ~ pA – 100mA direction and position stable ~ 10mm and murad

1

Ei, pi, Si

3

Eout, pout, Sout

2

?

If 1 + 2 + 3 are known, then may be determined!

?

Coincidence-Experiments need cw-beams !

Nukleon (Proton, Neutron) ~ 10-15m

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SLIDE 26
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 26

d.c. voltages: Van de Graaff

Source Target Band- Generator

10.000.000V

(1931) Vacuum d.c. beam e.g. a-particles v = 10,3%•c

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SLIDE 27
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 27

6.000.000V = 6MV Van de Graaff

  • f HMI Berlin
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SLIDE 28
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 28

1924 Idea: Gustav Ising 1927 proof of principle: Rolf Wideröe (Aachen) Drifttube linear acclerator with „ac“ fields

  • 25.000V

+25.000eV

Source of Sodium Ions

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SLIDE 29
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 29

  • 25.000V

+25.000eV

Driftröhren-Linearbeschleuniger mit Wechselfeldern

Quelle für Natrium Ionen

+25.000eV

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SLIDE 30
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 30

  • 25.000V

=50.000eV

Driftröhren-Linearbeschleuniger mit Wechselfeldern

Quelle für Natrium Ionen

+25.000eV +25.000eV

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SLIDE 31
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 31

Modern realisation for fast particles: Microwaves and resonator chains („cavities“) 25.000 W RF-power

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SLIDE 32
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 32

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SLIDE 33
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 33

surf

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SLIDE 34
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 34

surf

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SLIDE 35
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 35

surfin’ on the wave

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SLIDE 36
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 36

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

2 Meter, 25.000W cw Hf, 1.800.000eV Linear-accelerator (Linac) cavity („Sektion“)

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SLIDE 37
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 37

08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

Many (too many) for 100MeV:

To achieve 800MeV one needs with a ‚pure‘ LINAC:

  • ca. 400 cavities
  • ca. 1km length
  • 15MW Rf-power
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
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SLIDE 38
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 38

More efficient : The Racetrack Mikrotron (RTM)

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SLIDE 39
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 39

Strahlynamik Erster Ordnung (long.)

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SLIDE 40
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 40

Strahlynamik Erster Ordnung (trans.)

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SLIDE 41
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 41

Problem: Magnethomogenität

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SLIDE 42
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 42

RTM 3 90 Rezirkulationen 850MeV

3.5MeV RTM 1 18 Rezirkulationen 15MeV RTM 2 51 Rezirkulationen 180MeV LINAC Elektronenquelle 100keV

In dieser Form in Betrieb seit 1990

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SLIDE 43
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 43

RTM 3 90 Rezirkulationen 850MeV

3.5MeV RTM 1 18 Rezirkulationen 15MeV RTM 2 51 Rezirkulationen 180MeV LINAC Elektronenquelle 100keV

In dieser Form in Betrieb seit 1990

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SLIDE 44
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 44

Das weltgrößte Race-Track-Mikrotron 450 Tonnen, 1.28T War nicht genug !

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SLIDE 45
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 45

2000 to 2000 to 250 t 250 t 250 t 250 t

Das Doppelseitige Mikrotron “Polytron zweiter Ordnung” (K.H. Kaiser et al.)

Lösung:

2 l Bahnlängengewinn pro Umlauf+Geometrie 5,5 * mehr Energiegewinn bei gleichem B harmonische Betriebsfrequenz wg. Platzmangel und Ökonomie

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SLIDE 46
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 46

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SLIDE 47
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 47

Kernphysik seit 1965, gepulster Linac MAMI A, 180MeV von 1983 – 1987 MAMI B, 855MeV von 1990 – 2006 MAMI C, 1508MeV seit 2006 1604MeV seit September 2009

I.1.2 Einführung / Anwendungen – Beispiele

MAMI C Institut für Kernphysik, Mainz cw Elektronenstrahl (f=2.45GHz, dt=1.4ps)

  • max. 1.604GeV, max 100mA Strahlstrom

(~161kW Strahlleistung) RTM3 HDSM Drei Spektrometer Halle

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SLIDE 48
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 48

The MESA Concept: Build even smaller accelerators for fundamental research - or: What is an ERL and what is it good for?

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SLIDE 49
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 49

  • Insufficient space (and budget) for

further extension

  • no MAMI D project, but

use available space for 100 MeV scale, high intensity accelerator “MESA”

MESA accelerator & experiments

Expanding the MAMI facility by “MESA”

The MAMI facility will be complemented by MESA , the Mainz Energy-recovering Superconducting Accelerator, with dedicated experiments at energies below or at the pion threshold

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SLIDE 50
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 50

Linacs are the „Champions league“ of accelerators – very powerful, but very expensive Main cost driver in high intensity operation is RF-power.

  • Recirculating linacs reduce investment and running costs,

but do not really „solve“ the issue

  • Storage rings are extremely effective, but are limited in luminosity,

in particular at low energies The idea of an Energy Recovery Linac is to recover the kinetic energy in the same RF-resonator that has accelerated the particle. (Tigner, 1965).

  • fig. taken from
  • L. Merminga et al.:
  • Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 2003. 53:387–429
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SLIDE 51
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 51

Tigners idea

Decelleration demonstrated in the 1970‘s in “Reflexotron” Linacs Parasitic Bunch collisions can be avoided by using the recirculating linac arrangement Idea was not pursued seriously until the 2000’s…Why??

Tigner, M. Nuovo Cim. 37:1228 (1965)

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SLIDE 52
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 52

AD 1900: C. Lohner/ F. Porsche: First hybrid electric car: (look at the all wheel drive!): But - commercial failure! But clever ideas and mature technology can lead to change! Game changer for ERL: Superconductivity

wikipedia

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SLIDE 53
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 53

c.w. Laser from an accelerator (JLAB 2001)

L Merminga et al. Ann. Rev. Part. Sci 53 387 (2003)

JLAB ERL Laser output: 10kW Beam Power in Wiggler: ~1MW R.F power needed: ~100kW The energy taken away by scattered particles in one passage of the target can be much sma than the one extracted in the FEL Experiments with „Pseudo“ internal targets could be attractive.

(Proposed for dark matter search by Heinemayer et al. (2007): arXiv:0705.4056v2 )

Replace wiggler by „Pseudo“ internal target

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SLIDE 54
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 54

MESA Layout

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SLIDE 55
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 55

PLAN “B” (April-Oktober)

1 2 3 4

P2 MAGIX

MESA in old/new building structure

# =hall number

NEW (u-CFP) OLD

  • D. Simon
  • P2 Experiment: external beam, 155 MeV,

0,15mA, spin-polarized

  • MAGIX experiment: ERL beam, internal target

>1mA beam current.

  • Additional experiments possible: BdX and „Hall-4“
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SLIDE 56
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 56

Core techology: Superconductivity MEEK (Mesa-Elbe-Enhanced Kryomodules)

  • Design Gradient 13MV/m at with about 25 Watt Rf power per

meter

  • compare to 1MV/m with about 10kW Rf power per meter at

MAMI

  • 2 Cryomodules with four cavities will yield 50MeV energy

gain/turn with radiofrequency power of <100 Watt

  • delivery to Mainz foreseen next week
  • J. Teichert et al. NIMA 557 (2006) 239
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
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SLIDE 57
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 57

Experiments at MESA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?list=PL0F68B2B14956A8A8 &time_continue=18&v=9ccROZufodw

Mode 2: ERL Internal Target MAGIX Experiment Mode 1: Extracted Beam P2 Experiment

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SLIDE 58
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 58

The P2 Experiment at MESA

  • basic demands
  • F. Maas PAVI2014 conf

 ~4000h/Year Runtime

Accelerator must be optimized for reliability& stability

 Count rate several hundred Gigahertz Integrating detector + spectrometer 150 mA Beamcurrent , 60cm lq. H2, Beampol: 85%. 10000 h Data-taking (~13-15000 h Runtime)

High accuracy polarization measurement (DP/P=0.5% !!) Extremely high demands on control of HC-fluctuations!

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SLIDE 59
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 59

The P2 experiment at MESA

„Running“ of mixing angle: predicted by standard model, and confirmed by several Experiments.

  • F. Maas PAVI2014 conf.
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SLIDE 60
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 60

The P2 experiment at MESA

„Elastic electron scattering on proton measures 1-4sin2QW  small asymmetry , high sensitivity

  • Supressing hadronic contributions favours low momentum transfer

and low beam energy

  • W. Marciano
  • F. Maas, PAVI2014 conf.

Influence of „dark Z boson“ which also contributes to muon anomalous magnetic moment..

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SLIDE 61
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 61

The P2 Experiment at MESA

:

Beam Dump Experiment (BDX) @ MESA

Electron Scattering on Beam Dump  Collimated pair of Dark Matter particles !

This existing beam dump is going to be the P2 beam dump

10,000 hours @ 150 µA  1023 electrons on target (EOT) MESA BDX

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SLIDE 62
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 62

The MAinz Gas Internal EXperiment (MAGIX) at MESA :

Mode 2: ERL Internal Target MAGIX Experiment Mode 1: Extracted Beam P2 Experiment

  • 1mA Beam current in ERL mode
  •  high luminosity in spite of thin (in particular polarized) target.
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SLIDE 63
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 63

Operation of a high-intensity (polarized) ERL beam in conjunction with light internal target  a novel technique in nuclear and particle physics  measurement of low momenta tracks with high accuracy  competitive luminosities  Small device if compared to GeV scale spectrometer set ups!

High resolution spectrometers MAGIX:

  • double arm, compact design
  • momentum resolution: Δp/p < 10-4
  • acceptance: ±50 mrad
  • GEM-based focal plane detectors
  • Gas Jet or polarized T-shaped target

MAGIX-basic features

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SLIDE 64
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 64

MAGIX portfolio-I / dark photon searches

  • Pseudo internal target experiment: Initially foreseen for dark photon

search Expected coverage…

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SLIDE 65
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 65

MAGIX portfolio-I / dark photon searches

  • Pseudo internal target experiment: Initially foreseen for dark photon se

Dark photon decays into light lepton pair.. Expected coverage…

  • g-2 band could as well be motivated by „invisible“ decay into dark matter…

We currently investigate which coverage can be by using very thin HV MAPS detector for proton measurement…

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SLIDE 66
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 66

I.3 Applications of particle accelerators

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SLIDE 67
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 67

High brightness lightsource:

Wiggler / Undulator Dipol kleine Divergenz polarisiert exakt berechenbar gepulst ~ fs hohe Intensität breites / kontinuierliches Spektrum

time

beschleunigte Ladungen strahlen e.m. Energie ab:

        t  t p  

m m

d dp d dp c m 6 q P

3 2 2 s 2 4 2 4 2 s

R 1 ) c m ( E 6 c q P p 

auf Kreisbahn (und b~1):

In praktischen Einheiten ergibt sich für die im ganzen Ring abgestrahlte Leistung (für e—Ringe, b=1):

] A [ I ] m [ R ] GeV [ E kW 4 . 88 ] kW [ P

4 s

 

I.2.1 Einführung / Anwendungen – Beispiele

slide-68
SLIDE 68
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 68

SLS (Swiss Light Source, seit 2001) Paul Scherer Institut, Villingen, Schweiz Beispiel für eine 3te Generation Synchrotron- strahlungsquelle

  • kleine Strahlquerschnitte (bis einige mm)

und Divergenzen (Emittanz)

  • hohe Strahlstabilität, d.h.

sub mm Ortsstabilität des Strahls

  • viele „Beamlines“ mit unter-

schiedlichen Strahlungserzeugern

  • „top up“ – Betrieb (400mA fix)

Weltweit einige Dutzend Anlagen, z.B.

BESSYII-Berlin, DELTA-Dortmund, PETRAIII-Hamburg, ESRF-Grenoble, DIAMOND-Oxford, MaxLab-Lund, SOLEIL-Paris, ALS-Berkeley, APS-Argonne, CLS-Saskatchewan, PhotonFactory-Tsukuba, SPRING 8-Kouto, Australien Synchrotron-Melbourne, ...

I.3 Applications: Multi user SR light source

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SLIDE 69
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 69

I.3 light sources

European Synchrotron Radiation Facility Grenoble-Frankreich Swiss Light Source Source DIAMOND Light Source GB

Strahlenergien: 1.5 GeV – 8 GeV, Strahlströme: ~ 400mA

Advanced Photon Source Argonne-USA

Nationale Synchrotron-Strahlungsquellen „form follows function“

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SLIDE 70
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 70

I.3 Application

E-XFEL: „Free elctron laser“: Even more brillant light source (X-ray laser) e- Beschleunigung in der supraleitenden Struktur (1.3GHz, 23MeV/m Gradient)

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SLIDE 71
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 71

I.3.1. radiation therapy: electron linacs Beschleuniger in der medizinischen Anwendung: Strahlentherapie mit e- - Linearbeschleuniger

(erste klinische Anwendung 1953, industriell hergestellte Geräte ab 1962)

kompakt, viele kommerzielle Anbieter (Siemens, GE, ...), weltweit viele 1000 Tiefendosis Verteilung

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SLIDE 72
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 72

Strahlentherapie mit Ionen(12C)-Beschleuniger I.3.2. Heavy ion cancer therapy

HIT (Heidelberger Ionenstrahl Therapiezentrum, Behandlungen ab 10/2008) Heidelberg

  • max. 430MeV/u 12C
  • max. 430MeV/u 12C

Tiefendosis Profile Bragg-Peak

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SLIDE 73
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 73

I.2.1 Einführung / Anwendungen – Beispiele Produktion von Radioisotopen (mit Zyklotrons):

Brachy-Therapie = Nuklide werden über „Sonden“ nah an den Tumor gebracht

125I (60.2d, g=27-32keV)

PET = Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie

11C (20.4min), 18F (110min), 15O(122s)

PET Zentrum FZ Dresden-Rossendorf / TU Dresden

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SLIDE 74
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 74

I.2.1 Einführung / Anwendungen – Beispiele Sonstige Anwendungen:

  • Produkt Sterilisation
  • Material Behandlung (Polymerisation)
  • Ionen-Implantation
  • Beschleuniger-Massenspektroskopie
  • Port-Security

z.B. Hamburger Hafen, 2 x 10MeV Linac (horizontal/vertikal) 14 LKW / h 0.1mGray Dosisleistung / Durchleuchtung (~ durchschnittliche natürliche Jahresbelastung)

  • usf.
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SLIDE 75
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 75

~

Mikrotron (Kapitza, 1947) Amagnet ~ E2 VMagnet~E3 c.w. Betrieb möglich nur für Elektronen! für extrem rel. Teilchen: Synchrotron (Veksler, Mac. Millan) 1945. AMagnet ~ E externer Strahl nur gepulst! Speicherringexperimente quasi c.w.

R ~ E B

R

E,B

Zykluszeit~1s

I.4 Overview: Recirculating Acclerator types

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SLIDE 76
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 76

Nutzungsmodi des Synchrotrons: Speicherring und oder externer Strahl! Iint=Q*c/Umfang = bis zu Ampere! Iext=Q/Zykluszeit ~1nA.

I.4 Überblick Rezirkulierende Beschleunigertypen

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SLIDE 77
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 77

9cm Zyklotron (Lawrence& Livingstone 1931) Die metallischen D‘s spielen die gleiche Rolle wir die Driftröhren beim Linearbeschleuniger…

Beschleuniger für v≠c: Das Zyklotron

I.4 2 Cyclotron

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SLIDE 78
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 78

Die Zyklotronfrequenz

2 2 m qB r v f qB m v qB p r

Z

p p     

Allgemeine Formel für Biegeradius in B-Feld Die Zyklotronfrequenz ist von  abhängig! Synchronizität ist somit nicht möglich, aber für ~1 sind viel Umläufe denkbar… Besser: Variable Frequenz der Hochfrequenz (Synchrozyklotron)

  • der noch besser zunehmendes Feld (B(r)/(r)=const) (Isochronzyklotron)

Zunehmendes Feld aus ‚Stabilitätsgründen‘ nicht möglich  B(r,f)

) 1 Protonen, ( ] [ * 15 ) 1 , Elektronen ( ] [ * 28       T B MHz f T B GHz f

Z Z

I.4 Recirculating accelerators

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SLIDE 79
  • K. Aulenbacher

Master-Academy 79

Hochleistungs-Isochronzyklotron der PSI Strahlleistung 700 MeV 1.3mA ~1MW. (Anwendung: Spallationsneutronenquelle)

I.3 Überblick Rezirkulierende Beschleunigertypen