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A study understanding factors influencing the refurbishment of exis ting apartments in South Korea to reduce energy consumption

Hyunju Jang

Outline

• Problem
• Approaches
• Aims and Objectives

• Carbon emission and GHG

§ International Energy Agency (IEA, 2007) reported that the most cost effective way of energy saving is to improve en ergy efficiency and suggest 30% of reduction by 2030. § UK government has declared energy consumption of hous ing will need to reduce by 34% by 2020. § Korean Government also promotes building regulations to reduce energy consumption in order to achieve 30% redu ction of carbon emission in 2020.

Composition of energy consumption, 2009

• 32% of total energy consumption, UK

(Department of Energy & Climate change, 2011)

• 41% of total energy consumption, US

(U.S. Department of Energy, 2010)

• Dominance of apartment block in South Korea
• Apartment is an important type of housing in South Korea
• Over supply of new housing since 2002
• Redevelopment by demolition of existing apartments
• A few refurbishment

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Detached Housing Apartment 20 40 60 80 100 120 1995 년 2000 년 2001 년 2002 년 2003 년 2004 년 2005 년 2006 년 2007 년 2008 년

Housing Distribution Rate (KEEI, 2011) Construction Rate of Detached and APT (KEEI, 2011)

• Energy Consumption of Residential Building
• More energy consumption of residential buildings, especially in apa

rtments and multi-stories houses (KEEI, 2011).

• Higher heating level of South Korea (Hidetoshi et al, 2008).
• Less consideration of energy efficiency in existing apartments

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 South Korea Japan Germany

Domestic Energy Consumption (MJ/m2 . Yr)

(Industry Ministry of Korea, 2007 cities in Do, 2009: page 49).

• How the existing apartments can be adapted in future change ?
• Should they demolish or refurbish ?
• Research Questions

• Housing Typology - Apartment

• Less consideration of existing apartments in terms of sustainability
• Redevelopment for economic profit

• Refurbishment and Redevelopment of Apartment
• Regulations: Refurbishment after 15 years

Redevelopment by demolition after 40 years (but, conditional)

• Unma Apartment built in 1979, about 79m2 is about £55,000.
• Doosan we’ve the zenith of a unit,161.7 m2, is about £ 34,700.
• Great amount of existing apartments which are available refurbishment soon.

• How the existing apartments can be adapted in future change ?
• Should they demolish or refurbish ?
• Research Questions
• What factors influencing the refurbishment of existing apartments

?

• What different approaches are required in refurbishment of existin

g building compare to new-build by demolition?

• UHI effect
• Densely developed apartment complex
• The temperature of the Bundang, new town, increased minimum 3.3

℃ and maximum 10℃ compared to the temperature before the constr uction of new town (Song, 2005).

• Approaches – Urban Effect

• Approaches – Climate Change
• Each climatic factor can give more effect to building design due to future clim

ate change. Increase of winter temperature can be anticipated to decline of H

• DDs. However, it is also expected dramatic increase Cooling Degree Days (C

DDs). (LEE, 2010)

2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010

• Average temperature dropped 13.3℃(2007) to 12.1℃(2010) resulted in increa

se of HDDs (2483.2 > 2953.2) and CDDs (761.4 > 832.0). (KEEI, 2011)

• However, less HDDs and extremely more CDDs by future climate change

(NIMR, 2011) Change of average temperature (KEEI,2011) Change of energy consumption (KEEI,2011)

• Approaches – Regional Climate
• Less consideration of different local cli

matic conditions (Jeon, 2010).

Mean Temperature of South Korea <http://www.kma.go.kr/we ather/climate/average_normal.jsp>

• Climate change can affect to intensify

difference of local climatic condition s (CCIC, 2011).

• The climatic conditions by region can

be more intensified through future cli mate change (LEE, 2010, NIMR, 2011).

• Approaches – Building
• Flat-type apartments are mostly built in 1990s so that higher availabilit

y of refurbishment.

• Cho (2011) argues that tower-type apartments consume more energy th

an flat-type.

• Suh and Kim (2011) also pointed out that tower- type is unfavorable th

an flat-type due to unfavorable orientation, amount of window.

• Aims and Objectives
• Refurbishment by comparison of energy consumption with no refurbishment
• Optimizing building condition by climatic responsive elements
• Effect of outdoor environment to existing apartments
• Building life span

• References

Choi, Chang-ho et al, ‘The ventilation efficiency in household of the tower type apartment’, Journal of Korean society of living enviro nment system Vol.16, No.5, 2009 [Online] Available at: http://www.auric.or.kr/User/Rdoc/DocCmag.aspx?dn=170251&page=1&returnVal=CMAG [Accessed on 19/05/2012] Cho, Sung-Heui et al, ‘Energy consumption characteristics of high-rise apartment buildings according to building shape and mixed- use development’, Energy and Buildings Vol. 46, 2011 [Online] Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778811005019 [Accessed on 30/05/2012] Do, Eun-Jin, ‘Energy consuming object, changing buildings’, LG Economic Research Institute, 2009 [Online] Available at: http://www.lgeri.com/uploadFiles/ko/pdf/ind/LGBI1070-36_20091208112850.pdf [Accessed on 19/05/2012] Hidetoshi et al, ‘International comparison of household energy consumption and its indicator’, American Council for and Energy-Eff icient Economy (ACEEE), 2008 [Online] Available at: http://www.aceee.org/proceedings-paper/ss08/panel08/paper19 [Accessed on 30/05/2012] Jeon, Nam-Il, ‘Spatial history of housing in South Korea’, Dolbaegae, 2010 Korea Energy Economics Institute (KEEI), ‘Energy consumption survey 2011’, Ministry of Knowledge Economy (MKE), 2011, [Onli ne] Available at: www.keei.re.kr/web_keei/d_results.nsf/0/.../$file/ECS2011.pdf [Accessed on 23/05/2012] Korea Energy Economics Institute (KEEI), ‘Yearbook of regional energy statistic 2011’, [Online] Available at: http://www.keei.re.kr/web_keei/d_results.nsf/0/AB0A0B4B33ACECD9492579D8001C2C4A/$file/RES_2011.pdf [Accessed on 25/0 5/2012] Lee, Kwan-Ho, ‘Weather data for future climate change for South Korean building design: analysis for trends’, 2010, Architectural S cience Review Vol. 53 Issue 2 [Online] Available at: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3763/asre.2008.0055 [Accessed on 19/0 5/2012] National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), ‘Climate change of South Korea 2011 for IPCC 5th report’, 2011, Climate Cha nge Information Centre (CCIC), [Online] Available at: http://www.climate.go.kr/home/cc_data/scenario_report.pdf [Accessed 15/11/ 2011] Song, Young-Bae, ‘Influence of new town development on the urban heat island – The case of the Bundang area’, Journal of Environ mental Sciences Vol.17, No.4, 2005 [Online] Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16158596 [Accessed on 31/05/2012]