A Rate-Adaptive MAC Protocol for Multi-Hop Wireless Networks Gavin - - PDF document

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Oct 03, 2023 39 likes •189 views

A Rate-Adaptive MAC Protocol for Multi-Hop Wireless Networks Gavin Holland Nitin Vaidya Paramvir Bahl Dept. of Computer Science Microsoft Research Texas A&M University One Microsoft Way

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A Rate-Adaptive MAC Protocol for Multi-Hop Wireless Networks

Gavin Holland

Nitin Vaidya

Dept. of Computer Science

Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-3112

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Paramvir Bahl

Microsoft Research One Microsoft Way Redmond, WA 98052-6399

✭ ☛✠☎✮✟✯✙✛✧✰✓✡✚✢✱✲✝✠✜✲✝✠✳✴✤✢✣✬✚✢✝✆✧

ABSTRACT

✵✷✶✥✸✺✹✼✻✑✹✼✽✺✽✾✻✬✿❁❀❃❂❄✻❅❂❆✸✺✹❃❂❈❇✢✹❊❉✡❋✞✿❆✸✺●❍✽❏■❑✵✷▲◆▼✠❖◗P❘✽❊❙❯❚✢❂❃❱✲✹❏❲✄✹❊❀✼✿✦❳❨✹❩✶✬❇❬▲ ❀❭✸✺✹❪❂❄✽✴✶✥❇❴❫✦✻❛❵❏❜✄✿✲❜✢❝❍✻✬❂❆✸❡❞❴❝❍✹❢❉✺✿❣❉✺❚❴✹❯✸✺✹❊❀✼✹✼❇❁❉❨❂❃❱❆❂✲✶✑✻✬❂❄❲✢✶✑✻✑✶✑❉✡❵❏✿❄❤❘❂❆✐❥✿✲✸❦❞❁▲ ❂❄❲❴✻✥✹❧❞❴✹✼❱❁✶✥❀✼✹✼✽♠❉✺❚✢❂❆❉✕❂❆✸✺✹❧❀❃❂❆❜♥❂❄❲❴✻✑✹♦✿✲❤✄❀✼✿✦❳❡❳♣❝❍❇✢✶✑❀❃❂❄❉✺✶✑❇❴❫✎❂❄❉✖❚✢✶✑❫✦❚❨❞❴❂❄❉✴❂ ✸❦❂❆❉✺✹✼✽✼q❢r✞❚✢✹✼✽✴✹s❚❍✶✥❫✲❚t✸❦❂❆❉✺✹✼✽❅❂❄✸✺✹❨❜✄✿❄✽❦✽✴✶✑❲❴✻✥✹✦✉✒✶✥❇❏❜❴❂❄✸✴❉❃✉✠❉✴❚❍✸✺✿✲❝❴❫✦❚❏❇❍✹❊❋ ❳❡✿❴❞❍❝❴✻✬❂❆❉✺✶✑✿❄❇s✽❦❀❦❚❍✹❃❳❨✹✼✽✖❉✺❚♥❂❆❉✮❂❄✸✺✹❧✿✲❜❍❉✺✶✑❳❨✶✬✈❊✹❃❞❡❤❑✿✲✸✘❉✺❚✢✹❧❀❦❚♥❂❆❇✢❇❍✹✼✻♥❀✼✿✦❇❬▲ ❞❍✶❛❉✺✶✬✿❄❇✢✽✮❲❍✸✺✶✑❇✢❫✲✶✥❇❍❫❡❂❆❲✄✿✦❝❍❉✞❂♣❞❬✸❦❂❄❳s❂❆❉✴✶✬❀◗✶✥❇❴❀❊✸✺✹❪❂❆✽✴✹✇✶✑❇❯❲♥❂❆❇♥❞❁❋❘✶✥❞❬❉✺❚❢✹❭❤①▲ ② ❀✼✶✑✹❃❇❴❀❭❵❁q✷③❬✶✑❇✢❀✼✹❢❉✺❚✢✹④❀❦❚✢✿❄✶✬❀❊✹④✿✲❤◗❋◗❚✢✶✑❀❭❚⑤❳❨✿❬❞❍❝✢✻✥❂❆❉✺✶✥✿✲❇⑤✽✴❀❭❚❴✹✼❳❨✹④❉✯✿ ❝❴✽✴✹❨❞❬✹✼❜✄✹✼❇✢❞❴✽✇✿❄❇⑥❉✺❚✢✹⑦❀✼❝❴✸✴✸✺✹✼❇❁❉❘✽✴❉❦❂❆❉✺✹⑦✿✲❤✖❉✺❚✢✹❅❉✴✸❦❂❄❇✢✽✴❳❡✶✥✽✺✽✴✶✑✿✦❇⑧❀❦❚✢❂✲❇❬▲ ❇❴✹✼✻⑨✉✠❇❴✹❊❋✞✹❭✸✎❋❧✶✥✸✺✹✼✻✑✹✼✽✺✽✎❞❍✹✼❱❬✶✑❀✼✹✼✽✎✿❄❤①❉✺✹✼❇t✽✴❝❴❜✢❜♥✿❄✸✴❉✎❳♣❝❴✻❛❉✺✶✥❜❴✻✑✹❨❳❨✿❬❞❴❝❴✻✥❂❆▲ ❉✺✶✥✿✲❇⑩✽✺❀❦❚❴✹❊❳❨✹❃✽✼✉✕❂❄❇♥❞✛❚❴✹✼❇✢❀❊✹✾❳❅❝✢✻❛❉✺✶✥❜❴✻✥✹❢❞✢❂❄❉✴❂⑥✸❦❂❆❉✺✹✼✽✼✉✖❋❧✶✥❉✺❚⑩❳❨✹❊❀❭❚✢❂❆▲ ❇❴✶✑✽❦❳❡✽✇❉✺✿④✽✯❋◗✶❛❉✺❀❭❚❩❲✄✹❊❉✡❋✞✹✼✹✼❇❩❉✴❚✢✹❊❳④q❡❶❘✽✴✹❊✸✺✽❅❂❆✸✺✹❡❫✲✶✥❱✲✹✼❇⑧❉✺❚✢✹❨✿❄❜❴❉✴✶✥✿✲❇ ❉✺✿❯✹❃✶❛❉✺❚❍✹✼✸✇✽✺✹✼✻✑✹✼❀✼❉✇❂✲❇⑥✿✲❜✄✹❭✸❦❂❄❉✺✶✑✿✲❇♥❂❄✻♠❞❴❂❆❉❦❂s✸❦❂❪❉✺✹♣❳❨❂✲❇❁❝♥❂❆✻✥✻✑❵❣✿❄✸❘❉✺✿❯✻✥✹❊❉ ❉✺❚❴✹❧❞❴✹✼❱❁✶✥❀✼✹❧❂❆❝❴❉✺✿✲❳❨❂❆❉✺✶✥❀❃❂❄✻✑✻✑❵♣❀❦❚✢✿❁✿✲✽✴✹✞❉✺❚✢✹❧❂❄❜❴❜❍✸✺✿✲❜❍✸✺✶✬❂❆❉✺✹♦❳❨✿❍❞❬❝✢✻✥❂❄❉✴✶✥✿✲❇ ✽✺❀❦❚❴✹❊❳❨✹s■❷❞✢❂❪❉❦❂❡✸❦❂❆❉✺✹❆❙✕❉✺✿❨❳s❂❪❉✺❀❭❚✾❉✺❚❴✹✎❜❍✸✺✹✼❱✲❂❆✶✑✻✬✶✑❇✢❫❡❀✼✿✲❇✢❞❴✶❛❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❴✽❃q✕❖❘❝❬▲ ❉✺✿✲❳s❂❆❉✺✶✑❀s✸❦❂❆❉✺✹❯✽✺✹✼✻✑✹✼❀❊❉✺✶✥✿✲❇✛❜❍✸✺✿❄❉✺✿❬❀✼✿❄✻✬✽⑦❚✢❂❪❱✲✹❯❲✄✹✼✹❊❇⑩✽✯❉✺❝✢❞❍✶✥✹❪❞❩❤❑✿✲✸♣❀✼✹✼✻❛▲ ✻✥❝❍✻①❂❪✸❘❇❴✹❊❉❸❋✮✿✲✸✺●❁✽◗❲✢❝❬❉❘❉✴❚❴✹❊✸✺✹❅❚✢❂❪❱✲✹❅❲♥✹❃✹❊❇④✸✺✹✼✻✥❂❄❉✺✶✑❱✲✹❃✻❛❵❢❤❑✹❊❋❹❜❴✸✺✿❄❜✄✿✦✽✺❂❄✻✥✽ ❤❑✿❄✸✘✵✷▲✡▼✠❖❧P✇✽✼q♠❺✡❇❡❉✺❚✢✶✑✽✘❜♥❂✲❜♥✹❭✸✕❋♦✹❧❜❬✸✺✹❃✽✴✹✼❇❁❉✕❂✎✸❦❂❪❉✺✹◗❂✲❞✢❂❆❜❴❉✺✶✑❱✦✹❘❻❣❖❧❼ ❜❍✸✺✿❄❉✺✿❬❀✼✿❄✻✆❀❃❂❄✻✑✻✥✹❃❞✾❉✺❚❴✹⑦❽❧✹❃❀✼✹❊✶✥❱✲✹❊✸✴▲◆❾♦❂❄✽✺✹❃❞❣❖◗❝❍❉✺✿✲❽❘❂❆❉✺✹❢■①❽✇❾✞❖◗❽✇❙♦❜❍✸✺✿❄▲ ❉✺✿❬❀✼✿❄✻◆q❿r✞❚✢✹❩❇✢✿❪❱✦✹✼✻❛❉✡❵➀✿❄❤♣❽◗❾♦❖◗❽➁✶✑✽④❉✺❚❴❂❄❉❣✶❛❉✺✽④✸❦❂❪❉✺✹❏❂✲❞❴❂✲❜❬❉❦❂❄❉✴✶✥✿✲❇ ❳❡✹✼❀❭❚✢❂✲❇❍✶✬✽✴❳➂✶✥✽❘✶✥❇❣❉✺❚❴✹❅✸✺✹✼❀✼✹❃✶✑❱❄✹❊✸✪✶✑❇✢✽✯❉✺✹✼❂✦❞❣✿❄❤✘✶✥❇❣❉✺❚❴✹⑦✽✴✹✼❇♥❞❍✹❊✸❃q❘r♦❚❴✶✥✽ ✶✥✽✇✶✑❇⑧❀✼✿✦❇✦❉✴✸❦❂❆✽✴❉✇❉✺✿❯✹❊➃❍✶✑✽✯❉✺✶✬❇❍❫✾✽✴❀❦❚✢✹❊❳❨✹✼✽✇✶✥❇⑧❞❴✹❊❱❍✶✑❀✼✹❊✽✪✻✑✶✥●✲✹⑦❉✺❚❴✹⑦✵❏❂❆❱❄✹❊▲ ▼✒❖❘P➄❺✴❺♣➅❛➆❆➇❃➈❷q♣✵❏✹❡✽✺❚❴✿❪❋➉❉✺❚✢❂❆❉❅❽◗❾♦❖◗❽➊✶✑✽✎❲✄✹❊❉✴❉✺✹❊✸✪❲✄✹✼❀❪❂❄❝❴✽✴✹❡✶✑❉✪✸✺✹❊▲ ✽✺❝❍✻✥❉✯✽◗✶✑❇⑥❂⑦❳❨✿✲✸✺✹✪✹❭➋s❀❃✶✑✹✼❇❁❉❧❀❭❚✢❂❄❇✢❇❍✹✼✻✒➌❁❝✢❂✲✻✑✶❛❉❸❵❢✹✼✽✯❉✺✶✥❳s❂❪❉✺✶✥✿✲❇✾❋❧❚✢✶✑❀❦❚④✶✥✽ ❉✺❚❴✹✼❇❡✸✺✹❊➍✢✹✼❀❊❉✺✹❃❞♣✶✥❇❨❂✪❚❴✶✥❫✲❚❴✹❊✸✘✿❆❱✲✹❊✸❦❂❄✻✥✻❍❉✺❚❍✸✺✿✲❝❴❫✲❚✢❜❍❝❴❉✮➎✇❝❍✸✕❜❬✸✺✿✲❉✺✿❁❀✼✿✲✻❴✶✥✽ ❲✢❂❄✽✺✹❃❞s✿✲❇s❉✺❚❴✹✇❽✖r❧③✢➏❄❼♦r❧③s❳❡✹✼❀❭❚✢❂❄❇❴✶✥✽✺❳➐❂✲❇❴❞❯❀❊✿✦❇✢✽✴✹❃➌❁❝❍✹✼❇❁❉✺✻❛❵s✶❛❉♦❀❃❂❄❇ ❲✄✹❘✶✑❇✢❀✼✿✲✸✺❜✢✿✲✸❦❂❆❉✺✹❃❞❯✶✑❇❁❉✴✿❡❳s❂❆❇❁❵s❳❨✹❃❞❍✶✥❝❴❳❿❂❆❀✼❀✼✹✼✽✺✽✞❀✼✿❄❇❁❉✴✸✺✿✲✻✄❜❴✸✺✿❆❉✺✿❬❀✼✿✲✻✥✽ ✶✥❇❍❀✼✻✬❝❴❞❴✶✑❇❴❫❢❉✺❚❴✹♣❋❧✶✬❞❍✹✼✻✑❵⑥❜✄✿❄❜✢❝✢✻✥❂❪✸✎❺✯➑✘➑✕➑✰➒✦➓✲➔❬q✥➆✲➆♣❜❴✸✺✿❆❉✺✿❍❀❊✿✲✻❷q♣③❬✶✥❳♣❝❬▲ ✻✬❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇t✸✺✹✼✽✴❝✢✻❛❉✺✽⑦✿❄❤◗❂✲❇✛✶✑❳❨❜❴✻✑✹❃❳❨✹✼❇✦❉❦❂❄❉✴✶✥✿✲❇❏✿✲❤❧❽◗❾♦❖◗❽➐✶✬❇❍✽✺✶✬❞❍✹s❺✯➑✘➑✮➑ ➒✲➓✦➔❍q✑➆✲➆✪✽❦❚❍✿❃❋❹❉✯❚♥❂❆❉◗❽◗❾♦❖❧❽→❜♥✹❊✸✺❤①✿❄✸✺❳❨✽❧❀✼✿✦❇❍✽✺✶✑✽✯❉✺✹✼❇❁❉✺✻✑❵❯❋♦✹❊✻✥✻⑨q

1. INTRODUCTION

✵✷✶✥✸✺✹✼✻✑✹✼✽✺✽✖✻✥✿❁❀❃❂✲✻♥❂❪✸✺✹❃❂✪❇✢✹❭❉❸❋✞✿❄✸✺●❁✽✮❂❪✸✺✹◗❲✄✹❊❀✼✿✦❳❨✶✑❇✢❫✎✶✑❇❴❀❊✸✺✹❃❂❄✽✺✶✑❇✢❫❄✻❛❵❡❜✄✿✦❜❬▲ ❝❴✻✥❂❄✸❃q✕r✞❚✢✶✑✽❘✶✑✽◗❞❴❝❍✹✪❉✺✿❨❉✴❚❴✹✪✸❦❂❄❉✴✶ ② ❀❪❂❪❉✺✶✥✿✲❇④✿❄❤✖✽✯❉❦❂❆❇♥❞❴❂❆✸❦❞❴✽✼✉❴✻✥✶✥●❄✹✎❺✯➑✘➑✮➑

r✞❚✢✶✑✽⑦✸✺✹❊✽✴✹❃❂❄✸✺❀❦❚t❋❧❂❆✽⑦✽✺❝❍❜✢❜✄✿❆✸✴❉✺✹❃❞❏✶✑❇✛❜♥❂❪✸✴❉⑦❲❬❵t❂❣❫❆✸❦❂✲❇✦❉❅❤❑✸✺✿✲❳➣❉✺❚❴✹

P✇❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇✢❂❄✻♠③❬❀✼✶✥✹✼❇❴❀❊✹❡↔❍✿✦❝✢❇❴❞✢❂❪❉✺✶✥✿✲❇⑧❂❄❇♥❞④❂❯❫❄✶✥❤✬❉❘❤①✸✺✿✲❳↕❻❣✶✥❀❭✸✺✿✲✽✺✿❄❤❑❉❘❽❧✹❊▲ ✽✺✹❃❂❪✸✺❀❭❚➙q

To appear in

➛⑦➜✠➝❢➞❍➟✯➠✘➠✕➠✛➟❦➡♥➢✡➤✎➜✘➥❆➡❃➦✼➤◗➥❄➡❨➝❩➥❁➧❊➨①➩✥➫❅➜✘➥❄➭❘➯♥➲❍➢❷➨✬➡❬➳⑦➵✲➡✄➸ ➺ ➫✼➢❑➻✕➥❄➼❦➽❆➨✬➡❍➳⑥➾⑨➝⑩➚✘➪✞➟❆➜♦➚✘➝➹➶ ➘✦➴❭➷ , Rome, Italy, July 2001.

10 20 30 40

SNR (dB)

1E-07 1E-06 1E-05 1E-04 1E-03 1E-02 1E-01

BER

QAM256 (8Mbps) QAM64 (6Mbps) QAM16 (4Mbps) QPSK (2Mbps) BPSK (1Mbps)

➬❧➮①➱✄✃✆❐❪❒❰❮♥Ï➐Ð❅Ñ✠❒❬Ò♥❐❪❒❬Ó❃➮⑨Ô✲Õ✢Ö✾×♠➮①ÓØ❒❁❐❄❐❪Ò♥❐➀❐❪Õ❴Ó❃❒❬Ù→Ú✯Û♣Ü✇Ý④Þ⑩Õ✢ÙØÕ ß ✃✆à✆Ô✦Ó❃➮❑Ò✄à✰Ò ß Ó❃Ñ✆❒⑩Ù❊➮❑➱✄à✠Õ♥Ö①á✯Ó❃Ò✢á✺à✆Ò✄➮❑Ù✼❒❏❐❄Õ❴Ó❃➮❑Ò→Ú❦â➙ã❣Ý✾Þ ß Ò♥❐⑧Ù✼❒❁ä➙á ❒❬❐❪Õ♥Ö♦åtÒ✒æ✆✃✆Ö✬Õ✢Ó❪➮①Ò✄à✩Ù❃Ô❄Ñ✠❒❍å❩❒❴Ù♣Õ♥à✆æ✷æ✒Õ✢Ó✼Õt❐❆Õ❴Ó❃❒❬Ù✲ç ➒✲➓✦➔❬q✥➆✲➆t➅✑➆❪➔❪➈❷✉✕❉✺❚✢❂❆❉s❚❴❂❪❱✲✹④✻✥❂❆✶①❞✛❉✺❚❍✹✾❤⑨✿❄❝✢❇❴❞✢❂❆❉✺✶✥✿✲❇⑩❤⑨✿❆✸s✿❄✐✄▲⑨❉✺❚❴✹❊▲◆✽✴❚✢✹✼✻❛❤ ❋◗✶❛✸✺✹✼✻✑✹❃✽✴✽✪❞❬✹✼❱❬✶✥❀❊✹❃✽❘❀❃❂❄❜✢❂✲❲❍✻✥✹⑦✿❄❤✘❉❸✸❊❂❆❇✢✽✴❳❨✶❛❉✴❉✺✶✑❇✢❫❢❂❪❉✇❚❴✶✥❫✲❚⑧❞❴❂❄❉❦❂❨✸❦❂❪❉✺✹✼✽✼q ↔✢✿❆✸✞✹✼➃❍❂❄❳❡❜✢✻✑✹✦✉❍❞❍✹❊❱❍✶✑❀✼✹❃✽✮❂❆✸✺✹❘❇❴✿❪❋➀❂❪❱❆❂❄✶✥✻✬❂❆❲✢✻✑✹❘❉✯❚♥❂❆❉✮❀❪❂❄❇s❉✴✸❦❂❄❇❴✽✴❳❨✶❛❉♦❂❄❉ ➆✲➆❪❻④❲✢❜✢✽✼✉❍❋❧✶✑❉✴❚⑧➇❆è❁❻④❲✢❜❍✽◗✹❭➃❴❜✄✹❊❀❊❉✺✹❃❞✾✶✥❇✾❉✺❚❍✹✎❇✢✹✼❂❆✸❧❤❑❝❍❉✺❝❴✸✺✹✲q é❘✶✥❫✲❚❴✹❊✸♠❞❴❂❆❉❦❂✞✸❦❂❄❉✺✹✼✽✠❂❆✸❦✹✕❀❊✿✲❳❨❳❨✿✲❇❴✻✑❵✎❂❆❀❭❚❴✶✥✹❃❱❄✹❃❞✎❲✦❵✎❳❨✿❆✸✺✹✕✹✼➋s❀❊✶✥✹❊❇❬❉ ❳❨✿❍❞❬❝✢✻✥❂❄❉✺✶✑✿✲❇⑥✽✴❀❦❚✢✹✼❳❡✹✼✽✼q ➝t➥❃➸✲➲❍➩❛➵✦➢❑➨❷➥❆➡ ✶✥✽❧❉✺❚✢✹❅❜❬✸✺✿❬❀✼✹✼✽✴✽✇✿❆❤♠❉✴✸❦❂❄❇❴✽✴✻①❂❪❉✴▲ ✶✑❇✢❫❯❂✲❇④✿✦❝❍❉✺❫✲✿✲✶✑❇✢❫❯❞❴❂❆❉❦❂s✽✯❉✴✸✺✹❃❂❄❳➂✶✥❇✦❉✺✿❯❂❨❤❑✿❄✸✺❳➂✽✺❝❍✶✥❉❦❂❆❲✢✻✑✹✎❤❑✿✲✸◗❉✴✸❦❂❄❇❴✽✯▲ ❳❨✶✑✽✺✽✴✶✑✿✦❇Ø✿❄❇Ø❉✴❚❴✹❣❜✢❚✦❵❍✽✴✶✑❀❃❂✲✻❧❳❨✹✼❞❍✶✥❝❴❳✾q➀↔✢✿❆✸❢❞❍✶✥❫✲✶❛❉❦❂✲✻♦❳❨✿❍❞❍❝❴✻✬❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❥✉ ❉✺❚✢✶✑✽◗✶✑❇❁❱✦✿✲✻✥❱✲✹✼✽❧❉✯✸❭❂❄❇❴✽✴✻✥❂❄❉✴✶✥❇❴❫❨❉✺❚❴✹❅❞✢❂❆❉❦❂❨✽✯❉✴✸✺✹✼❂❄❳➂✶✑❇❬❉✯✿❯❂❨✽✴✹❃➌❁❝❴✹❃❇❍❀✼✹❅✿❄❤ ê✺ë ➭❡➧❭➥❄➩ ê q✘➑✘❂❄❀❦❚❯✽✯❵❍❳⑦❲✄✿✲✻♥❳s❂✼❵s✹✼❇❍❀✼✿❍❞❴✹❘❂✎❀✼✹❊✸✴❉❦❂✲✶✑❇s❇❬❝✢❳⑦❲♥✹❊✸✮✿✲❤➙❲✢✶❛❉✺✽✼✉ ❉✺❚✢✹✕❇❬❝❴❳⑦❲✄✹❊✸✘❞❬✹✼❜✄✹✼❇♥❞❍✶✑❇✢❫◗✿✦❇⑦❉✺❚❍✹✞❳❨✿❬❞❍❝✢✻✥❂❆❉✺✶✥✿✲❇⑦✽✴❀❦❚✢✹✼❳❨✹❄q✖r✞❚✢✹✕✽✺❵❬❳♣▲ ❲✄✿✲✻❁✽✴✹✼➌❬❝❍✹✼❇❴❀✼✹✕✶✥✽✒❉✺❚❴✹✼❇✎❉✯✸❦❂✲❇❍✽✺❳❨✶❛❉✴❉✺✹❃❞❅❂❆❉♠❂♦❀❃✹❊✸✴❉❦❂❆✶✑❇❅✸❦❂❪❉✺✹✦✉❃❉✺❚✢✹ ê✺ë ➭❡➧❭➥✲➩ ➼✺➵✲➢◆➫ ✉❍✽✴✿❅❤⑨✿❄✸♦❂⑦❫✦✶✑❱❄✹✼❇✾✽✯❵❍❳⑦❲♥✿✦✻♥✸❦❂❪❉✺✹✲✉❬❉✺❚❴✹✇❞✢❂❆❉❦❂✎✸❦❂❄❉✺✹❘✶✥✽✞❞❴✹❊❉✺✹❊✸✺❳❡✶✥❇❴✹❃❞ ❲❁❵❯❉✺❚❴✹✎❇❬❝❍❳♣❲✄✹❊✸◗✿❆❤♠✹✼❇✢❀❊✿❴❞❬✹❃❞④❲❍✶✑❉✺✽♦❜✄✹❊✸◗✽✯❵❴❳⑦❲✄✿✲✻⑨q r✞❚✢✹✪❜✄✹❊✸✴❤❑✿❄✸✺❳s❂✲❇❍❀✼✹✎✿❆❤✖❂♣❳❨✿❍❞❬❝✢✻✥❂❄❉✺✶✑✿✲❇✾✽✴❀❭❚❴✹✼❳❨✹✪✶✥✽♦❳❨✹❃❂❄✽✴❝❴✸✺✹❃❞❢❲✦❵ ✶❛❉✺✽✇❂❄❲❴✶✥✻✑✶✑❉✡❵✾❉✺✿s❜❬✸❦✹✼✽✴✹❊✸✺❱✦✹✪❉✺❚❴✹❅❂✲❀✼❀✼❝❍✸❦❂❄❀❊❵✾✿✲❤♠❉✺❚❍✹❅✹✼❇✢❀✼✿❍❞❬✹❃❞⑥❞❍❂❄❉❦❂❍q✮❺❸❇ ❳❨✿❄❲✢✶✑✻✬✹♦❋◗✶❛✸✺✹✼✻✥✹✼✽✴✽✮❇❴✹❊❉❸❋✮✿❄✸✺●❬✽✼✉❬❜✢❂❆❉✴❚❯✻✥✿❄✽✺✽✼✉✦❤❷❂✲❞❍✶✑❇✢❫❴✉❍❂❆❇♥❞❨✶✑❇❁❉✺✹❊✸✴❤❑✹❭✸❭✹❊❇❴❀✼✹ ❀❃❂✲❝❍✽✺✹✇❱❄❂❆✸✺✶✥❂❄❉✺✶✑✿✲❇❴✽♦✶✑❇❢❉✺❚❴✹❘✸❦✹✼❀✼✹✼✶✑❱✦✹✼❞❢✽✴✶✥❫✲❇✢❂❄✻❛▲❷❉✺✿❄▲◆❇✢✿❄✶✥✽✺✹◗✸❦❂❄❉✺✶✑✿④■◆③❁P✇❽✇❙❦q ③❍❝❍❀❦❚✩❱❆❂❆✸✺✶✬❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❍✽❯❂✲✻✑✽✴✿❏❀❃❂❄❝❴✽✺✹④❱❄❂❆✸✺✶✥❂❄❉✺✶✑✿❄❇✢✽s✶✑❇⑤❉✺❚❴✹❣❲❍✶✥❉s✹❭✸✴✸✺✿✲✸❨✸❦❂❄❉✴✹ ■❷❾✞➑✘❽✪❙❦✉❥❲✄✹❊❀❪❂❄❝✢✽✴✹⑦❉✺❚✢✹♣✻✥✿❪❋✞✹❭✸✪❉✺❚✢✹❨③❍P◗❽⑦✉✄❉✺❚❴✹❡❳❨✿❆✸✺✹s❞❍✶✑➋s❀✼❝❍✻✑❉✎✶❛❉✎✶✑✽ ❤⑨✿❆✸❢❉✺❚❴✹⑥❳❨✿❬❞❴❝❴✻✥❂❆❉✺✶✥✿✲❇✷✽✴❀❦❚✢✹✼❳❡✹❣❉✺✿❈❞❍✹✼❀❃✿❬❞❍✹❣❉✺❚❴✹⑥✸✺✹✼❀❊✹✼✶✬❱❄✹❃❞✩✽✴✶✥❫✲❇✢❂❄✻⑨q ③❍✶✑❇❴❀✼✹❧❚✢✶✑❫✦❚❨✸❦❂❆❉✺✹◗✽✴❀❦❚✢✹✼❳❨✹❊✽✕❉◆❵❴❜❴✶✑❀❃❂❄✻✥✻❛❵❨❝✢✽✴✹❘❞❬✹✼❇✢✽✴✹✼✸✕❳❨✿❬❞❴❝❴✻✥❂❄❉✴✶✥✿✲❇s✹✼❇❍▲ ❀✼✿❍❞❬✶✬❇❍❫✦✽✼✉❍❂✪❉✴✸❦❂✲❞❍✹✼✿❄✐④❫✲✹✼❇❴✹❊✸❦❂❄✻✥✻❛❵❨✹✼❳❨✹✼✸✺❫❄✹✼✽✮❲✄✹❭❉❸❋✞✹❊✹❃❇❯❞❴❂❄❉❦❂✪✸❦❂❪❉✺✹✇❂❆❇♥❞

SLIDE 2

50 100 150 200 250 300

Distance (m)

1000 2000 3000 4000

Mean Throughput (Kbps)

QAM256 (8Mbps) QAM64 (6Mbps) QAM16 (4Mbps) QPSK (2Mbps) BPSK (1Mbps)

➬❧➮①➱❥✃✒❐❆❒✁➙Ï✄✂⑦Ò❥å✆☎✆Õ✢❐❆➮⑨Ù✼Ò✄à⑥Ò ß Ó✼Ñ✠❐❄Ò♥✃✠➱✄Ñ✝☎♠✃✠Ó❧ä♥❒❬❐❆Ù❃✃✆Ù◗æ✆➮⑨Ù❊Ó❃Õ✢à✆Ô✲❒ ß Ò✄❐❯Ù✼❒❬ä♥❒❬❐❪Õ♥Ö♦åtÒ➙æ✆✃✠Ö❑Õ✢Ó❃➮❑Ò✄à✩Ù✼Ô❄Ñ✒❒✢å❩❒❬Ù✲ç✟✞✾Õ❴Ó✼Õ✡✠⑦Õ♥Ù♣Ò♥×✆Ó✼Õ✢➮⑨à✠❒❍æ ×☞☛➊Ó❪Ñ✠❒✰Ù❃➮⑨å⑧✃✆Ö①Õ❴Ó❪➮①Ò✄à❰Ò ß Ó✌✠⑦Ò➉à✠Ò✠æ✒❒❬Ù✛Õ✢Ó✎✍✑✏➙❒❬æ✒☎✖Ò❥Ù❃➮①Ó❪➮①Ò♥à✆Ù✔✓ ✠❨➮❑Ó❃Ñ✛Ò✄à✠❒❢Ù✼❒❍à✆æ✆➮❑à✒➱⑥Õ⑥Ô✲Ò✄à❥Ó❃➮⑨à❥✃✠Ò❥✃✆Ù✎Ù✼Ó✼❐❆❒❁Õ✄å Ò ß✖✕ ✞✘✗✙☎✆Õ♥Ô✛✚♥á ❒❬Ó❃ÙtÓ✼Ò➉Ó❃Ñ✠❒➀Ò✢Ó❃Ñ✠❒❬❐❁ç Ð❅Ñ✠❒✜☎✆❐❪Ò✢☎✆Õ❴➱♥Õ✢Ó❃➮❑Ò♥à❿åtÒ➙æ✆❒❬Ö✣✠❅Õ♥ÙtÓ❃Ñ✠❒ Ö❑Ò✢➱✢á❦æ✆➮❑Ù✼Ó❃Õ✢à✆Ô✲❒✜☎✆Õ❴Ó❃Ñ❿Ö①Ò✄Ù❃Ù✛åtÒ✠æ✒❒❬Ö✤✓✥✠❨➮❑Ó❃Ñ➐Õ✦☎✆Õ✢Ó❃Ñ➐Ö❑Ò✄Ù❃Ù❏❒✧✏✄á ☎✘Ò✄à✠❒❍à✄Ó④Ó✌☛☞☎♠➮⑨Ô✲Õ♥Ö◗Ò ß Õ✢à❹✃✠❐❆×✆Õ♥à✰❒❍à➙ä➙➮❑❐❪Ò✄à✖å❩❒❍à✄Ó✦çtÐ✮❐❪Õ♥à✆Ù❪åt➮①Ó ☎✘Ò★✠⑦❒❬❐✩✠❅Õ♥Ù❨Ô✦Ò♥à✆Ù✼Ó✼Õ♥à❥Ó✲ç ❾♦➑✖❽✫✪✆❉✺❚✢✹❯❚❴✶✥❫✲❚❴✹❊✸♣❉✺❚❴✹✾❞✢❂❪❉❦❂❣✸❦❂❆❉✺✹✲✉♠❉✺❚❴✹✾❚❍✶✬❫❄❚✢✹❊✸⑦❉✺❚✢✹❢❾♦➑✖❽✎q✖r♦❚❴✶✥✽ ❉✴✸❦❂✲❞❍✹✼✿❄✐⑥✶✑✽♦✶✥✻✑✻✥❝❴✽✴❉✴✸❦❂❪❉✺✹❃❞❢✶✑❇✾↔✆✶✬❫❄❝❴✸✺✹⑦➆✲✉❬❋◗❚❴✶✥❀❭❚❢✽✴❚✢✿❃❋❧✽✞❉✺❚❍✹✇❉✺❚❍✹✼✿✲✸✺✹❊❉✺✶❛▲ ❀✼❂✲✻❍❾✞➑✘❽Ø❂❄✽✖❂❧❤⑨❝❍❇✢❀❊❉✺✶✑✿✦❇⑦✿❄❤❴❉✺❚✢✹❧③❁P✇❽⑩❤⑨✿❆✸✖✽✴✹✼❱✦✹❊✸❦❂❆✻❴❞❍✶❛✐❥✹❊✸✺✹✼❇❁❉♠❳❨✿❍❞❴❝❬▲ ✻✬❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇s✽✴❀❦❚✢✹❊❳❨✹✼✽✼q✖P◗✿✲❉✺✶✑❀✼✹◗❉✺❚❴❂❄❉✘❤❑✿✲✸✕✹❪❂❄❀❦❚s❳❨✿❍❞❬❝✢✻✥❂❄❉✺✶✑✿✲❇s✽✺❀❦❚❴✹❃❳❨✹♦❉✺❚❴✹ ❾♦➑✖❽➉❞❍✹✼❀❊✸✺✹❃❂❄✽✴✹✼✽◗❋◗✶❛❉✺❚❣✶✥❇❴❀✼✸✺✹✼❂❄✽✴✶✥❇❴❫✾③❁P✇❽✎q✄❖◗✻✥✽✺✿s❇❴✿❄❉✺✶✑❀✼✹✎❉✺❚♥❂❪❉❘❤①✿✲✸❘❂ ❫✲✶✥❱❄✹❃❇❢③❍P❘❽❅✉❍❂❆❇❯✶✥❇❴❀❊✸✺✹❃❂✲✽✴✹◗✶✥❇❯❞✢❂❆❉❦❂✎✸❦❂❆❉✺✹❧✸✺✹❃✽✴❝✢✻❛❉✺✽✕✶✬❇❯❂✲❇❯✶✑❇✢❀❭✸✺✹❃❂❄✽✺✹◗✶✥❇ ❾♦➑✖❽✎q➙↔❴✿✲✸✇✹❊➃❍❂✲❳❨❜❍✻✥✹✲✉❥❫✲✶✑❱✦✹✼❇⑧❂❄❇❩③❍P◗❽ ✿❄❤❧➆❪➓✲❞❴❾❘✉❥❂❯❜✢❂❄❀❭●❄✹❊❉✇❉✴✸❦❂❆❇✢✽✯▲ ❳❡✶✥❉✴❉✴✹❪❞✎❂❆❉✆è❁❻❣❲❍❜✢✽✒❝✢✽✴✶✥❇❴❫✄✬✪❖✇❻t➆✮✭❧❳❡✿❴❞❍❝❴✻✬❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇✎❀❃✿❄❝✢✻✥❞✎✹❊➃❬❜✄✹❊✸✺✶✥✹✼❇✢❀❊✹ ❂❘❾✞➑✕❽⑩✿❄❤♥➓❴q ➓✔✯❍✉❆✶✬❇⑦❀✼✿✲❳❡❜♥❂❆✸✺✶✥✽✴✿✲❇❅❉✺✿✇è✱✰✪➆✼➓✳✲✢✴✖❤⑨✿❄✸♠❉✴❚❴✹✮✽❦❂❄❳❡✹✮❜♥❂❆❀❭●✲✹❊❉ ❉✴✸❦❂❄❇❴✽✺❳❨✶❛❉✴❉✺✹❃❞✾❂❆❉✇➔✲❻❣❲❍❜✢✽❧❝✢✽✴✶✑❇✢❫✵✬✷✶✮③✧✸ ❳❨✿❬❞❴❝❴✻✬❂❪❉✺✶✬✿❄❇✒q r✠✿✛✶✥✻✑✻✑❝✢✽✯❉✴✸❦❂❆❉✺✹❣❉✺❚❴✹⑥✶✑❳❨❜♥❂❆❀❊❉❯❉✴❚♥❂❪❉❢❉✺❚❴✶✑✽❯❉✴✸❦❂❄❞❴✹✼✿❆✐➹❀❃❂❄❇✷❚❴❂❪❱✲✹⑥✿✲❇ ❜✄✹❭✸✴❤⑨✿❄✸✺❳s❂❄❇❴❀✼✹✦✉✞↔✆✶✬❫❄❝❴✸✺✹⑧➔❩✽✴❚✢✿❃❋❧✽s❉✴❚❴✸✺✿✦❝❍❫✦❚❍❜✢❝❍❉❢❂❄✽❯❂t❤①❝✢❇✢❀❭❉✺✶✥✿❄❇✩✿❆❤ ❞❍✶✑✽✺❉✴❂✲❇✢❀✼✹❅❤⑨✿❆✸✪✹❪❂❄❀❦❚⑧✿❄❤✘❉✺❚✢✹⑦❳❨✿❍❞❍❝❴✻✥❂❄❉✺✶✑✿✲❇⑧✽✺❀❭❚❍✹❃❳❨✹✼✽❘✽❦❚❍✿❪❋❧❇❩✶✑❇❩↔♠✶✑❫❄▲ ❝❍✸✺✹❨➆✦q✕↔✢✿❄✸◗❉✴❚❴✹✎✽❭❂❆●✲✹✎✿✲❤✠❉✺❚✢✶✑✽❘✶✑✻✑✻✥❝❴✽✯❉✴✸❦❂❄❉✺✶✑✿❄❇❣✿✲❇❴✻✑❵✾✻✥❂❄✸✺❫✲✹❭▲✡✽✴❀✼❂✲✻✑✹✎❜♥❂❆❉✺❚ ✻✥✿✲✽✴✽❘❋♦❂✲✽✪❳❡✿❬❞❴✹✼✻✑✹❃❞⑩■⑨✶✥❇❩❀❊✿✲❳❨❜✢❂❆✸✺✶✥✽✴✿✲❇⑥❉✺✿❢❉✺❚❴✹⑦✸✺✹❊✽✺❉✇✿❄❤✕✿✦❝❬✸✪✸✺✹✼✽✴❝✢✻❛❉✺✽❃✉ ✶✥❇✾❋❧❚❴✶✑❀❭❚❢❋✞✹✎❳❨✿❬❞❍✹✼✻✑✹❃❞✾❽❘❂✼❵❴✻✑✹✼✶✑❫✦❚❢❤⑨❂✦❞❬✶✥❇❴❫❍❙❘➅ ➔❆➓❄➈❷q✖P✇✿❄❉✺✶✥❀✼✹✇❉✺❚✢❂❆❉♦❉✺❚❴✹ ✻✥✿❃❋✞✹❊✸✒✸❦❂❆❉✺✹✖✽✴❀❦❚✢✹✼❳❨✹❊✽✠❚♥❂❃❱❄✹✘❫❄✸✺✹❃❂❆❉✺✹❊✸✒❉✴✸❦❂❄❇❴✽✴❳❨✶✑✽❦✽✴✶✑✿✦❇❘✸❦❂✲❇❴❫✲✹✼✽➙❉✺❚✢❂❄❇✪❉✺❚❴✹ ❚❴✶✑❫✦❚❴✹✼✸❅✸❭❂❆❉✺✹❯✽✴❀❦❚✢✹✼❳❡✹✼✽✼q❩❖◗✽⑦❉✴❚✢✹❢❞❍✶✥✽✯❉❦❂❄❇❴❀✼✹❢✶✑❇✢❀❊✸✺✹✼❂❄✽✺✹✼✽✼✉♠❉✺❚❍✹❢✽✺✶✑❫✲❇✢❂✲✻ ❂❆❉✴❉✴✹❃❇❁❝♥❂❪❉✺✹✼✽✖❝❴❇❁❉✺✶✑✻❍❉✯❚✢✹✮✸✺✹❃❀✼✹❊✶✥❱✲✹❃❞❨③❁P✇❽Ø❞❬✸✺✿✲❜❴✽✖❲✄✹✼✻✑✿❃❋❈❉✺❚❴✹✞❉✺❚❬✸✺✹✼✽✺❚❴✿✲✻✬❞ ✸✺✹❪➌✦❝❴✶❛✸✺✹❃❞♣❉✺✿✎❳s❂✲✶✑❇✦❉❦❂✲✶✑❇s❂✇❉✺✿❄✻✬✹❭✸❦❂❄❲✢✻✑✹❧❲❍✶✥❉✘✹❊✸✴✸✺✿✲✸✖✸❦❂❄❉✺✹❄q✖r✞❚✢✶✑✽✕❂❄❜✢❜✄✹✼❂❄✸✺✽ ❂❄✽✞❂✎✽✴❚♥❂❪✸✺❜❯❞❍✸✺✿✦❜s✶✑❇❨❉✺❚❴✸✺✿❄❝✢❫❄❚✢❜✢❝❬❉✞✶✑❇❢↔✆✶✑❫✲❝❍✸✺✹✪➔❁✉❬❀✼✿❄✸✺✸✺✹✼✽✴❜✄✿❄❇♥❞❴✶✑❇❴❫❅❉✯✿ ❉✺❚❴✹s✽✯❉✺✹✼✹✼❜✛❀❊❝❍✸✺❱✦✹s✶✑❇❏↔✖✶✑❫❄❝❴✸✺✹❣➆✲q④➎❘❤♦❀❊✿✦❝❍✸✺✽✺✹✲✉✒❤❷❂❄❀❭❉✺✿❄✸✺✽❅✿✲❉✺❚❍✹❊✸❅❉✺❚♥❂❄❇ ❜✢❂❆❉✺❚❨✻✑✿❄✽❦✽✖❀✼✿❄❇❁❉✴✸✺✶✥❲❴❝❍❉✺✹✞❉✺✿✇❱❄❂❆✸✺✶✬❂❆❉✺✶✥✿❄❇✢✽✖✶✑❇❡❉✺❚❍✹◗③❍P◗❽⑦✉❄✽✴❝✢❀❦❚❨❂✲✽♠❤❑❂✦❞❍✶✥❇❍❫ ❂❄❇✢❞④✶✑❇❁❉✴✹✼✸✴❤①✹❊✸✺✹✼❇✢❀❊✹✲✉❴❋◗❚❍✶✬❀❦❚✾❤①❝❴✸✴❉✺❚❴✹❊✸❧✶✬❳❡❜✢❂✲❀❭❉❧❜✄✹❊✸✴❤⑨✿❄✸✺❳❨❂✲❇❴❀❃✹❄q ❻❣❂✲❇✦❵⑧✹❊➃❍✶✑✽✯❉✺✶✥❇❴❫❢❋❧✶✥✸✺✹✼✻✑✹✼✽✺✽✪✻✥✿❁❀❃❂✲✻✖❂❆✸✺✹❃❂❢❇❴✹❊❉❸❋✮✿✲✸✺●❁✶✥❇❴❫④❞❍✹❃❱❁✶✑❀❃✹✼✽✎❂❆✸✺✹ ❞❍✹✼✽✴✶✥❫✲❇✢✹✼❞✎❋◗✶❛❉✺❚✎❉✺❚✢✹✘❀❃❂✲❜❴❂✲❲✢✶✑✻✑✶✑❉✡❵✎✿❄❤❴❉✴✸❦❂❆❇✢✽✴❳❨✶❛❉✴❉✺✶✑❇✢❫❘❂❆❉♠❳⑦❝❍✻✥❉✴✶✥❜❍✻✬✹✮❞❴❂❄❉✴❂ ✸❦❂❆❉✺✹✼✽✼q❅➑♠➃✢❂❆❳❨❜✢✻✑✹✼✽✇✿❄❤✕✽✴❝✢❀❦❚t❞❍✹✼❱❁✶✥❀✼✹✼✽✪✶✑❇✢❀❊✻✥❝✢❞❴✹❅✵⑩❂❃❱✲✹✼▼✠❖❘P➊❺✴❺♦❤①✸✺✿✲❳ ▼➙❝✢❀✼✹❊❇❬❉❅➅✑➆❪➇❃➈✡✉✢❂❄❇✢❞✘✶✕❼✞è✦➒✲➓✲➓♣❤①✸✺✿✦❳❿❖❘✶❛✸✺✿✦❇❍✹✼❉❅➅✑➆❊➈◆q

1.1 Rate Adaptation

❽❘❂❆❉✺✹✕❂✲❞❴❂❄❜❍❉❦❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇✎✶✑✽✒❉✺❚❴✹✘❜❍✸✺✿❁❀❃✹✼✽✴✽✠✿❆❤❴❞❍❵❬❇♥❂❆❳❨✶✥❀❃❂❄✻✥✻❛❵✪✽✯❋◗✶❛❉✺❀❭❚❴✶✥❇❴❫◗❞❴❂❄❉✴❂ ✸❦❂❆❉✺✹✼✽✇❉✺✿❯❳s❂❄❉✺❀❦❚⑥❉✺❚✢✹⑦❀❭❚✢❂❄❇✢❇❴✹✼✻♠❀✼✿❄❇♥❞❴✶❛❉✺✶✑✿✲❇❴✽✼✉❥❋❘✶❛❉✺❚⑥❉✺❚✢✹⑦❫✦✿✲❂❄✻♠✿✲❤✕✽✴✹❊▲ ✻✥✹✼❀❊❉✺✶✑❇❴❫❢❉✺❚❴✹♣✸❦❂❆❉✺✹⑦❉✺❚✢❂❆❉✪❋❧✶✑✻✬✻♠❫❄✶✬❱❄✹♣❉✺❚✢✹♣✿✲❜❍❉✴✶✬❳⑦❝❍❳↕❉✺❚❴✸✺✿❄❝✢❫❄❚✢❜✢❝❬❉✪❤①✿✲✸ ❉✺❚❴✹♣❫❄✶✑❱✦✹✼❇⑥❀❦❚♥❂❄❇❴❇✢✹✼✻✠❀✼✿✲❇✢❞❴✶❛❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❴✽✼q✇❖➉❜❴✸✺✿❪❱✦✹❊❇❣❉✺✹✼❀❭❚❴❇❴✶✬➌✦❝✢✹❅❤❑✿❄✸❘❋◗✶❛✸✺✹❊▲ ✻✑✶✬❇❍✹❅❳❡✿❍❞❴✹❊❳❨✽❅➅ ✭❆➈◆✉❍✸❦❂❄❉✺✹❅❂❄❞✢❂❄❜❍❉❦❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇✾❚♥❂❄✽❘❂❆❉✴❉✴✸❦❂❆❀❊❉✺✹❃❞❣❂❪❉✴❉✺✹✼❇❁❉✺✶✑✿✲❇⑥❂❆✽ ❂❩❉✺✹❊❀❭❚❴❇❴✶✬➌✦❝✢✹④❤①✿✲✸s❝❴✽✴✹❣✶✑❇Ø❋❧✶❛✸❦✹✼✻✑✹✼✽✴✽s✽✴❵❬✽✯❉✺✹❃❳❨✽s❂✲✽❨❋✮✹✼✻✬✻❅■❑✹✦q ❫❍q✬✉✇➅✑➆❃➒❆➈❷✉ ➅ ✹❄➈❷✉❅➅❛➆✦➆❊➈❷✉❅➅ ➔❄è❄➈❷✉❅➅ ➔❆➈❑❙❦q➹❺❸❇⑤❤❷❂❄❀❊❉❃✉♦❉✺❚❍✹⑧▼✒❝❴❀✼✹✼❇❁❉s✵⑩❂❃❱❄✹❪▼✠❖❧P➣❺✯❺s❂❆❇♥❞ ❖❘✶❛✸✺✿❄❇✢✹❊❉✺✶✕❼✞è✦➒✦➓❄➓♣❞❍✹✼❱❬✶✑❀✼✹✼✽❧❂❄✻✑✽✺✿⑦❀✼✿✦❇✦❉❦❂❄✶✥❇❯❜❴✸✺✿❄❜❴✸✺✶✑✹✼❉❦❂❆✸✴❵❨✸❭❂❪❉✺✹✪❂✲❞❴❂❄❜❍▲ ❉❦❂❆❉✺✶✥✿✲❇✾❳❨✹✼❀❦❚♥❂❆❇✢✶✑✽✺❳❨✽✼q r✞❚✢✹❊✸✺✹◗❂❆✸❦✹✞❉✡❋✞✿⑦❂❄✽✴❜✄✹✼❀❭❉✺✽✘❉✺✿✪✸❦❂❄❉✯✹❘❂✲❞❴❂✲❜❬❉❦❂❄❉✺✶✑✿✲❇☞✪♠❀❦❚✢❂✲❇❍❇✢✹❊✻♥➌❁❝✢❂❄✻✥✶❛❉✡❵ ✹✼✽✴❉✴✶✥❳s❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❈❂❆❇♥❞❏✸❦❂❄❉✺✹❯✽✺✹✼✻✑✹✼❀❊❉✺✶✥✿✲❇➙q❏❼♦❚❴❂✲❇❍❇✢✹✼✻✞➌❬❝❴❂✲✻✑✶❛❉❸❵❏✹✼✽✴❉✺✶✥❳❨❂❆❉✺✶✥✿✲❇ ✶✑❇❬❱✲✿✦✻✑❱✲✹❃✽④❳❨✹❃❂❄✽✴❝❍✸✺✶✑❇✢❫❈❉✺❚✢✹⑧❉✺✶✬❳❨✹❭▲❷❱✲❂❪✸✴❵❴✶✑❇❴❫Ø✽✯❉❦❂❪❉✺✹❏✿❄❤⑦❉✺❚✢✹❩❋❧✶❛✸✺✹❃✻✥✹❊✽✴✽ ❀❦❚♥❂❄❇❴❇❴✹❃✻✆❤❑✿❄✸✪❉✺❚❴✹❡❜✢❝❬✸✺❜✄✿✲✽✺✹♣✿❄❤✞❫❄✹❃❇❴✹❭✸❦❂❄❉✺✶✑❇✢❫❢❜❴✸✺✹❃❞❍✶✥❀❭❉✺✶✥✿✲❇❴✽✎✿❆❤✮❤❑❝❍❉✺❝❍✸✺✹ ➌❁❝✢❂❄✻✥✶❛❉✡❵✦q✘❺✡✽✺✽✴❝✢✹❊✽◗✶✑❇❴❀✼✻✑❝♥❞❬✹✔✪✖❋❧❚✢✶✑❀❭❚✾❳❨✹✼❉✯✸❦✶✑❀✼✽❧✽✴❚✢✿❄❝✢✻✥❞✾❲✄✹✎❝❍✽✺✹❃❞④❂❆✽◗✶✑❇❍▲ ❞❴✶✑❀❃❂❆❉✴✿✲✸✺✽✮✿❄❤✒❀❦❚♥❂❆❇✢❇❴✹✼✻✄➌❁❝✢❂❄✻✥✶❛❉✡❵⑥■❑✹✦q ❫❴q✥✉❬✽✴✶✑❫✦❇✢❂❄✻✑▲❷❉✴✿❄▲❷❇✢✿✲✶✥✽✴✹❧✸❦❂❄❉✺✶✑✿❴✉❬✽✺✶✑❫✲❇♥❂❆✻ ✽✯❉✴✸✺✹✼❇❴❫✲❉✴❚✒✉✲✽✴❵❬❳♣❲✄✿❄✻✢✹❊✸✴✸✺✿❆✸✕✸❦❂❪❉✺✹✲✉✦❲❴✶✑❉✘✹❊✸✺✸✺✿❆✸✘✸❦❂❆❉✴✹❄❙✺✉✦❋❧❚❴✶✥❀❦❚❨❜❍✸✺✹❃❞❴✶✑❀❊❉✺✿❆✸✺✽ ✽✴❚✢✿❄❝✢✻✥❞❈❲♥✹④❝❴✽✴✹❃❞➙✉✖❋◗❚✢✹❊❉✺❚❍✹❊✸s❜❍✸✺✹❃❞❬✶✬❀❊❉✺✶✑✿❄❇✢✽❨✽✴❚❴✿✲❝✢✻✥❞⑩❲✄✹④✽✴❚❴✿❄✸✴❉✴▲❷❉✴✹✼✸✺❳ ✿❄✸✞✻✬✿❄❇✢❫❄▲❷❉✺✹❊✸✺❳✾✉❬✹✼❉✴❀✦q❥➅ ✹❄➈❷✉❥➅✥➆✼➓❄➈❷q✖❽❘❂❆❉✺✹✇✽✴✹✼✻✑✹❃❀❊❉✺✶✑✿✲❇❢✶✑❇❬❱✲✿✦✻✑❱✲✹❊✽♦❝❴✽✺✶✑❇✢❫❅❉✺❚❴✹ ❀❦❚♥❂❄❇❴❇❴✹❃✻✪➌✦❝♥❂❄✻✑✶✑❉❸❵✩❜❍✸✺✹❃❞❍✶✑❀✼❉✴✶✬✿❄❇✢✽❢❉✺✿⑤✽✴✹❊✻✥✹❊❀✼❉❣❂❆❇❹❂❆❜✢❜❬✸✺✿✦❜❬✸❭✶✥❂❪❉✺✹❩✸❦❂❪❉✺✹✲q r✠✹✼❀❦❚✢❇❴✶✥➌❬❝❍✹✼✽⑦❱❆❂❄✸✴❵✦✉♠❲❴❝❴❉♣❂❣❀✼✿✦❳❨❳❡✿✲❇❏❉✺✹✼❀❦❚✢❇❴✶✥➌✦❝✢✹❯✶✑✽⑦❉✺❚❬✸❦✹✼✽✴❚✢✿❄✻✬❞✛✽✴✹❭▲ ✻✑✹❃❀❊❉✺✶✑✿✲❇➙✉❍❋❧❚❴✹❊✸✺✹❘❉✺❚❴✹✇❱❆❂❄✻✥❝❍✹✪✿❄❤✠❂✲❇❯✶✬❇❴❞❴✶✑❀❪❂❪❉✺✿❄✸♦✶✥✽✞❀✼✿❄❳❨❜♥❂❪✸✺✹❪❞❢❂❄❫✦❂❄✶✥❇❍✽✺❉ ❂⑥✻✬✶✑✽✯❉❡✿❄❤◗❉✴❚❴✸✺✹✼✽✺❚❍✿✦✻✥❞✛❱✲❂❆✻✑❝✢✹✼✽⑦✸✺✹❃❜❍✸✺✹✼✽✺✹✼❇✦❉✺✶✥❇❍❫❩❲✄✿✲❝❴❇✢❞✢❂❆✸✺✶✑✹❃✽♣❲♥✹✼❉✡❋✞✹✼✹✼❇ ❉✺❚✢✹✪❞✢❂❆❉❦❂⑦✸❦❂❄❉✺✹✼✽❅➅ ➔✲➔❆➈❷✉✒➅ ✹❆➈◆q ❖◗❳❨✿✲❇✢❫♣❉✺❚❍✹✇❤❷❂❆❀❊❉✺✿✲✸✺✽✞❉✺❚❴❂❄❉♦✶✥❇❍➍✢❝✢✹✼❇❴❀✼✹✇❉✺❚❍✹✪✹❊✐❥✹✼❀❭❉✺✶✬❱❄✹✼❇✢✹✼✽✴✽♦✿❄❤✠✸❦❂❄❉✴✹ ❂✲❞❴❂✲❜❬❉❦❂❆❉✺✶✥✿✲❇✒✉♥✿❄❤✘❜♥❂❄✸✴❉✯✶✬❀✼❝❴✻✥❂❆✸✪✶✑❳❨❜✄✿❆✸✴❉❦❂✲❇❍❀❃✹⑦✶✥✽❧❉✺❚✢✹♣❂❄❀✼❀✼❝❍✸❦❂❄❀❊❵❣✿❄❤✖❉✺❚❴✹ ❀❦❚♥❂❄❇❴❇❴✹❃✻❴➌❁❝✢❂❄✻✥✶❛❉✡❵❡✹✼✽✯❉✺✶✑❳s❂❆❉✴✹❃✽✼q✘❼✮✻✥✹❃❂❆✸✺✻✑❵✦✉✦✶✑❇✢❂❄❀❃❀✼❝❬✸❦❂❄❉✺✹♦✹✼✽✯❉✺✶✑❳s❂❄❉✺✹❊✽✖❋◗✶✑✻✑✻ ✸✺✹✼✽✺❝❍✻✥❉s✶✑❇⑤❜✄✿❁✿✲✸❨✸❦❂❪❉✺✹❣✽✴✹✼✻✥✹✼❀❊❉✺✶✑✿✲❇➙q✷r✞❚❬❝❍✽❪✉✕✶✑❉s✶✑✽❯❂✲❞❴❱❆❂❆❇❬❉❦❂❆❫✦✹✼✿❄❝✢✽❡❉✺✿ ❝❴❉✺✶✑✻✑✶✥✈✼✹❣❉✺❚✢✹⑥❲✄✹✼✽✴❉❢✶✑❇❴❤⑨✿❆✸✺❳s❂❆❉✺✶✥✿✲❇✷❂❪❱❄❂❄✶✑✻✬❂❄❲❴✻✥✹⑥❋❧❚❴✹✼❇✷❫✲✹❃❇❍✹❊✸❦❂❄❉✺✶✑❇❴❫❈❂❄❇ ✹✼✽✴❉✴✶✥❳s❂❆❉✺✹❄✉✪❂❆❇♥❞✷✽✴✶✥❇❴❀❃✹⑧✶✑❉④✶✑✽✾❉✺❚❴✹⑧❀❭❚✢❂❄❇✢❇❴✹✼✻✎➌✦❝✢❂❄✻✥✶✑❉✡❵✷✽✴✹✼✹❊❇➀❲❬❵Ø❉✺❚❴✹ ➼❦➫✼✻❦➫❊➨✾✽❄➫❊➼ ❉✺❚♥❂❪❉❅❞❍✹✼❉✯✹✼✸✺❳❨✶✑❇✢✹✼✽✇❋❧❚❴✹❊❉✺❚❍✹✼✸✎❂❯❜♥❂❄❀❦●✦✹❊❉✇❀❃❂✲❇⑧❲✄✹❅✸✺✹✼❀❃✹✼✶✑❱✲✹❪❞✄✉ ❉✺❚✢✹✕❲♥✹❃✽✯❉✆✶✥❇❬❤⑨✿❄✸✺❳s❂❆❉✺✶✥✿❄❇♣✶✑✽♠❂❃❱❄❂❄✶✑✻✬❂❄❲✢✻✑✹✕✿✲❇❅❉✺❚❴✹✘✸✺✹❃❀✼✹✼✶✑❱✦✹❊✸❃q✠❺✡❉✆✶✥✽✆✹❃➌✦❝✢❂❄✻✥✻❛❵ ✶✑❳❨❜✄✿✲✸✴❉❦❂❆❇✦❉♣❉✴❚✢❂❆❉♣✿✲❇❴❀✼✹s✹✼✽✴❉✴✶✥❳s❂❆❉✺✹✼✽♣❂❆✸✺✹❯❫❄✹✼❇✢✹❊✸❦❂❪❉✺✹❃❞t❉✺❚❴✹❊❵❏❲✢✹❢❝❴✽✴✹❃❞ ❲✄✹❊❤⑨✿❆✸✺✹❘❉✺❚❍✹✼❵s❲✄✹✼❀✼✿❄❳❨✹✇✿✲❝❴❉✺❞❴❂❆❉✺✹❃❞❥q✘r✞❚❍❝❴✽✼✉❬✶✥❉✞✶✥✽✞❂❄✻✥✽✴✿❡❂✦❞❬❱❄❂❄❇✦❉❦❂✲❫❄✹✼✿✦❝❍✽ ❉✺✿⑦❳❨✶✬❇❍✶✥❳❨✶✑✈✼✹❘❉✺❚❍✹✪❞❍✹✼✻①❂✼❵s❲✄✹❭❉❸❋✞✹❊✹❃❇❯❉✺❚❴✹❘❉✴✶✥❳❨✹❘✿❄❤➙❉✺❚✢✹✇✹❊✽✯❉✺✶✬❳s❂❪❉✺✹✪❂❆❇♥❞ ❉✺❚✢✹❘❉✺✶✬❳❨✹❘❉✺❚✢✹✎❜❴❂✲❀❭●❄✹❊❉◗✶✑✽❧❉✴✸❦❂❆❇✢✽✴❳❨✶✑❉✯❉✺✹❃❞❥q ↔✢✹❊❋➂✸❦❂❄❉✴✹❩❂✲❞❴❂❄❜❍❉❦❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇Ø❉✺✹❊❀❭❚❴❇❴✶✬➌✦❝✢✹✼✽❯❚✢❂❪❱✲✹⑥❲✄✹✼✹✼❇✷❞❍✹✼✽✺✶✑❫✲❇✢✹✼❞Ø❤❑✿✲✸ ❋◗✶❛✸✺✹✼✻✑✹❃✽✴✽✆✻✑✿❁❀❪❂❄✻❬❂❆✸✺✹✼❂◗❇❴✹❊❉❸❋✮✿❄✸✺●❬✽✮■⑨✹✲q ❫❴q✥✉❆❳❨✿✲❲❴✶✑✻✥✹✕❇✢✿❬❞❍✹✼✽✆❀✼✿❄❳❨❳♣❝❴❇❴✶✥❀❃❂❪❉✴▲ ✶✑❇✢❫❯❜✄✹✼✹❊✸✴▲❷❉✴✿❄▲❷❜✄✹✼✹✼✸✇✿❪❱✦✹❭✸✎❼❧③❍❻⑧❖❘➏✦❼✞❖➉✻✑✶✥❇❴●❬✽❭❙❦q❘❖◗❳❡✿✦❇❴❫s❉✺❚❴✿✲✽✴✹❅❉✺❚✢❂❄❉ ❂❆✸❦✹❯❂❃❱❆❂✲✶✑✻①❂❆❲✢✻✑✹✲✉✆❉✺❚❴✹❨❤⑨✿✲✻✑✻✥✿❃❋❧✶✬❇❍❫⑧❂❆✸✺✹❯❳❨✿❄✽✺❉❅✸✺✹✼✻✑✹✼❱❄❂❄❇❁❉✼q④❺❸❇Ø➅✥➆❀✿❄➈❷✉✆❉✺❚❴✹ ❂❄❝❍❉✺❚✢✿❆✸✺✽✪❜❍✸✺✹❃✽✴✹❊❇❬❉✪❂❢❜❬✸✺✿✲❉✺✿❁❀✼✿✲✻✠❤⑨✿❄✸✎❂❢❞❍❝♥❂❆✻✑▲◆❀❦❚♥❂❆❇✢❇❍✹❃✻✆✽✺✻✥✿❆❉✴❉✺✹❃❞❍▲◆❂❄✻✥✿✲❚✢❂ ❻❣❖◗❼❘✉❁✶✥❇❨❋❘❚❍✶✥❀❭❚❯❂✎✽✴✹❃❜❴❂❄✸❦❂❆❉✺✹◗❀✼✿✲❇❁❉✴✸✺✿❄✻♥❀❭❚✢❂❄❇❴❇✢✹✼✻♥✶✑✽✕❝✢✽✴✹❃❞s❲✦❵❡❉✺❚❴✹◗✸✺✹❭▲ ❀✼✹✼✶✥❱✲✹❭✸✮❉✴✿✎❉✴✸❦❂❄❇❴✽✴❳❨✶✑❉✮✹❊➃❍❜❍✻✬✶✑❀✼✶❛❉✘❤⑨✹✼✹❃❞❍❲♥❂❆❀❭●⑦❉✺✿✪❉✺❚✢✹❧✽✺✹✼❇✢❞❍✹❊✸❃✉❁❋❧❚✢✶✑❀❦❚❨❉✺❚❴✹ ✽✴✹❃❇❴❞❴✹❊✸✎❝❴✽✴✹✼✽✪❉✺✿✾❂✦❞❴❂❄❜❍❉✪❉✺❚❴✹♣✸❦❂❄❉✺✹❄q♣❺✡❇Ø➅❛➆❃➇❆➈❷✉✒❉✴❚❴✹❨❂✲❝❬❉✺❚✢✿❆✸✺✽✎❜❴✸✺✹✼✽✴✹❊❇❬❉ ❉✺❚✢✹❂❁✯❖◗❝❴❉✴✿♣❽❘❂❆❉✺✹✪↔♥❂❆✻✥✻✥❲❴❂✲❀❭●④■❷❖❘❽◗↔✕❙❄❃❡❜❍✸✺✿❄❉✺✿❁❀❃✿✲✻♥❤❑✿❄✸♦❺❸➑✕➑✕➑⑤➒❄➓❁➔❬q✥➆✲➆❄✉ ❝✢✽✴✹✼❞❣✶✬❇⑧▼➙❝✢❀✼✹✼❇✦❉✮❅ ✽❘✵❏❂❃❱✦✹❃▼✒❖◗P➊❺✯❺◗❞❬✹❃❱❁✶✥❀❃✹❊✽✼q❘❺✡❇⑧❖❘❽◗↔✞✉✢❉✺❚❴✹♣✽✴✹✼❇✢❞❍✹✼✸ ✽✴✹❃✻✑✹✼❀❊❉✺✽➙❉✴❚✢✹✖❲✄✹✼✽✴❉➙✸❦❂❆❉✺✹✖❲♥❂✲✽✴✹✼❞✪✿✲❇✎✶✑❇❴❤⑨✿❆✸✺❳s❂❆❉✺✶✥✿✲❇✪❤✬✸✺✿✦❳✰❜❴✸✺✹✼❱❁✶✥✿✲❝❴✽✠❞❴❂❆❉❦❂ ❜♥❂❆❀❭●✲✹❊❉♠❉✴✸❦❂✲❇❍✽❦❳❡✶✥✽✴✽✺✶✑✿✲❇❴✽✼✉✦✶✥❇❴❀✼✸✺✹❊❳❨✹✼❇✦❉❦❂✲✻✑✻❛❵❡✶✑❇❴❀❊✸✺✹❃❂✲✽✴✶✑❇✢❫✇✿❄✸✕❞❴✹✼❀❭✸✺✹❪❂❄✽✴✶✥❇❴❫ ❉✺❚✢✹s✸❦❂❪❉✺✹✾❂❆❤①❉✺✹❊✸❡❂⑥❇❁❝✢❳⑦❲♥✹✼✸❡✿❆❤❧❀❃✿✲❇❴✽✴✹✼❀✼❝❴❉✺✶✑❱✦✹❯✽✴❝❴❀✼❀✼✹✼✽✴✽✺✹✼✽⑦✿❄✸❡✻✥✿❄✽✺✽✴✹✼✽✼✉ ✸✺✹✼✽✺❜♥✹❃❀❊❉✺✶✑❱❄✹✼✻✥❵✲q➀↔✆✶✑❇♥❂❆✻✬✻❛❵✦✉✮✶✬❇➹➅ ✿❄➈❷✉✮❉✺❚✢✹❣❂❄❝❴❉✺❚❍✿✲✸✺✽s❜❬✸❦✿✲❜✄✿✲✽✴✹④❜❴✸✺✿❄❉✺✿❬❀✼✿❄✻ ❤⑨✿❆✸④❜♥✿✲✶✥❇❁❉✴▲⑨❉✺✿❆▲✡❜✄✿❄✶✬❇✦❉✾✻✑✶✑❇✢●❁✽❃✉♦❉✺❚♥❂❪❉④✽✴✹✼✻✥✹✼❀❊❉✺✽❯❉✯✸❦❂✲❇❴✽✴❳❨✶✑✽✴✽✺✶✥✿❄❇➀✽✴✹❊❉✴❉✺✶✑❇✢❫❄✽ ■⑨✹✲q ❫✢q⑥❀❊✿❴❞❍✹s✸❦❂❆❉✺✹❢❂❄❇✢❞✛❜♥✿❆❋✮✹❊✸♣✻✥✹❃❱❄✹✼✻①❙✎❲✢❂❄✽✺✹❃❞❏✿✲❇✛❀❃❂✲❀❦❚❴✹❪❞t❜✄✹❊✸✴▲◆✻✥✶✑❇❴● ✶✑❇❴❤⑨✿❆✸✺❳s❂❆❉✺✶✥✿✲❇➙q⑤r✞❚✢✹✾✽✴✹✼❉✯❉✺✶✬❇❍❫✦✽s❂❪✸✺✹④✽✴❉✴✿✲✸✺✹✼❞⑤✶✑❇❈✽✺✹✼❜♥❂❪✸❦❂❆❉✺✹ ➢⑨➼✯➵❄➡ ê ➭❡➨①➢ ❂❄❇✢❞ ➼✺➫✼✻❭➫❭➨❆✽❄➫ ❉❦❂❄❲❴✻✥✹❊✽❪✉✒❋❧❚✢✶✑❀❦❚⑩❂❆✸✺✹❨❉✺❚❴✹✼❇❏❝❴✽✴✹❃❞❏❲✦❵❩❉✺❚❴✹s✽✴✹❃❇❴❞❴✹❊✸♣❂❆❇♥❞ ✸✺✹✼❀✼✹❃✶✑❱❄✹❊✸❨❉✺✿⑧❉✴✸❦❂❄❇✢✽✴❳❡✶✑❉s❂❄❇♥❞✛✸✺✹✼❀❊✹✼✶✬❱❄✹❣❞❍❂❄❉❦❂⑥❜♥❂✲❀❦●✲✹❭❉✺✽❨✿✲❇⑩❉✺❚✢✹❢✻✥✶✥❇❴●♥q r♦❚❴✹⑦❉❦❂❄❲❴✻✥✹❊✽✎❂❄✸✺✹❡❳❨❂❄✶✑❇❁❉❦❂❄✶✥❇❴✹❃❞❥✉➙✶✥❇⑧❜✢❂❄✸✴❉✼✉➙❲❁❵⑥✹❊➃❍❀❭❚❴❂✲❇❍❫✦✶✑❇✢❫❢✽✴✹❊❉✴❉✺✶✑❇✢❫❄✽ ✶✑❇✷❀✼✿❄❇❬❉❸✸✺✿✦✻❘❜❴❂✲❀❦●✲✹❊❉✺✽✼✉❧✽✴❝❴❀❭❚✩❂❄✽s❉✺❚❍✿✦✽✴✹⑥✶✑❇Ø❉✺❚❍✹⑥❽✖r❘③❍➏✦❼✞r◗③⑤❜❬✸✺✿✲❉✺✿❆▲ ❀✼✿✦✻⑨q✖r♦❚❍✹❘❽✖r❧③❴➏✲❼♦r❧③❡❜❴✸✺✿❆❉✺✿❁❀✼✿✦✻❴✶✬✽✕❂✪❀✼✿✦❳❨❳❡✿✲❇❢❻❣❖◗❼❈❜❍✸✺✿❄❉✺✿❬❀✼✿❄✻✢❤❑✿✲✸ ❋◗✶❛✸✺✹✼✻✑✹❃✽✴✽✇✻✥✿❁❀❃❂✲✻♠❂❄✸✺✹✼❂❢❇❍✹✼❉✡❋✞✿❄✸✺●❬✽❡■⑨✹✲q ❫✢q✑✉✠③❁❽✪❻❣❖ ➅ ➔❍➆❊➈❷✉✠❻❣❖◗❼✞❖ ➅✑➆✮✭❆➈❷✉ ❻❣❖◗❼✞❖✒✵ ➅ è❄➈◆✉✕↔❬❖✪❻❣❖➁➅ ➒❆➈◆✉✘❺❸➑✘➑✮➑ ➒❄➓✦➔❍q✑➆✦➆❩➅❛➆❪➔❪➈⑨❙❦q❏r✞❚✢✹❢❜❍❝❴✸✺❜✄✿✲✽✴✹ ✿❄❤✮❉✺❚✢✹❨❜❍✸✺✿❄❉✺✿❁❀❃✿✲✻✖✶✥✽✪❉❸❋✮✿✲❤❑✿❄✻①❞✢✪s➆❆❙◗❉✺✿❣❀❊✿❁✿✲✸❦❞❍✶✥❇❴❂❄❉✺✹❡❉✺❚❍✹❨❉✴✸❦❂❄❇✢✽✯❤①✹✼✸❅✿❄❤ ❉✺❚✢✹⑦❞❍❂❄❉✺❂s❜❴❂✲❀❭●❄✹❊❉❘❲✄✹❊❉✡❋✞✹✼✹✼❇❣❉✴❚❴✹⑦✽✴✹❊❇♥❞❴✹❭✸✪❂❆❇♥❞✾✸✺✹✼❀❊✹❃✶✥❱❄✹✼✸❃✉✄❂❆❇♥❞⑥➔❁❙✕❉✺✿ ❂❄❇❴❇✢✿❄❝✢❇✢❀❊✹❅❉✺❚❍✹⑦❞❴❝❍✸❦❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❣✿✲❤♠❉✺❚❍✹❅❜♥❂❆❀❭●✦✹❭❉❘❉✴✸❦❂❆❇✢✽✯❤❑✹✼✸◗❉✴✿❯❇❍✿❴❞❍✹✼✽❧❉✺❚✢❂❄❉ ❂❆✸❦✹❧✶✑❇❡✸❦❂✲❇❍❫✦✹❧✿❄❤❥❉✴❚❴✹◗✽✴✹❃❇❴❞❴✹❭✸✞❂❆❇♥❞♣❉✺❚❴✹❧✸✺✹❊❀✼✹✼✶✥❱✲✹❊✸❃q✘r✞❚❴✹◗✻✥❂❪❉✴❉✺✹❊✸✮✶✥✽✘✶✥❳♣▲ ❜✄✿❄✸✴❉❦❂❄❇✦❉✎✶✬❇❩❳⑦❝❴✻✑❉✺✶❛▲❷❚✢✿✦❜❩❇❴✹❭❉❸❋♦✿❆✸✺●❁✽✎❲✄✹✼❀❃❂✲❝❍✽✺✹❡✿✲❤✕❉✴❚✢✹❨❜✢✿✲❉✺✹✼❇✦❉✺✶✬❂❄✻♠❤❑✿✲✸

SLIDE 3

30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 Time (s) 5 10 15 20 25 30 SNR (dB)

BPSK (1 Mbps) QPSK (2 Mbps) QAM16 (4 Mbps) QAM64 (6 Mbps) QAM256 (8 Mbps)

30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 Time (s) 2 4 6 8 Rate (Mbps)

➬❧➮①➱❥✃✒❐❆❒✁➙Ï✷✗❘❒❁❐ ß Ò♥❐❄åtÕ✢à✆Ô✦❒❢Ò ß✄✂ Ý❯➬ ß Ò♥❐❡Õ⑧Ù❃➮①à✠➱❥Ö①❒ ✂♣Û❡Ý↕Ô✲Ò✄à✆à✠❒❍Ô✲Ó❪➮✬Ò✄à⑩×✘❒❬Ó✌✠❅❒❍❒❬à⑩Ó✌✠❅Òtà✒Ò✠æ✠❒❍Ù❅➮❑à⑩Õ⑥Ý❯Õ ☛✠Ö✬❒❴➮❑➱♥Ñ ß Õ✢æ✆➮⑨à✠➱❩Ô❄Ñ✒Õ♥à✆à✠❒❍Ö✡ç ☎✾❒❍❐❪❒✢✓♦Ó❃Ñ✒❒⑩Ù✼❒❬à✆æ✆❒❁❐⑧➮❑Ù✩✍✱✏➙❒❍æ✰Õ♥à✆æ✰Ó❪Ñ✠❒✛❐❪❒❍Ô✲❒❍➮①ä♥❒❬❐⑧➮❑Ù④åtÒ❍ä✒➮⑨à✒➱ØÕ❴Ó④Õ⑤Ù❀☎✕❒❁❒❍æ✰Ò ß ✩å✝✆✢Ù✾Õ ✠⑦Õ ☛ ß ❐❪Ò➙å Ó❃Ñ✠❒⑩Ù✼❒❬à✠æ✠❒❬❐❍ç⑧Ð⑦Ñ✠❒⑩Ö✬Ò✳✠⑦❒❁❐ ➱✄❐❪Õ✳☎♠Ñ➀Ù❃Ñ✠Ò★✠sÙsÓ❃Ñ✠❒❩Ó❃➮❷å❩❒❩Õ✢Ó✵✠sÑ✠➮⑨Ô❄Ñ ☎✆Õ✢Ô ✚❴❒❁Ó❪Ù✩✠❅❒❬❐❪❒tÓ❊❐❆Õ✢à♠Ù❃å❏➮❑Ó✼Ó❊❒❴æ ✓✕Õ✢à✆æ✷Ó❪Ñ✠❒tåtÒ✒æ✆✃✆Ö①Õ❴Ó❪➮①Ò✄à➀❐❪Õ✢Ó✼❒tÔ❆Ñ✠Ò✄Ù✼❒❍à✷× ☛ ✂ Ý❢➬ ß Ò✄❐✾❒❬Õ✢Ô❄Ñ ☎✠Õ♥Ô✛✚✢❒❬Ó✲ç✾Ð♣Ñ✠❒❩Ó❪➮❑Ô✛✚➀å❩Õ❴❐✔✚❥Ù❯Õ♥Ö❑Ò✄à✒➱⑤Ó✼Ñ✠❒❏Ó✼Ò ☎❹Ù❃Ñ✒Ò✳✠ Ó❃Ñ✠❒tÓ❃➮❷å❩❒tÕ✢Ó✩✠sÑ✆➮①Ô❄Ñ✜☎✆Õ✢Ô ✚✢❒❬Ó❃Ù✩✠❅❒❬❐❆❒❏æ✠❐❪Ò✢☎✝☎✖❒❍æ✰× ☛✷Ó✼Ñ✠❒❏❐❪❒❍Ô✲❒❍➮①ä✄❒❁❐❣æ♠✃✒❒tÓ✼Ò ❒❬❐❪❐❆Ò♥❐✲Ù❆ç❨Ð⑦Ñ✠❒❩✃ ☎✝☎✖❒❬❐✾➱✢❐❄Õ★☎✖Ñ✷Ù❃Ñ✠Ò★✠sÙ❨Ó❃Ñ✆❒tâ✠ã❣Ý➁Õ❴ÓsÓ❃Ñ✆❒⑧❐❆❒❍Ô✲❒❬➮❑ä✢❒❍❐ ß Ò♥❐✾Ó✼Ñ✠❒ ☎✆Õ♥Ô✛✚✢❒❬Ó❃Ù❯➮❑à✷Ó❃Ñ✠❒❩Ö❑Ò✧✠⑦❒❁❐✾➱♥❐❆Õ ☎✆Ñ✕ç ✂ Ö⑨Ù✼Ò⑩Ù❃Ñ✒Ò✳✠sà✷Õ❴❐❪❒ Ó❪Ñ✒❐❆❒❍Ù❃Ñ✠Ò♥Ö⑨æ✆Ù⑦❐❪❒✧☎✆❐❪❒❍Ù✼❒❬à➙Ó✼➮⑨à✠➱⑧Ó❃Ñ✆❒⑥â➙ã❣Ý↕ä❍Õ♥Ö⑨✃✠❒❬Ù❅Õ✢×✘Ò❬ä✄❒❂✠❨Ñ✆➮⑨Ô❪Ñ❈Ó❪Ñ✒❒④à✠❒✧✏➙Ó⑦Ñ✆➮❑➱✄Ñ✠❒❬❐så❩Ò✒æ✠✃♠Ö①Õ✢Ó❃➮❑Ò♥à❈❐❆Õ✢Ó❊❒❣Ñ✠Õ✢Ù❅Õ⑥Ó❪Ñ✒❒❁Ò✄❐❆❒❬Ó❃➮⑨Ô❄Õ♥Ö✘åt❒❬Õ♥à ✞✠✟☛✡✌☞ ➆❪➓ ✲ ✴ ç ✂ Ó❨Ó❪Ñ✒❒⑧Ù✼Ó✼Õ✢❐❆Ó✔✓♠×✘Ò♥Ó❃Ñ✷à✒Ò✠æ✠❒❬Ù✁✠❅❒❬❐❪❒⑧Õ✢Ó❡Ó❪Ñ✒❒⑧Ù✼Õ✄åt❒⑧Ö①Ò✒Ô✲Õ❴Ó❪➮①Ò✄à✖✓✖Ù✼ÒtÓ❪Ñ✠❒⑧Ö❑❒ ß Ó❆å⑧Ò❥Ù❊Ó❨❒❍æ✠➱♥❒❍Ù❡❐❆❒ ☎✆❐❆❒❬Ù✼❒❍à➙Ó❨Ó✼Ñ✠❒ ☎✕Ò♥➮⑨à❥Ó ➮⑨à⑤Ó❪➮⑨åt❒⑥Õ❴Ó✁✠sÑ✆➮⑨Ô❪Ñ✩Ó❃Ñ✒❒⑥Ó ✠⑦Ò⑩à✠Ò➙æ✠❒❍Ù✣✠⑦❒❁❐❄❒✎✍✑✏✄å Õ✳☎✆Õ✢❐❆Ó✲ç ❀❊✿✦✻✑✻✬✶✑✽✴✶✑✿✦❇✢✽✮❀❃❂❄❝❴✽✴✹❪❞❯❲❁❵✁✒ ➨❑➸❁➸❁➫❭➡⑥➢✡➫❭➼❦➭❡➨❑➡♥➵✲➩ ê q✖é❘✶✬❞❴❞❍✹✼❇❯❉✺✹❊✸✺❳❨✶✑❇♥❂❆✻✬✽♦❂❆✸✺✹ ❇❴✿❍❞❍✹✼✽✪❉✯❚♥❂❆❉✎❂❄✸✺✹❡✶✑❇⑧✸❦❂❄❇✢❫❄✹❡✿✲❤✘❉✺❚✢✹⑦✸✺✹✼❀✼✹✼✶✑❱✦✹❭✸✎❲✢❝❬❉✎❇✢✿❆❉✪❉✺❚❍✹❨✽✴✹✼❇♥❞❬✹❊✸❪q ❼✞✿❄✻✬✻✑✶✑✽✴✶✬✿❄❇✢✽✞✿❁❀❊❀✼❝❴✸✕❋❘❚❍✹❃❇❯❚❴✶✬❞❍❞❴✹✼❇s❉✺✹❊✸✺❳❨✶✥❇❴❂✲✻✑✽✼✉❬❝✢❇♥❂❆❲✢✻✑✹❘❉✯✿♣✽✺✹✼❇❍✽✺✹◗❉✺❚❴✹ ✽✺✹✼❇❴❞❴✹❭✸✮❅ ✽✪❉✴✸❦❂❆❇✢✽✴❳❨✶✥✽✴✽✴✶✬✿❄❇✒✉✠❂❄❉✯❉✺✹✼❳❡❜❴❉✎❉✺✿④❉✯✸❦❂❄❇✢✽✴❳❨✶❛❉❅✽✴✶✥❳♣❝❍✻✥❉✴❂✲❇✢✹✼✿❄❝✢✽✴✻❛❵❁✉ ❀✼❂✲❝✢✽✴✶✑❇✢❫❣❂④❀✼✿✦✻✑✻✥✶✥✽✴✶✑✿✦❇❏❂❄❉❅❉✴❚✢✹❨✸✺✹❊❀✼✹❃✶✑❱✲✹❊✸❪q✾r✞❚✢✹s❽✖r◗③❍➏✦❼✞r◗③❩❜♥❂❆❀❭●✲✹❊❉✺✽ ✸✺✹❪❞❬❝✢❀❊✹⑦❉✺❚❍✹♣❜❍✸✺✿✲❲✢❂❄❲✢✶✑✻✑✶✑❉✡❵④✿✲❤✘✽✴❝✢❀❦❚⑥❀✼✿✦✻✑✻✑✶✬✽✴✶✑✿✦❇❍✽✇❲❁❵⑥❂❆❇✢❇❍✿✦❝❍❇✢❀✼✶✥❇❴❫s❉✺❚❴✹ ❜✢❂❄❀❦●✦✹❊❉➙❉✴✸❦❂✲❇❍✽✺❤①✹❊✸✠❉✺✿❧❜♥✿❄❉✺✹✼❇✦❉✺✶✥❂✲✻✑✻✥❵✇✶✥❇✦❉✺✹❭✸✴❤⑨✹❊✸✺✶✑❇✢❫❧❇✢✿❬❞❍✹✼✽✼✉❪❋❧❚✢✿❍✉❄✶✑❇✪❉✺❝❍✸✺❇✒✉ ✸✺✹❪❂❆❀❊❉✆❲✦❵✪❞❴✹❊❤❑✹❊✸✴✸✺✶✑❇✢❫♦❉✺❚❴✹❃✶❛✸✠✿❪❋❧❇✎❉✴✸❦❂❆❇✢✽✴❳❨✶✑✽✺✽✴✶✑✿✦❇❴✽➙❤⑨✿❄✸✒❉✺❚❴✹✕❞❴❝❍✸❦❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇✎✿❆❤ ❉✺❚❴✹✎❉✴✸❦❂❄❇✢✽✯❤①✹✼✸❃q❧r✞❚❬❝❴✽❃✉❴❉✺❚❴✹❅❽✘r❧③✢➏❄❼❧r❧③❢❜❴✸✺✿✲❉✴✿❬❀✼✿❄✻✆❜❬✸✺✿❆❱❬✶✥❞❴✹❊✽ ✽❪➨①➼❭➢⑨➲❴➵✲➩ ❀✼❂❄✸✴✸✺✶✑✹❊✸❧✽✴✹❃❇❴✽✴✶✥❇❍❫♣❉✺✿❡✽✺❝❍❜✢❜❴✻✥✹❊❳❨✹✼❇❁❉✞❉✺❚✢✹ ➯ ✒ ë❆ê ➨❆✻❦➵✦➩ ❀❃❂❆✸✴✸✺✶✥✹❊✸❧✽✴✹✼❇❴✽✴✶✥❇❴❫❡✿❆❤ ❉✺❚❴✹s❞❴✹❊❱❁✶✬❀✼✹❊✽✼q❯r✞❚✢✹❨❜❍✸✺✿❄❉✺✿❁❀❃✿❄✻✘✶✥✽✎✽✴✶✑❳❨❜✢✻✑✹✲q✵✶✖✸✺✶✥✿❄✸✎❉✺✿❢❉✴✸❦❂❄❇✢✽✴❳❡✶✥❉✴❉✴✶✥❇❍❫ ❂❯❞❴❂❆❉❦❂s❜✢❂❄❀❭●❄✹❊❉❃✉♥❉✺❚✢✹❅✽✴✹❃❇❴❞❴✹❊✸◗❉✴✸❦❂✲❇❍✽✺❳❨✶❛❉✺✽✇❂s✽✴❳s❂✲✻✑✻✆❽✖r❧③❏■✔✓ ➫✺➵✦➸ ë ➢◆➥ ✕ ➫❊➡✄➸ ❙✕❀✼✿❄❇❁❉✴✸✺✿✲✻❥❜♥❂❆❀❭●❄✹✼❉✞❉✺✿♣❉✺❚❴✹❘✸✺✹❃❀✼✹✼✶✑❱✦✹❭✸❃q✖❺✡❤✠❉✺❚❍✹✇✸✺✹✼❀❃✹❊✶✥❱❄✹✼✸♦✶✥✽♦❀❃❂❄❜✢❂❆▲ ❲❴✻✑✹❡✿❄❤✘✸✺✹✼❀✼✹❊✶✬❱❁✶✥❇❴❫❯❉✺❚✢✹⑦❜♥❂❆❀❭●✲✹❊❉❃✉❥✶❛❉✇✸✺✹❃❜❍✻✬✶✑✹✼✽✇❋❧✶❛❉✺❚❩❂✾❼❧r❧③✛■ ➜✖➩✑➫✺➵❄➼♣➢◆➥ ✕ ➫❊➡✄➸ ❙❘❀✼✿✲❇✦❉✴✸✺✿✲✻✘❜♥❂❄❀❦●✲✹❭❉❃q❯r♦❚❴✹s✽✴✹✼❇✢❞❴✹❊✸✎✸✺✹❊✽✴❜✄✿✦❇✢❞❍✽✪❉✺✿④❉✴❚❴✹❨❽✘r❧③❩❲✦❵ ❉✴✸❦❂❄❇❴✽✺❳❨✶❛❉✴❉✺✶✑❇✢❫✞❉✺❚❴✹✕❞❴❂❆❉❦❂♦❜❴❂✲❀❭●❄✹❊❉❃q✆P◗✿❍❞❴✹✼✽❥❉✺❚♥❂❪❉✠✿❆❱✲✹❭✸✺❚✢✹❃❂❪✸✆✹✼✶❛❉✺❚✢✹❭✸✒❉✺❚❴✹ ❽✖r◗③✪✿✲✸✘❼✞r◗③✇❉✺❚✢✹❊❇♣❞❍✹❊❤❑✹✼✸✠❉✴❚✢✹✼✶✑✸✆✿❪❋❧❇❅❉✯✸❦❂✲❇✢✽✴❳❡✶✥✽✴✽✺✶✑✿✲❇❴✽✠❤⑨✿❆✸✆❉✺❚✢✹✕❞❴❝❍✸❦❂❆▲ ❉✺✶✥✿✲❇❢✿❄❤✒❉✺❚✢✹❘❜♥❂❄❀❦●✦✹❊❉✮❉✴✸❦❂❄❇✢✽✴❳❡✶✬✽✴✽✴✶✥✿✲❇➙q✖❺✡❇t➅ ✿❪➈✡✉❬❉✴❚❴✹✪❽✖r❧③s✶✬✽♦❂❄✻✥✽✴✿♣❝✢✽✴✹❃❞ ❲❁❵⑧❉✺❚✢✹s✽✴✹❊❇♥❞❴✹❭✸⑦❉✺✿✾❉✺✹✼✻✑✻✘❉✺❚❴✹❨✸✺✹✼❀✼✹✼✶✥❱✲✹❊✸❅❋◗❚❴❂❄❉⑦✽✴✹❊❉✴❉✺✶✑❇✢❫✲✽✎❉✺❚❴✹s✽✴✹✼❇♥❞❍✹❊✸ ❋◗✶✑✻✑✻✆❝❍✽❦✹✪❉✺✿❨❉✴✸❦❂❄❇❴✽✺❳❨✶❛❉◗❉✺❚❴✹⑦❞✢❂❪❉❦❂❨❜♥❂❆❀❭●✦✹❭❉♣■❑❋◗❚❍✶✬❀❦❚❣✶✑❉◗❫✦✹❊❉✺✽❧❤①✸✺✿✦❳ ✶✑❉✺✽ ➢⑨➼✯➵❄➡ ê ➭❡➨①➢ ❉❦❂❄❲❴✻✥✹❆❙❦q♠r♦❚❴✹✮✸✺✹❃❀✼✹✼✶✑❱✦✹❊✸✘❝❍✽✴✹❃✽♠❉✺❚❴✹♦✽✴✹❊❉✴❉✺✶✥❇❍❫✦✽✖✶✥❇⑦❉✺❚✢✹♦❽✖r❧③⑦❉✯✿ ❝❴❜❥❞❴❂❆❉✺✹⑦✶✑❉✺✽ ➼❦➫✼✻❭➫❊➨ ✽❄➫ ❉❦❂❄❲❴✻✑✹✦q❘❺❷❤✖❉✺❚✢✹✎✸✺✹❃❀✼✹✼✶✑❱✦✹❭✸✇❀❦❚✢✿❁✿✦✽✴✹❊✽❪✉♥✶✑❉❘❳s❂❃❵❣❝❍✽✺✹ ❉✺❚❴✹s❼✞r◗③④❉✺✿✾✽✴❝❴❫✲❫✦✹❊✽✯❉❅❂✾❞❍✶❛✐❥✹❊✸✺✹✼❇❁❉✪❜✄✿❪❋✞✹❊✸✪✻✥✹❊❱✦✹✼✻⑨✉➙❲✢❝❬❉❃✉✒✿❄❉✴❚✢✹❊✸✴❋◗✶✑✽✴✹✦✉ ❇❴✿✾✿❄❉✺❚❴✹❊✸✪❀❭❚✢❂❄❇✢❫❄✹❃✽✇❉✺✿❯❉✺❚❴✹⑦❉✴✸❦❂✲❇❴✽✺❳❨✶❛❉✎✽✴✹❭❉✴❉✺✶✥❇❴❫✲✽❅❂❪✸✺✹❡❳s❂❄❞❴✹❨❞❍❝❍✸✺✶✥❇❍❫ ❉✺❚❴✹✾❽✖r❧③❴➏✦❼✞r❧③✛✹❊➃❍❀❭❚❴❂✲❇❍❫✦✹✲qt❺❸❇❴✽✯❉✺✹❃❂✲❞❥✉✕❀❦❚♥❂❆❇✢❫❄✹✼✽❡❉✴✿⑧❉✺❚❴✹❢✽✺✹✼❇❴❞❴✹❊✸✮❅ ✽ ➢⑨➼✯➵❄➡ ê ➭❡➨①➢ ❉❦❂❆❲✢✻✑✹❅❂❄✸✺✹✪❳❨❂✦❞❍✹✎❲❁❵❢✶✑❇❴❤①✿✲✸✺❳s❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇✾✶✑❇❣❂✲❀❦●❁❇✢✿❃❋◗✻✑✹❃❞❴❫❄❳❨✹✼❇❁❉ ■❷❖◗❼✖✸♣❙✎✿❄✸❨❇❴✹✼❫✦❂❆❉✴✶✬❱❄✹④❂❄❀❭●❁❇❴✿❪❋❧✻✥✹❃❞❍❫✲❳❨✹✼❇❁❉✾■⑨P✪❖❧❼ ✸♣❙✪❜♥❂❄❀❦●✦✹❊❉✺✽♣✽✴✹✼❇❁❉ ❂❆❉✇❉✺❚❍✹❡✹✼❇✢❞⑧✿❆❤✕❉✺❚❍✹❨❞❍❂❄❉❦❂s❜♥❂❆❀❭●✲✹❊❉✇❉✴✸❦❂❆❇✢✽✴❳❨✶✥✽✴✽✴✶✬✿❄❇✒q✪r❧❚❍✹❃✽✴✹⑦❀❭❚✢❂❄❇✢❫❄✹❃✽ ❂❆✸✺✹✪❉✴❚✢✹✼❇✾❝✢✽✴✹❪❞❯❤❑✿✲✸❧✽✺❝❍❲✢✽✴✹❃➌❁❝✢✹❊❇✦❉❘❜❴❂✲❀❦●✲✹❊❉❧❉✴✸❦❂❆❇✢✽✴❳❨✶✑✽✺✽✴✶✑✿✦❇❴✽❃q P✇✿❆❉✺✹✎❉✺❚♥❂❆❉❃✉♥✶✥❇⑧❂❆✻✬✻➙❉✺❚❍✸✺✹❃✹❅❜❍✸✺✿❄❉✺✿❁❀❃✿✲✻✑✽♣■✯➅✥➆❀✿❄➈❷✉♠➅❛➆❪➇❆➈❷✉❥❂❆❇♥❞✛➅ ✿❆➈⑨❙❦✉✢✸❦❂❆❉✺✹ ✽✺✹✼✻✑✹✼❀❭❉✺✶✬✿❄❇✛✶✑✽♣❜✄✹❊✸✴❤①✿✲✸✺❳❨✹❃❞t❲✦❵t❉✺❚❴✹s✽❦✹❊❇✢❞❍✹❊✸❃✉✖❂✲❇❴❞➙✉♠✶✑❇✷➅✑➆❪➇❪➈◆✉✆❀❭❚✢❂❄❇✢❇❍✹❃✻ ➌❁❝✢❂❄✻✑✶✥❉◆❵Ø✹✼✽✯❉✺✶✑❳s❂❄❉✺✶✑✿✲❇✷✶✑✽✾❂❄✻✑✽✺✿✛❜✄✹❊✸✴❤⑨✿❆✸✺❳❨✹❃❞✩❲✦❵⑤❉✺❚❍✹❩✽✴✹❊❇♥❞❬✹✼✸❃q→❖◗✻✑✽✴✿ ❇❴✿❄❉✺✹❅❉✺❚♥❂❪❉✪✿✲❇❴✻❛❵⑩➅❛➆❆➇❪➈♠✶✥✽✇❲❴❂✲✽✴✹❃❞⑥✿❄❇t❂❨❋◗✶✥❞❴✹✼✻❛❵④❝✢✽✴✹❪❞④❋◗✶❛✸✺✹✼✻✑✹❃✽✴✽✇✻✑✿❬❀❃❂✲✻ ❂❆✸❦✹❃❂♣❇❴✹✼❉◆❋♦✿❄✸✺●❬✶✑❇✢❫❡✽✯❉❦❂❄❇♥❞❍❂❄✸❦❞❩■⑨❺✯➑✘➑✕➑Ø➒✲➓❁➔❁q✬➆❄➆❆❙❦q ❻④❝✢❀❦❚✷✿❄❤✎❉✺❚❍✹⑥✿✲❉✺❚❍✹✼✸❢❋✮✿❄✸✺●⑤✿✲❇✩✸❦❂❆❉✴✹❩❂✲❞✢❂❆❜❴❉❦❂❪❉✺✶✥✿✲❇✩✶✥❇✩❋❧✶❛✸✺✹❃✻✥✹❊✽✴✽ ❇✢✹❭❉❸❋✞✿❆✸✺●❬✽✕❚✢❂❄✽✕❂❄✽✺✽✴❝✢❳❨✹✼❞❨❂✪❀✼✹❃✻✑✻✑❝✢✻✥❂❄✸✘❇✢✹❊❉✡❋✞✿✲✸✺●❢■⑨✹✲q ❫✢q✑✉❁❳❨✿❄❲✢✶✑✻✑✹❧❇✢✿❍❞❍✹❊✽ ❀✼✿✦❳❡❳⑦❝❴❇✢✶✑❀❃❂❄❉✺✶✑❇❴❫❧❉✺✿◗❂❧❲✢❂❄✽✴✹✕✽✯❉❦❂❄❉✺✶✑✿❄❇⑦✿❪❱✦✹❭✸♠❂❧r✗✖✎❻⑥❖✛✻✬✶✑❇❴●❴❙✖➅ ✹❄➈❷✉❍➅✑➆❃➒❆➈❷✉ ➅ ➔✦➔❪➈◆q✖✵✛✹✎❚✢❂❪❱❄✹❅✿✲❲✢✽✴✹❭✸✺❱✦✹❃❞❢❉✺❚✢❂❆❉◗❳s❂✲❇✦❵✾✿❄❤♠❉✯❚✢✹✼✽✺✹✪❉✺✹✼❀❦❚❴❇❴✶✥➌❬❝❴✹✼✽❧❚♥❂❃❱✲✹ ❉✺❚✢✹❩❤⑨✿✲✻✥✻✑✿❃❋❘✶✑❇❴❫✩❀❦❚✢❂❄✸❦❂❆❀❊❉✺✹❊✸❦✶✑✽✯❉✺✶✑❀✼✽✮✪➉■❷❂❬❙❢❀❦❚♥❂❆❇✢❇❴✹✼✻⑦➌✦❝♥❂❄✻✥✶❛❉❸❵✰✹✼✽✯❉✺✶✥❳s❂❪▲ ❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❯✶✑✽✞❜♥✹✼✸✴❤❑✿❆✸❦❳❨✹❃❞s❲✦❵❨❉✺❚✢✹❧✸✺✹✼❀✼✹❃✶✑❱❄✹❊✸❧❂❄❇✢❞s❜✄✹❊✸✺✶✑✿❴❞❬✶✥❀❃❂❄✻✥✻❛❵❨❤❑✹❃❞❨❉✺✿❅❉✺❚❴✹ ✽✴✹❃❇❴❞❴✹❊✸✘✹❃✶❛❉✺❚❴✹✼✸✘✿❄❇❡❉✺❚✢✹♦✽❦❂❄❳❡✹♦❀❭❚✢❂❄❇✢❇❴✹✼✻✢✿❆✸✘✿✦❇s❂✇✽✺✹✼❜❴❂❄✸❦❂❆❉✺✹❧✽✴❝❴❲♥❀❭❚✢❂❄❇❍▲ ❇✢✹❊✻✙✘✖■⑨❲♥❙♦✸❦❂❪❉✺✹❅✽❦✹❊✻✥✹❊❀✼❉✴✶✬✿❄❇⑥✶✬✽◗❜✄✹❊✸✴❤⑨✿❆✸✺❳❨✹❃❞❣❲❁❵④❉✺❚❍✹⑦✽✴✹✼❇♥❞❍✹❊✸✇❝❴✽✴✶✑❇✢❫s❉✺❚❴✹ ❤⑨✹✼✹✼❞❴❲❴❂✲❀❭●s❜❍✸✺✿❪❱❁✶①❞❬✹❃❞✾❲✦❵❯❉✺❚❍✹✇✸✺✹✼❀✼✹❃✶✑❱❄✹❊✸✚✘♥❂❆❇♥❞⑧■⑨❀❆❙✘❉✺❚❍✹❊❵❢✿❄❤❑❉✴✹❃❇❯✸✺✹✼✽✴✶✬❞❍✹ ❂❆❉✕❉✺❚✢✹◗❜❴❚❁❵❍✽✴✶✑❀❃❂✲✻♥✻✥❂✼❵❁✹❊✸❃✉❍❂❄❞✢❂❆❜❴❉✺✶✑❇✢❫✎✸❦❂❄❉✴✹❃✽✕✿✲❇❢❂✎✽✯❵❍❳♣❲♥✿✲✻✑▲◆❲✦❵❬▲❷✽✴❵❬❳♣❲✄✿❄✻ ✿❄✸❘✽✴✻✑✿✲❉✴▲❷❲❁❵❁▲◆✽✴✻✥✿❄❉❘❲✢❂❄✽✴✶✥✽✼✉❴❉✴✸❦❂❄❇❴✽✺❜❴❂❄✸✺✹✼❇❁❉❧❉✴✿s❝✢❜❍❜✄✹❊✸◗✻①❂✼❵✲✹✼✸✺✽✼q✞❖◗✻✑❉✺❚❴✿✲❝❴❫✲❚ ✶❛❉⑦❳s❂✼❵✛❂❆❜✢❜✄✹❃❂❪✸⑦❉✺❚✢❂❆❉⑦✽✴❝✢❀❦❚✛❂❄❜❴❜❍✸✺✿✦❂✲❀❦❚❴✹❃✽⑦❂❪✸✺✹❯❂✲✻✑✽✴✿⑥❂✲❜✢❜❍✻✑✶✬❀✼❂❄❲✢✻✑✹❨❉✺✿ ❋◗✶❛✸✺✹✼✻✑✹❃✽✴✽❨✻✬✿❁❀✼❂✲✻❧❂❄✸✺✹❃❂❩❇❴✹✼❉◆❋♦✿❄✸✺●❬✽✼✉✮✽✴✹✼❱✦✹❊✸❦❂❆✻◗✶✑❳❨❜✄✿❆✸✴❉❦❂✲❇✦❉❯❞❍✶✑✐❥✹❭✸✺✹✼❇✢❀✼✹❊✽ ✹❊➃❍✶✑✽✯❉❃q⑩↔❍✿✲✸❨✶✑❇✢✽✯❉❦❂❆❇✢❀✼✹❄✉✕❀❊✿✦❇❁❱✦✹✼❇✦❉✺✶✥✿✲❇✢❂❄✻✞✻✥✿❁❀❃❂✲✻♦❂❪✸✺✹❃❂⑧❇❴✹✼❉◆❋♦✿❄✸✺●❬✽♣❫✲✹✼❇❍▲ ✹❊✸❦❂✲✻✑✻❛❵❯❝✢✽✴✹✇❚♥❂❄✻❛❤❑▲◆❞❍❝✢❜❍✻✬✹❭➃s✸❦❂✲❞❴✶✑✿✦✽♦✿❄❇✾✽✺✶✑❇✢❫❄✻✑✹✪❽◗↔✛❀❭❚✢❂❄❇✢❇❍✹❃✻✑✽✼✉❍❳s❂✲●❁✶✥❇❴❫ ✽✴✶✥❳♣❝❍✻✥❉✴❂✲❇✢✹✼✿❄❝✢✽✆✽✴❝❴❲♥❀❦❚♥❂✲❇❍❇✢✹✼✻✦❤❑✹✼✹❃❞❴❲❴❂✲❀❦●✪✶✑❳❨❜✄✿✲✽✺✽✴✶✑❲✢✻✑✹✲q♠↔❴❝❴✸✴❉✺❚❴✹❊✸✺❳❨✿❆✸✺✹✲✉ ❀✼✿✦❇❁❱✲✹✼❇✦❉✺✶✑✿✦❇♥❂❆✻✦✻✑✿❍❀✼❂✲✻❁❂❆✸✺✹✼❂◗❇❍✹✼❉✡❋✞✿❄✸✺●❬✽✠❝❍✽✺✹✮❞❬✶✬✽✯❉✴✸✺✶✑❲❴❝❴❉✺✹❃❞✄✉❆❀✼✿✦❇✦❉✺✹✼❇❁❉✺✶✑✿✲❇❍▲ ❲♥❂❆✽✴✹❪❞⑦❳❡✹❃❞❴✶✑❝✢❳➉❂✲❀✼❀✼✹✼✽✴✽✖❀✼✿❄❇❁❉✴✸✺✿✲✻❬❜❴✸✺✿❆❉✺✿❍❀❊✿✲✻✥✽✆❉✺❚♥❂❆❉♠✸✺✹✼➌❬❝❍✶✑✸✺✹♦❂❄❀✼❀❃❝❬✸❦❂❄❉✴✹ ✹✼✽✴❉✴✶✥❳s❂❆❉✺✹❊✽s✿❄❤✎❜❴❂✲❀❦●✲✹❊❉s❉✯✸❦❂❄❇✢✽✴❳❨✶✑✽✴✽✺✶✑✿✲❇Ø❉✺✶✑❳❨✹❊✽❨❤❑✿✲✸s✹✼➋❨❀✼✶✑✹✼❇❁❉s✿✦❜♥✹✼✸❦❂❪▲ ❉✺✶✑✿✦❇➹■⑨✹✲q ❫✢q✷❽✖r❧③❴➏✲❼♦r❧③♥❙❦q✕r✞❚❬❝✢✽✼✉✮✶✥❤❘❉✴✸❦❂❄❇✢✽✴❜✢❂❆✸✺✹✼❇❁❉s❜❴❚❁❵❬✽✴✶✬❀❃❂❆✻❧✻①❂✼❵✦✹✼✸ ✸❦❂❄❉✴✹❯❂✲❞❴❂✲❜❍❉✺❂❄❉✺✶✑✿✲❇t❋✞✹❊✸✺✹❨❉✺✿⑥❲♥✹s✹❃❳❡❜❴✻✥✿❃❵✦✹❃❞❥✉♠✶❛❉⑦❋✮✿✲❝❴✻✬❞t❲✄✹❯❞❍✶✑➋s❀✼❝❍✻✥❉ ❤⑨✿❆✸✾❉✴❚❴✹t❻❣❖❘❼ ✻✥❂✼❵❁✹❊✸❯❉✺✿❈❂❄❀❪➌✦❝❴✶✑✸✺✹❩❂❆❀✼❀❃❝❍✸❦❂❆❉✴✹⑥❉✴✸❦❂❄❇✢✽✴❳❡✶✬✽✴✽✴✶✥✿✲❇✩❉✺✶✑❳❨✹ ✹✼✽✴❉✴✶✥❳s❂❆❉✺✹❊✽✼✉✢❀❪❂❆❝✢✽✴✶✑❇✢❫s❂❡❞❴✹✼❀❊✸✺✹✼❂❄✽✺✹✪✶✥❇④✹❊➋s❀❊✶✬✹✼❇❍❀✼❵✦q

1.2 Motivation

❺❸❇✛❉✺❚❴✶✑✽❡❜♥❂❄❜♥✹❊✸❡❋✞✹✾❜❬✸❦✿✲❜✄✿✲✽✴✹✾❂⑧❇❴✹✼❋❿❂❄❜✢❜❍✸✺✿✦❂✲❀❦❚✛❉✺✿⑥✸❦❂❄❉✺✹✾❂✲❞✢❂❆❜❴❉❦❂❪▲ ❉✺✶✑✿✦❇⑧❤❑✿✲✸✪❋❧✶✑✸✺✹✼✻✑✹✼✽✺✽✪✻✥✿❁❀❃❂✲✻✘❂❆✸✺✹✼❂✾❇✢✹❭❉✡❋♦✿❆✸✺●❬✽✼q❡❺✡❇t✿❄❝❴✸❅❂❆❜✢❜❴✸✺✿✲❂✲❀❦❚➙✉➙❉✺❚❴✹ ✸❦❂❄❉✴✹❘✽✴✹❃✻✑✹✼❀❊❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❢❂❄❇✢❞❯❀❦❚♥❂❆❇✢❇❴✹✼✻❥➌✦❝♥❂❆✻✬✶❛❉❸❵❨✹✼✽✯❉✺✶✬❳❨❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❢❂❆✸✺✹❘✻✥✿❬❀❃❂❪❉✺✹❃❞❯✿✲❇ ❉✺❚✢✹ ➼✺➫✼✻❭➫❭➨❆✽❄➫❭➼ ✉❁❂✲❇✢❞❨✸❦❂❪❉✺✹❘✽✴✹❃✻✑✹✼❀❊❉✺✶✑✿✦❇s✶✥✽✮❜✄✹❭✸✴❤❑✿✲✸✺❳❨✹✼❞❨✿✦❇❯❂⑦❜✢✹✼✸✴▲❷❜♥❂❄❀❦●✦✹❊❉ ❲♥❂❆✽✴✶✬✽ ➸❄➲❬➼❭➨❑➡❁➳ ❉✺❚✢✹❢❽✖r◗③✢➏❄❼✞r❘③✛✹❊➃❍❀❦❚♥❂❆❇✢❫✲✹❄✉✜✛✴❝❍✽✴❉❨❜❍✸✺✶✥✿❄✸❡❉✺✿❩❜♥❂❄❀❦●✦✹❊❉ ❉✴✸❦❂❄❇❴✽✴❳❨✶✥✽✴✽✴✶✬✿❄❇✒q◗r♦❚❴✹⑦❳❨✿❆❉✺✶✥❱❆❂❄❉✺✶✑✿❄❇❣❤⑨✿❄✸❘✿✦❝❴✸✇❂❄❜❴❜❴✸✺✿✲❂❄❀❦❚⑥✶✬✽◗❲♥❂❆✽❦✹✼❞❣✿✲❇ ❉✺❚✢✹❘❤⑨✿✲✻✥✻✑✿❪❋◗✶✑❇✢❫❡✿✲❲✢✽✴✹❭✸✺❱❄❂❆❉✺✶✥✿❄❇✢✽❀✪

SLIDE 4

❽❘❂❆❉✺✹✖✽✴✹❃✻✑✹✼❀❊❉✺✶✑✿✦❇✎❀❃❂❆❇✎❲✄✹✘✶✑❳❨❜❍✸✺✿❪❱✲✹❪❞✇❲❁❵✪❜❬✸✺✿❪❱❬✶✬❞❍✶✑❇✢❫♦❳❨✿✲✸✺✹♠❉✺✶✑❳❨✹✼✻✑❵

❂✲❇❴❞✾❳❨✿❄✸✺✹✎❀✼✿✲❳❨❜❴✻✑✹❊❉✺✹✎❀❭❚✢❂❄❇❴❇❴✹✼✻✒➌❁❝♥❂❆✻✥✶✑❉◆❵④✶✑❇❴❤①✿❄✸✺❳s❂❆❉✺✶✥✿❄❇✒q

❼✞❚✢❂❄❇❴❇❴✹✼✻✪➌❁❝❴❂✲✻✑✶✑❉✡❵✩✶✑❇❍❤⑨✿❄✸✺❳s❂❪❉✺✶✬✿❄❇✷✶✑✽✾❲✄✹❊✽✺❉✾❂❆❀❃➌❁❝✢✶❛✸✺✹❃❞✷❂❄❉❯❉✺❚❴✹

✸✺✹✼❀✼✹❃✶✑❱❄✹❊✸❪q

r✒✸❦❂✲❇❍✽✺❳❨✶❛❉✴❉✺✶✑❇✢❫♦❀❦❚♥❂❄❇❴❇❴✹❃✻✲➌❁❝✢❂✲✻✑✶❛❉❸❵✇✶✑❇❴❤❑✿❆✸❦❳s❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✲❇✪❉✺✿♦❉✴❚❴✹✖✽❦✹❊❇✢❞❍✹❊✸

❀❃❂✲❇❡❲♥✹❧❀✼✿✲✽✴❉✺✻❛❵✦✉✦❲✄✿❄❉✴❚❨✶✥❇❡❉✺✹❊✸✺❳❨✽✖✿✲❤♥❉✺❚❴✹✞✸✺✹❃✽✴✿✲❝❍✸✺❀✼✹✼✽✘❀✼✿✲❇❴✽✴❝✢❳❨✹❃❞ ✶✑❇④❉✴✸❦❂✲❇❍✽✺❳❨✶❛❉✴❉✺✶✥❇❴❫❡❉✺❚✢✹❅➌❁❝❴❂✲❇✦❉✺✶❛❉❸❵✾✿❄❤✖✶✑❇❴❤①✿✲✸✺❳s❂❪❉✺✶✥✿✲❇❣❇❴✹❊✹❪❞❍✹❃❞④❂✲✽ ❋✞✹❃✻✑✻✒❂✲✽♦❉✺❚✢✹✎❜✄✿❆❉✺✹✼❇❁❉✺✶✬❂❆✻✠✻✑✿✦✽✴✽❧✶✥❇④❉✴✶✥❳❨✹✼✻✑✶✬❇❍✹✼✽✺✽❧✿✲❤✆❉✺❚❴✹✎✶✥❇❍❤❑✿✲✸✺❳❨❂❆▲ ❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❣❞❍❝❴✹✪❉✺✿♣❉✴✸❦❂❄❇✢✽✴❳❡✶✬✽✴✽✴✶✑✿✦❇④❞❴✹✼✻✥❂✼❵❍✽✼q r✠✿✾✹✼❳❨❜✢❚✢❂❄✽✴✶✥✈✼✹❡❉✺❚❍✹❨❇✢✹❊✹❃❞❩❤①✿❄✸❅❲✄✹❊❉✴❉✺✹❊✸✎✸❦❂❪❉✺✹s❂✲❞❴❂✲❜❬❉❦❂❆❉✺✶✥✿✲❇❩❳❨✹❃❀❭❚❬▲ ❂❄❇❴✶✥✽✴❳❨✽✼✉✄❀✼✿❄❇✢✽✴✶✥❞❴✹❭✸✪↔✆✶✑❫✦❝❬✸✺✹ ✹❴✉✢❋❧❚❴✶✥❀❦❚⑥✶✑✻✑✻✬❝❍✽✴❉✯✸❦❂❄❉✺✹✼✽❧❉✺❚❴✹❅❲✄✹✼❚✢❂❃❱❍✶✑✿❆✸✇✿❆❤ ❉✺❚❴✹❨❖◗❽❘↔Ø❜❴✸✺✿❄❉✺✿❬❀✼✿❄✻◆q♣③❬❚✢✿❃❋❧❇❩✶✥✽✪❉✯❚✢✹❡❜✢❂❄❀❦●✦✹❊❉❅❂❆❀❊❉✺✶✥❱❁✶✑❉✡❵❈■⑨✽✴❚❴✿❪❋❧❇❩✶✥❇ ❉✺❚❴✹✪✻✥✿❪❋✮✹❊✸◗❫❄✸❦❂✲❜❍❚❥❙✕✿❪❱✦✹❭✸◗❂❡❜✄✹❊✸✺✶✑✿❍❞✾✿❄❤✖➇❄➓✦➓❆❳❨✽♦❤❑✿❄✸❘❂❡❼❧❾✕❽❹❀✼✿✲❇❴❇❴✹✼❀❊▲ ❉✺✶✥✿✲❇♣❲✄✹❊❉❸❋✮✹❃✹✼❇♣❉✡❋✞✿✎❇❍✿❍❞❴✹✼✽✖✶✑❇s❂✇❽❘❂✼❵❬✻✬✹✼✶✑❫✦❚⑦❤❷❂✲❞❍✶✑❇✢❫✪❀❦❚♥❂❆❇✢❇❍✹✼✻✠■⑨✽✴❚❍✿❆❋❧❇ ✶✥❇❣❉✺❚❍✹♣❝❴❜❴❜✄✹❊✸✇❫❄✸❦❂✲❜❍❚❥❙❦q◗é❘✹❊✸✺✹✲✉✄❉✴❚❴✹♣✽✴✹✼❇✢❞❴✹❊✸◗❋❧❂❆✽✇❚✢✹❊✻✬❞ ② ➃❍✹❃❞④❋❧❚✢✶✑✻✥✹ ❉✺❚❴✹⑦✸✺✹❊❀✼✹❃✶✑❱✲✹❊✸✎❳❡✿❆❱❄✹❃❞⑧❂✼❋❧❂✼❵⑧❂❆❉✪❂❯✽✺❜♥✹❃✹✼❞❣✿✲❤✮➔❯❳❯➏❪✽✼q✎❖✞❉✇❉✺❚❍✹⑦✽✺❉❦❂❪✸✴❉ ❲✄✿❄❉✴❚✾❇❴✿❬❞❴✹✼✽✕❋✞✹❊✸❦✹✪❂❪❉✞❉✴❚❴✹✇✽✺❂✲❳❨✹❘✻✑✿❍❀✼❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❥✉❴✽✴✿❅❉✺❚✢✹❘✻✑✹❊❤❑❉✺❳❨✿❄✽✯❉♦✹❃❞❴❫❄✹❃✽ ✿❄❤✮❉✺❚✢✹❡❫✲✸❦❂❄❜❴❚✢✽✪✸✺✹✼❜❍✸✺✹✼✽✺✹✼❇✦❉✎❉✺❚✢✹❨❜✄✿✲✶✥❇✦❉♣❂❪❉✎❋❘❚❍✶✥❀❭❚❩❉✴❚✢✹s❇❍✿❍❞❍✹❃✽✪❋✮✹✼✸✺✹ ✹❭➃✢❂❆❀✼❉✴✻✑❵✆✭✲➓✲❳ ❂❄❜♥❂❆✸✴❉✼qs↔❬✸✺✿✦❳➣↔✆✶✥❫✲❝❍✸✺✹✵✹❍✉✒✶❛❉✎✶✬✽✎❀❊✻✥✹✼❂❄✸✪❉✺❚♥❂❪❉❅❖❘❽❘↔✩✶✥✽ ✽✺✻✑✿❃❋ ❉✺✿❣❂✦❞❍❂✲❜❬❉✎❉✺✿④❀❦❚✢❂❄❇❴❫✦✹❊✽✎✶✥❇✛③❬P❘❽✎✉✠❂❄✽✎✹✼❱❁✶①❞❬✹✼❇❴❀✼✹❃❞t❲✦❵⑥❉✺❚❴✹❡✸✺✹✼✻❛▲ ❂❆❉✺✶✥❱❄✹❡❞❍✶✑✽✴✽❦✶✑❳❨✶✑✻✬❂❆✸✺✶✑❉✡❵❣❲♥✹✼❉✡❋✞✹✼✹✼❇❣❉✺❚✢✹⑦❝❍❜✢❜✄✹❊✸✪❂❄❇♥❞❣✻✥✿❃❋✞✹❊✸✇❫✲✸❦❂❄❜❴❚❴✽❃q◗❺❸❇ ❜✢❂❆✸✴❉✺✶✥❀✼❝❍✻①❂❪✸❃✉♠❀✼✿✲❇❴✽✴✶①❞❬✹✼✸⑦✶❛❉✺✽❅❤⑨❂❄✶✑✻✬❝❬✸✺✹❨❉✺✿❣✸❦❂❄❜❴✶✥❞❴✻❛❵❏✶✑❇❴❀❊✸✺✹❃❂❄✽✺✹❨❉✺❚❍✹❢❞❴❂❄❉✴❂ ✸❦❂❆❉✺✹✇❂❪❤❑❉✺✹❊✸✮❉✺❚❴✹✇❞❍✹✼✹✼❜s❤⑨❂✲❞❍✹❃✽✮❂❆❉✞❉✴❚❴✹✄✹✲➓❍q ➔❆✽✞❂❄❇♥❞✵✹✦➓❬q ✹✲➇❆✽✞❳s❂❪✸✺●❬✽✼✉❍❂✲❇✢❞ ❉✺❚❴✹✪❂❄❉✴❉✯✹❃❳❨❜❍❉✞✶✥❉♦❳❨❂❄●✦✹✼✽✕❉✺✿❡✶✑❇✢❀❊✸✺✹✼❂❄✽✺✹❘❉✺❚❴✹❘✸❦❂❄❉✴✹✇✶✥❇❯❉✺❚✢✹❘❳❨✶✥❞✢❞❍✻✥✹❘✿✲❤✠❂ ❤⑨❂✲❞❴✹❅❂❪❉♦❉✺❚✢✹✟✹❄➓❴q✑➆✮✹✲✽❧❳s❂❪✸✺●❥q

1.3 Paper Organization

r♦❚❍✹❣✸✺✹❃❳s❂❄✶✑❇✢❞❴✹❊✸❢✿❄❤✇❉✺❚✢✶✑✽❯❜♥❂✲❜♥✹❭✸✾✶✥✽❯✿❄✸✺❫❁❂❆❇✢✶✑✈✼✹❃❞✩❂❄✽s❤⑨✿✲✻✥✻✑✿❃❋❘✽✼q✰✵❏✹ ✽✴❉✺❂❆✸✴❉✆✶✥❇❡③❁✹✼❀✼❉✴✶✥✿✲❇♣➔♦❲❁❵✎❫✲✶✑❱❬✶✑❇✢❫◗✽✴✿✲❳❨✹✕❲♥❂❄❀❦●❁❫✲✸✺✿❄❝✢❇♥❞✎❳s❂❪❉✺✹❊✸✺✶✬❂❄✻❁✿✲❇✎❉✺❚❴✹ ❺❸➑✕➑✕➑✷➒✦➓✲➔❬q✥➆✲➆⑦✽✯❉❦❂❄❇✢❞✢❂❆✸❦❞❥q❘r✞❚✢✹❅❜❴✸✺✿❄❜✄✿✲✽✺✹❃❞❣❜❴✸✺✿❆❉✺✿❁❀❃✿✲✻✆✶✑✽✇❞❍✹✼✽✺❀❊✸✺✶✑❲✄✹❃❞ ✶✥❇➀③❬✹✼❀❊❉✺✶✥✿✲❇✜✹❬✉♦❤⑨✿✲✻✥✻✑✿❃❋✞✹❪❞Ø✶✥❇✰③❁✹✼❀✼❉✴✶✥✿✲❇✷è❏❲❬❵✩❂✛❞❍✹❊❉❦❂❄✶✥✻✑✹❃❞✷❞❴✹❊✽✴❀❊✸✺✶✬❜❬▲ ❉✺✶✥✿✲❇④✿❄❤♠❚❴✿❪❋❹✶❛❉◗❳❨✶✑❫✲❚❁❉◗❲✄✹✎✶✥❇❴❀✼✿❄✸✺❜✄✿❆✸❦❂❄❉✺✹❃❞❢✶✬❇✦❉✺✿❯➒❄➓✦➔❍q✑➆✲➆✲q✞③❬✹✼❀❊❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❣➇ ❜❍✸✺✹✼✽✴✹❃❇✦❉✺✽❨❉✺❚✢✹✾✽✺✶✥❳⑦❝✢✻✥❂❪❉✺✶✥✿✲❇Ø✹✼❇❬❱❁✶✑✸✺✿✲❇❴❳❨✹✼❇❁❉s❝✢✽✴✹✼❞⑤❉✺✿❏❫❄✹✼❇✢✹❭✸❦❂❆❉✺✹④❉✺❚❴✹ ❜✄✹❭✸✴❤⑨✿❄✸✺❳s❂❄❇❴❀✼✹❢✸✺✹✼✽✺❝❴✻✑❉✴✽❨✶✑❇✩③❬✹❊❀✼❉✴✶✬✿❄❇ ✭❴✉✖❋❘❚❴✶✑❀❭❚❈✶✑✽❡❤⑨✿❄✻✥✻✥✿❃❋✞✹❃❞❈❲✦❵✛❤⑨❝❬▲ ❉✺❝❍✸✺✹◗❋✮✿❄✸❦●❡✶✑❇✾③❁✹✼❀❊❉✺✶✥✿✲❇ ✯❍q✖↔✆✶✥❇❴❂✲✻✑✻✥❵✦✉✲❋♦✹❘✽✴❝❍❳❨❳s❂❆✸✺✶✥✈❊✹✇❂✲❇❴❞s❀✼✿✲❇❴❀✼✻✑❝♥❞❍✹ ❉✺❚❴✹✎❜✢❂❄❜♥✹✼✸❧✶✬❇❣③❍✹✼❀❭❉✺✶✥✿❄❇⑥➒❍q

2. OVERVIEW OF IEEE 802.11

❺✡❇s❉✺❚❴✶✥✽✮✽✺✹✼❀❊❉✺✶✑✿❄❇✒✉❁❋✞✹❘❲❍✸✺✶✥✹❊➍❴❵❨❜❴✸✺✹❊✽✴✹❃❇✦❉✮✸✺✹✼✻✥✹✼❱❆❂✲❇✦❉♦❞❍✹❊❉❦❂❄✶✥✻✑✽✮✿✲❤❥❉✺❚❴✹◗❤⑨✹✼❂❆▲ ❉✺❝❍✸✺✹✼✽✎❂✲❇❴❞⑧✿✲❜✄✹❊✸❦❂❄❉✺✶✑✿❄❇t✿✲❤✘❉✺❚✢✹♣❺❸➑✕➑✕➑✰➒✦➓✲➔❬q✥➆✲➆s❻❣❖❧❼✪q❥❽◗✹❃❂❄❞❴✹❊✸✺✽✇❤⑨❂❆▲ ❳❡✶✬✻✑✶✥❂❄✸✞❋◗✶❛❉✺❚④➒✲➓✦➔❬q✥➆✲➆✇❀❃❂❄❇✾✽✴●❁✶✬❜❯❉✺❚✢✶✑✽♦✽✴✹✼❀❭❉✺✶✥✿✲❇❢❋◗✶❛❉✺❚❴✿✲❝❍❉❧✻✑✿✦✽✴✽♦✿❆❤✆❀✼✿✦❇❬▲ ❉✺✶✥❇❁❝✢✶❛❉✡❵✦q➀❽❧✹❃❂✦❞❬✹❊✸❦✽❯❞❍✹❃✽✴✶❛✸✺✶✥❇❴❫❏❳❨✿❄✸✺✹❣✶✥❇❬❤⑨✿❄✸✺❳s❂❆❉✴✶✬✿❄❇✩✿❄❇✷➒✲➓✦➔❬q✑➆✦➆⑥❂❆✸✺✹ ✸✺✹✼❤①✹❊✸✴✸✺✹❃❞✾❉✺✿✾➅✥➆❃➔❆➈❷q

2.1 Distributed Coordination Function (DCF)

r♦❚❍✹ ✖✪✶✑✽✴❉✯✸✺✶✥❲❴❝❍❉✺✹❃❞➉❼✮✿❬✿❄✸❦❞❍✶✑❇♥❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❹↔✢❝❍❇✢❀❊❉✺✶✑✿✦❇➄■ ✖❅❼✞↔✘❙✾✶✑❇➉➒❄➓✦➔❍q✑➆❄➆ ✶✥✽♣❂❄❇⑩✶✑❳❨❜✢✻✑✹✼❳❡✹✼❇❁❉❦❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇✛✿✲❤♦❉✺❚❍✹❯❽✘r❧③✢➏✲❼♦r❧③t❜❍✸✺✿✲❉✴✿❬❀✼✿✦✻⑨✉✘❂❆❇♥❞❏✶✑✽❡✶✑✻❛▲ ✻✥❝❍✽✺❉❸✸❊❂❪❉✺✹❃❞❈✶✬❇Ø↔✆✶✬❫❄❝❴✸✺✹❣è❍✉✮❋◗❚✢✶✑❀❦❚Ø✶✥✽❯❂❩❉✺✶✑❳❨✹❭▲✡✻✑✶✑❇✢✹④❜✄✿❄✸✴❉✴✸❦❂✼❵❍✶✥❇❴❫t❉✺❚❴✹ ✽✺✹❃➌✦❝❴✹✼❇✢❀❊✹✾✿❆❤❘✹❊❱✦✹✼❇❁❉✴✽♣❉✺❚✢❂❆❉❡✿❁❀✼❀❃❝❍✸♣❤❑✿✲✸❨❂⑥✽✴✶✥❇❴❫✲✻✥✹❯❜♥❂✲❀❦●✲✹❊❉♣❉✯✸❦❂✲❇❴✽✯❤❑✹❊✸❪q é❘✹❊✸✺✹✲✉✒❉✺❚❴✹s✽✴✿✦❝❬✸✺❀✼✹✂✁☎✄✝✆❡❚♥❂❆✽⑦❂④❞✢❂❪❉❦❂④❜♥❂❆❀❭●❄✹❊❉❅❉✴✿④❉✴✸❦❂❆❇✢✽✴❳❨✶✑❉✎❉✺✿✾❉✺❚❴✹ ❞❍✹✼✽✯❉✺✶✥❇✢❂❄❉✺✶✑✿❄❇✟✞✂✠☛✡♦❋❧✶❛❉✺❚t❂❢❞❴❝❬✸❦❂❄❉✺✶✑✿✲❇⑧✿✲❤✘✻✥✹✼❇✢❫❆❉✺❚✌☞❧q✎P◗✿❍❞❴✹✎✍ ✶✥✽✇✶✥❇ ✸❦❂❄❇❴❫✦✹❯✿❆❤✏✁✑✄✝✆s❲✢❝❬❉♣❇✢✿❄❉✒✞✓✠☛✡❭✉✖❂❄❇✢❞✛❇❍✿❍❞❴✹ ✞ ✶✑✽⑦✶✬❇❏✸❦❂❆❇✢❫❄✹❢✿❄❤✔✞✓✠✕✡ ❲❴❝❴❉✇❇✢✿✲❉✖✁✗✄✘✆✲q⑦r♦❚❍✹❡❜❴✸✺✿❄❉✴✿❬❀✼✿✦✻♠❜❬✸❭✿❁❀❊✹✼✹❃❞❴✽✪❂✲✽✇❤⑨✿❄✻✥✻✥✿❃❋❧✽❃q✎✵➀❚✢✹✼❇✙✁☎✄✚✆ ❚✢❂❄✽❘❂❡❜♥❂❄❀❭●❄✹❊❉❧❉✺✿s✽✴✹✼❇♥❞✄✉♥✶❛❉◗❀❪❂❄✻✑❀✼❝❴✻✬❂❆❉✺✹✼✽♦❉✺❚✢✹✎✻✑✹❃❇❴❫❄❉✺❚④✿✲❤✆❉✺✶✥❳❨✹✎✶❛❉❧❋◗✶✥✻✥✻ ❉❦❂❄●✲✹❨❉✺✿④❉✯✸❭❂❆❇✢✽✴❳❨✶❛❉❅❉✺❚❴✹❯❞❴❂❆❉❦❂④❜✢❂❄❀❦●✲✹❊❉♣❂❪❉⑦❉✺❚❍✹s❀✼❝❍✸✴✸✺✹✼❇❁❉⑦❞✢❂❆❉❦❂❢✸❦❂❆❉✺✹✦✉ ❂❄❇✢❞♣❉✺❚❴✹✼❇s❂✦❞❍❞❴✽♠❉✺✿✪❉✺❚✢❂❆❉✖❉✺❚✢✹✞❉✴✸❦❂✲❇❍✽✺❳❨✶✑✽✴✽✴✶✬✿❄❇❡❉✺✶✑❳❨✹❧✿❄❤✄❉✺❚❴✹◗❼❧r❧③♣❂✲❇✢❞ ❖◗❼✖✸➂❜❴❂✲❀❭●❄✹❊❉✺✽❃✉✠❋❧❚❴✶✥❀❦❚❏❤①✿✲✸✺❳❨✽✎❉✺❚❴✹❯❞❍❝❴✸❦❂❪❉✺✶✥✿✲❇❏✿✲❤✞❉✺❚❍✹❨✸✺✹✼✽✺✹❊✸✺❱❆❂❄❉✴✶✥✿✲❇ ■✛✞✢✜✤✣✦✥❥❙✺q✕r✞❚✢✹✧✁☎✄✝✆❘❉✺❚❍✹❃❇❢❉✴✸❦❂❆❇✢✽✴❳❨✶✑❉✺✽★✞✢✜✩✣✤✥✾✶✑❇✾❉✺❚❍✹✪❽✖r◗③❨❉✺✿✪✞✓✠☛✡❭✉ ❝❴✽✴✶✬❇❍❫④✿✲❇❴✹❨✿❆❤✮❉✺❚❴✹❡✸❦❂❆❉✺✹✼✽✎✶✑❇❩❉✴❚✢✹ ➧✺➵ ê ➨ ✻s➼✴➵❄➢❸➫ ê ➫❊➢ qsr✞❚❴✹ ➧✺➵ ê ➨❆✻❨➼✺➵✲➢✡➫

DATA

CTS

T T

T D RTS CTS Src Dst RTS ACK A B L Time DATA

➬❧➮①➱✄✃✆❐❪❒✬✫✆Ï♣Ð⑦➮❷å❩❒❬Ö⑨➮❑à✠❒tÙ❃Ñ✠Ò✳✠❡➮⑨à✠➱⑩Ó❃Ñ✠❒tÝ✪Ð♣â ✆✢✂❅Ð❨â ☎✆❐❪Ò✄Ó✼Ò✒Ô✲Ò✄Ö ➮⑨àØÓ✼Ñ✠❒✮✭✼Ü❘Ü✇Ü✰✯ ✏✢➙ç⑨❮♥❮ ✞④➮❑Ù✼Ó❊❐✲➮①×✖✃✒Ó✼❒❍æ ✂⑦Ò➙Ò♥❐❄æ✆➮❑à✠Õ❴Ó❪➮①Ò❥à⑤➬✆✃✆à✆Ô❄á Ó❃➮❑Ò✄à➹Ú ✞ ✂♣➬◗Þ ß Ò♥❐❨Ó❃❐❪Õ✢à✆Ù❪å❏➮①Ó❃Ó❃➮⑨à✒➱❩Õ❩æ✠Õ❴Ó✼Õ ☎✆Õ♥Ô✛✚✢❒❁Ó✦ç ☎④❒❁❐❄❒✢✓ ✂ Õ♥à✠æ✛Û➄Õ❴❐❪❒❯à✠Ò✠æ✒❒❴Ù❘Ó❃Ñ✠Õ✢Ó✇Õ✢❐❪❒❯➮⑨àt❐❆Õ♥à✠➱✢❒sÒ ß Ó❪Ñ✠❒sÓ✼❐❆Õ♥à✆Ù❪å❩➮❑Ó✼Ó❃❒❁❐ Õ♥à✠æ✰❐❪❒❍Ô✲❒❍➮①ä✄❒❁❐✧✓✘❐❄❒❬Ù❀☎✘❒❬Ô✦Ó❃➮①ä✄❒❬Ö❆☛✢ç✂✞ ✜✱✣✦✥ ✓✲✞✒✳ ✣✩✥ ✓✕Õ❴à♠æ✴✞✪✵✑✶ ✣ ✶ Õ✢❐❆❒sÓ❃Ñ✠❒❯Ö❑❒❬à✆➱✢Ó❃Ñ✆Ù✪Ò ß Ó❪Ñ✠❒s❐❆❒❬Ù✼❒❬❐❆ä❍Õ✢Ó✼➮❑Ò✄à✆Ù✇➱❥➮①ä✢❒❴à❏➮❑à❏Ó❃Ñ✠❒❢Ý❘Ð❨â✱✓ ✂♣Ð♣â➊Õ✢à✆æ ✞ ✂ Ð ✂ ☎♠Õ♥Ô ✚♥❒❁Ó❪Ù ✓❅Õ✢à✆æ✸✷➂➮❑Ù❩Ó❪Ñ✠❒✷æ✠✃✆❐❆Õ❴Ó❃➮❑Ò✄à➊Ò ß Ó❃Ñ✆❒⑧æ✠Õ❴Ó✼Õ✎☎✠Õ♥Ô✛✚✢❒❁Ó❨Ó❃❐❪Õ♥à✆Ù❪åt➮❑Ù❃Ù❃➮❑Ò✄à✕ç ê ➫✼➢ ✶✑✽✮❉✺❚✢✹❘✽✴✹❊❉♦✿❄❤➙✸❦❂❄❉✺✹✼✽✕❉✺❚✢❂❄❉✞❂✲✻✑✻✄❇✢✿❬❞❍✹✼✽♦❂❆✸✺✹◗✸✺✹❪➌✦❝✢✶❛✸✺✹❃❞s❉✴✿❡✽✴❝❴❜❴❜✄✿❆✸✴❉❃✉ ❋◗❚❴✶✥❀❦❚④✹✼❇❴✽✴❝❴✸✺✹✼✽♦❉✺❚❴❂❄❉◗❂✲✻✑✻✒❇❴✿❬❞❴✹✼✽♦❉✺❚✢❂❆❉❘❂❆✸✺✹✎✶✑❇④❉✴✸❦❂❆❇✢✽✴❳❨✶✑✽✺✽✴✶✑✿✦❇✾✸❦❂❆❇✢❫✲✹ ❂❆✸❦✹❡❂❄❲✢✻✑✹⑦❉✺✿❢✸✺✹✼❀❊✹✼✶✬❱❄✹❨❂✲❇❴❞❩❞❍✹❃❳❨✿❬❞❍❝❴✻✬❂❆❉✺✹⑦❉✺❚❴✹♣❽✘r❧③✢➏✲❼♦r❧③⑥❜✢❂❄❀❭●❄✹❊❉✺✽✼q ③❍✶✑❇❴❀✼✹❡❇❴✿❴❞❬✹✪✍ ✶✥✽✪✶✬❇⑧✸❦❂❄❇❴❫✲✹♣✿✲❤★✁☎✄✝✆❄✉➙✶✥❉✪✿❆❱❄✹✼✸✺❚❴✹✼❂❄✸✺✽✇❉✺❚✢✹♣❽✘r❧③❩❂❆❇♥❞ ✽✴❝✢❳❡❳s❂❆✸✺✶✥✻❛❵❩❞❍✹✼❤①✹❊✸✺✽✎✶❛❉✺✽✪✿❆❋❧❇⑧❉✴✸❦❂❄❇❴✽✴❳❨✶✑✽✺✽✴✶✥✿✲❇❴✽✪❤①✿✲✸✪❉✺❚❍✹s❞❍❝❍✸❦❂❆❉✺✶✥✿✲❇❩✿❄❤ ❉✺❚✢✹♣✸✺✹✼✽✴✹❊✸✺❱❄❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❩✶✬❇⑧❉✺❚✢✹❨❽✖r❧③❈■✛✞✢✜✩✣✤✥✄❙❦✉✒✽✴❉❦❂❆✸✴❉✺✶✑❇✢❫❢❤❑✸✺✿✲❳ ❉✺❚❴✹❨❳❨✿❆▲ ❳❨✹✼❇❁❉♦❉✺❚❴❂❄❉❧✶❛❉❧✸✺✹✼❀✼✹✼✶✑❱✦✹❃❞❯❉✺❚❴✹✎❽✖r❧③⑧■✺✹☎✻❊❙❦q✖❺✡❤☎✞✼✠☛✡✕✶✥✽❧❀❃❂❆❜♥❂❆❲✢✻✑✹✎✿❄❤✆✸✺✹❭▲ ❀✼✹✼✶✥❱❁✶✥❇❴❫❡❉✺❚❴✹❅❞❴❂❆❉❦❂❡❜✢❂❄❀❭●❄✹❊❉❃✉✢✶❛❉❧✸✺✹✼✽✴❜✄✿✦❇❴❞❴✽❧❲✦❵❢❉✯✸❭❂❄❇❴✽✴❳❨✶❛❉✴❉✺✶✥❇❴❫s❂s❼♦r❧③ ❜♥❂❆❀❭●✲✹❊❉❢❲♥❂❄❀❦●❈❉✺✿✽✁☎✄✚✆⑥❀✼✿❄❇❁❉❦❂❄✶✑❇✢✶✑❇✢❫✛❉✺❚❍✹⑥❉✺✶✑❳❨✹❣✸✺✹❃❳s❂❄✶✑❇❴✶✥❇❴❫⑩✶✑❇✩❉✺❚❴✹ ✸✺✹✼✽✺✹❊✸✺❱❆❂❆❉✺✶✥✿✲❇⑤■✛✞ ✳ ✣✩✥ ❙❦✉➙❋❧❚✢✶✑❀❭❚❩✶✑❉✎❀❃❂✲✻✑❀✼❝❴✻✬❂❆❉✴✹❃✽✪❲❁❵⑧✽✴❝✢❲❍❉✴✸❦❂❄❀❊❉✺✶✑❇✢❫❢❉✺❚❴✹ ❉✴✸❦❂❄❇❴✽✴❳❨✶✥✽✴✽✴✶✬✿❄❇❏❉✺✶✑❳❨✹❯✿❄❤♦❉✺❚❍✹④❼✞r◗③❩❤✬✸✺✿✦❳✾✞✢✜✩✣✤✥➙q④P✇✿❬❞❍✹ ✞❯✉♠✿❪❱✦✹❭✸✴▲ ❚✢✹✼❂❆✸✺✶✥❇❴❫♦❉✺❚✢✹✖❽✖r◗③❥✉❊✻✬✹✼❂❆✸✺❇✢✽✒✿❄❤❬❉✺❚✢✹♠✸✺✹❃➌❁❝❴✹✼✽✯❉✺✹❃❞✇✸✺✹✼✽✺✹❊✸✺❱❆❂❄❉✴✶✥✿✲❇❅❂❄❇✢❞❥✉❪✻✬✶✑●✲✹ ✍⑦✉❄❞❍✹❊❤❑✹✼✸✺✽✠❤①✿❄✸♠✻✥✹✼❇❍❫✲❉✺❚✿✞✢✳ ✣✩✥ q♠❖✮❉✆❉✺❚❍✶✥✽✆❜✄✿✲✶✑❇❁❉❃✉❪❉✴✸❦❂❄❇✢✽✴❳❡✶✬✽✴✽✴✶✥✿✲❇❅✿✲❤❍❉✺❚❴✹ ❞✢❂❪❉❦❂♣❜✢❂❄❀❦●✦✹❊❉❧❂✲❇❴❞✾✽✴❝❴❲❴✽✺✹❃➌✦❝❴✹✼❇❁❉❧❖◗❼✖✸➉❀❪❂❄❇❢❇✢✿❃❋✰❜❍✸✺✿❍❀❊✹✼✹❃❞s❋❘✶❛❉✺❚❴✿✲❝❴❉ ✶✑❇❁❉✺✹❊✸✴❤❑✹✼✸✺✹✼❇❴❀✼✹❡❤✬✸✺✿✦❳❀✍➊✿✲✸✠✞❯q❨é❘✿❪❋✞✹✼❱❄✹✼✸❃✉✠✶✑❇❩❉✺❚✢✹❨✿❆✐✄▲✡❀❦❚❴❂✲❇❴❀❃✹♣❉✺❚✢❂❄❉ ✍➀❞❴✶✥❞❨❇❴✿❄❉✘✸✺✹✼❀✼✹❃✶✑❱✲✹❧❉✺❚❴✹◗❽✖r❧③❥✉✦❞❴❝❴✹❧❉✺✿❍✉❁❤❑✿✲✸✕✹❊➃❴❂❄❳❡❜✢✻✑✹✲✉❬❂✲❇s❽✖r❧③❡❀❊✿✦✻❛▲ ✻✑✶✬✽✴✶✑✿✦❇⑧❀❃❂❄❝❴✽✺✹❃❞⑥❲✦❵❩❂❄❇❴✿❄❉✺❚❴✹❊✸✪❇❴✿❴❞❬✹✲✉❥❉✺❚✢✹♣❞✢❂❪❉❦❂❢❜✢❂❄❀❦●✦✹❊❉✪❂✲✻✑✽✴✿✾❀❃❂❆✸✴✸✺✶✥✹❊✽ ❉✺❚✢✹✞❉✺✶✑❳❨✹✞✸✺✹❊❳s❂✲✶✑❇✢✶✑❇✢❫✇✶✥❇♣❉✺❚✢✹✞✸✺✹✼✽✴✹❊✸✺❱❄❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇✒✞ ✵✑✶ ✣ ✶ ❉✺✿✇✹✼❇✢✽✴❝❍✸✺✹✞❉✺❚✢❂❄❉ ✍→❞❍✹❊❤⑨✹❊✸✺✽◗❞❬❝❴✸✺✶✑❇✢❫♣❉✺❚✢✹✇❉✴✸❦❂✲❇❍✽✺❳❨✶✑✽✴✽✴✶✬✿❄❇④✿✲❤✠❉✺❚❴✹❅❖◗❼✖✸❨q

2.2 Network Allocation Vector (NA V)

③❍✶✑❇❴❀✼✹✇❂❅❇✢✿❬❞❍✹❘❳❨❂❪❵❡✿❄❱❄✹❊✸✺❚✢✹❃❂❆✸✞❳s❂❆❇❬❵s❞❍✶✑✐✄✹✼✸✺✹✼❇✦❉❃✉❬❜✄✿✲❉✯✹❃❇✦❉✺✶✬❂❄✻✥✻❛❵s✿❪❱✦✹❭✸✴▲ ✻✥❂✲❜❍❜✢✶✑❇✢❫✢✉✄✸✺✹❊✽✴✹❊✸✺❱✲❂❪❉✺✶✑✿✦❇⑥✸✺✹❃➌✦❝✢✹✼✽✯❉✺✽❃✉❥✶❛❉✪❇❴✹✼✹❃❞❍✽✪❂❯❳❨✹❃❂✲❇❍✽✪❲✦❵❣❋◗❚❍✶✬❀❦❚⑥✶✥❉ ❀❃❂✲❇⑤✹❊➋s❀❊✶✬✹✼❇✦❉✺✻✑❵❈❳s❂❆❇♥❂❄❫✲✹④❉✴❚✢✹❊❳④q➀r♦❚❍✶✬✽s✶✑✽❨❉✺❚✢✹④❜❴❝❍✸✺❜✄✿✲✽✴✹④❤⑨✿❆✸s❉✺❚❴✹ ❳s❂❆✶✬❇✦❉✺✹✼❇✢❂❄❇❴❀✼✹⑧✿✲❤⑦❂✛✽✯❉✴✸✺❝✢❀❊❉✺❝❍✸✺✹⑧❀❃❂❄✻✑✻✥✹❃❞Ø❉✺❚✢✹❏➺ ➫❊➢⑨➻✮➥❆➼✺➽t➛❘➩❑➩❛➥ ✻✺➵✲➢⑨➨⑨➥✲➡ ❁ ➫✌✻✼➢❷➥✲➼ ■⑨P❘❖❃❂✎❙❧➅❛➆❪➔❆➈❷q✘r✞❚❴✹❘P✇❖❃❂➀✶✑✽♦❂❅❞✢❂❆❉❦❂✎✽✴❉✯✸✺❝❴❀❊❉✺❝❴✸✺✹❧❉✺❚✢❂❆❉✞✽✯❉✺✿❄✸✺✹❊✽ ❉✺❚✢✹✞❂❄❫✦❫❆✸✺✹✼❫❁❂❆❉✺✹✞❞❴❝❬✸❦❂❄❉✺✶✑✿✲❇❡✿❆❤♥❉✺✶✑❳❨✹✮❉✺❚✢❂❆❉♠❉✺❚❍✹♦❳❨✹❃❞❬✶✬❝❍❳➉✶✥✽♠❜❴✸✺✹✼✽✴❝❴❳❨✹❃❞ ❉✺✿⑧❲♥✹ ❁❸❲✢❝❍✽✴❵✦✉ ❃❏❲❴❂✲✽✴✹❃❞✛✿❄❇✛❉✺❚✢✹s✸✺✹✼✽✺✹❊✸✺❱❆❂❆❉✺✶✥✿✲❇✛✸✺✹❃➌❁❝❍✹✼✽✴❉✺✽⑦❉✺❚✢❂❆❉♣❚♥❂❃❱✲✹ ❲✄✹✼✹✼❇❣✸✺✹❊❀✼✹✼✶✥❱✲✹❃❞❥q◗❻❣❂✲✶✑❇❁❉✴✹❃❇✢❂❄❇❴❀✼✹❅✿✲❤♠❉✺❚❴✹❅P✇❖❃❂ ✶✑✽◗✽✴❉✯✸❦❂✲✶✑❫✦❚✦❉✴❤❑✿❄✸✴❋♦❂❄✸❦❞✄✉ ✽✴✶✥❇❴❀❃✹❨✸✺✹✼✽✺✹❊✸✺❱❆❂❄❉✯✶✬✿❄❇✢✽♣❂❆✸✺✹❯❇✢✿❆❉❡❂❄✻✥✻✑✿❪❋✞✹❃❞❩❉✺✿⑥❀❭❚✢❂❄❇✢❫❄✹✦q⑥r✞❚❬❝✢✽✼✉✆❇✢✿❍❞❍✹❊✽ ❉✺❚♥❂❪❉◗✿❄❱❄✹❊✸✺❚✢✹❃❂❪✸✪❂❡✸✺✹❊✽✴✹✼✸✺❱❄❂❪❉✺✶✑✿✦❇④✸✺✹❃➌❁❝❍✹❃✽✯❉✇❂❆✸✺✹✪❤❑✸✺✹✼✹✎❉✺✿s❝❴❜❥❞❴❂❆❉✺✹✎❉✴❚❴✹✼✶✥✸ P✪❖❄❂❘✽❅❋◗✶✑❉✺❚❴✿✲❝❍❉♣✸✺✹✼❫✲❂❄✸❦❞t❉✺✿⑧❂✲❇✦❵t❤❑❝❍✸✴❉✺❚❴✹❊✸♣❀❃✿✲❳❡❳♣❝❍❇✢✶✑❀❪❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❥✉✖✽✴❝✢❀❦❚ ❂❄✽❧✶✑❤✆❉✺❚❍✹✪✸✺✹✼✽✺✹❊✸✺❱❆❂❆❉✺✶✥✿✲❇✾❋♦❂❄✽◗❂❄❀❊❉✺❝✢❂❄✻✥✻❛❵✾❫❄✸❦❂❄❇✦❉✺✹❪❞✾❲✦❵❯❉✺❚❴✹✪✸✺✹✼❀✼✹✼✶✥❱✲✹❊✸❃q

SLIDE 5

CTS

T T

T D RTS

RSH

T CTS Src Dst RTS ACK DATA A B Time RSH

➬❧➮①➱❥✃✒❐❆❒✁➙Ï Ð♣➮❷å⑧❒❴Ö①➮⑨à✠❒➊Ù❃Ñ✠Ò★✠s➮⑨à✠➱ Ô❆Ñ✠Õ♥à✒➱♥❒❍Ù✩Ó❃Ò❿Ó❃Ñ✠❒ ✞✘✂♣➬ ☎✠❐❄Ò♥Ó❃Ò➙Ô✲Ò❥Ö✆Õ✢Ù✎à✠❒❬❒❬æ✠❒❍æ ß Ò✄❐⑦Ó❪Ñ✒❒ ☎✠❐❄Ò ☎✖Ò❥Ù❊❒❍æ✛Ý❯❒❬Ô✦❒❬➮❑ä♥❒❬❐❃á✺Û♣Õ✢Ù✼❒❍æ ✂ ✃✠Ó❃Ò♥❐❪Õ❴Ó❃❒ ✗✪❐❆Ò✄Ó❊Ò✠Ô✲Ò♥Ö❸ç

3. THEPROPOSEDRECEIVER-BASED AU- TORATE (RBAR) PROTOCOL

r♦❚❍✹✪❀✼✿❆✸✺✹✇✶✬❞❍✹❪❂❅✿✲❤✒❽✇❾✞❖◗❽➀✶✑✽✞❉✺✿❡❂✲✻✑✻✑✿❪❋✷❉✺❚✢✹ ➼✺➫ ✻❭➫❭➨✾✽❄➫❭➼ ❉✺✿⑦✽✴✹❃✻✑✹✼❀❊❉✞❉✺❚❴✹ ❂❄❜❴❜❍✸✺✿✲❜❴✸✺✶✬❂❆❉✺✹❨✸❦❂❪❉✺✹❨❤❑✿✲✸❅❉✺❚❍✹❯❞✢❂❪❉❦❂④❜♥❂❆❀❭●✦✹❭❉ ➸❆➲❍➼❦➨❑➡❁➳ ❉✺❚❴✹s❽✖r❧③✢➏❄❼❧r❧③ ❜✢❂❄❀❦●✦✹❊❉❧✹✼➃❬❀❦❚♥❂❆❇✢❫✲✹❄q✮❖◗❞❴❱❆❂✲❇✦❉❦❂❄❫✲✹✼✽♦❉✺✿❡❉✺❚❍✶✬✽◗❂❆❜✢❜❬✸✺✿❁❂❄❀❦❚④✶✥❇❴❀❃✻✑❝✢❞❍✹✔✪

❾✞✿❄❉✺❚✎❀✺❚✢❂✲❇❴❇❴✹✼✻✦➌❁❝✢❂❄✻✑✶✥❉◆❵✪✹❊✽✯❉✺✶✬❳s❂❪❉✺✶✑✿✦❇✎❂✲❇❴❞✇✸❦❂❄❉✴✹✘✽✴✹✼✻✑✹❃❀❊❉✺✶✑✿✲❇✎❳❨✹❊❀❭❚❍▲

❂✲❇❍✶✬✽✴❳❡✽❧❂❄✸✺✹✪❇✢✿❃❋➹✿✲❇❢❉✺❚❴✹✪✸✺✹❊❀✼✹✼✶✥❱✲✹❊✸❃q✘r♦❚✢✶✑✽❧❂✲✻✑✻✑✿❪❋❧✽❧❉✺❚❍✹✎❀❦❚✢❂✲❇❬▲ ❇✢✹❊✻❅➌✦❝♥❂❄✻✥✶❛❉❸❵➀✹❊✽✯❉✺✶✬❳s❂❪❉✺✶✑✿✦❇✰❳❨✹✼❀❦❚♥❂❄❇❴✶✑✽✴❳ ❉✺✿Ø❞❍✶✑✸✺✹✼❀❊❉✺✻❛❵✰❂✲❀❊❀✼✹✼✽✺✽ ❂✲✻✑✻✖✿❄❤✞❉✺❚❍✹❨✶✥❇❍❤❑✿❄✸✺❳s❂❄❉✺✶✑✿❄❇❏❳s❂❄❞❴✹s❂❃❱❄❂❄✶✑✻①❂❆❲✢✻✑✹❡❉✺✿✾✶✥❉✎❲❁❵⑥❉✺❚❴✹❡✸✺✹❊▲ ❀✼✹✼✶✥❱❁✶✥❇❴❫❈❚♥❂❪✸❦❞❍❋✞❂❄✸✺✹Ø■⑨✽✴❝❴❀❭❚✰❂❆✽✾❉✺❚❴✹t❇❁❝❴❳♣❲✄✹❊✸④✿❄❤⑦❳⑦❝✢✻❛❉✺✶✑❜♥❂❆❉✺❚ ❀✼✿✦❳❡❜♥✿✦❇✢✹❊❇✦❉✺✽✼✉❁❉✺❚❴✹◗✽✯❵❍❳♣❲♥✿✲✻♥✹❊✸✴✸✺✿❄✸✕✸❦❂❆❉✺✹✲✉❁❉✺❚❍✹❧✸✺✹✼❀✼✹✼✶✥❱✲✹❃❞❨✽✺✶✑❫✲❇✢❂✲✻ ✽✯❉✴✸✺✹✼❇❴❫✲❉✴❚✒✉❴✹❊❉✺❀✲q ❙❦✉❍❤⑨✿❄✸◗❳❨✿❆✸✺✹❅❂❄❀✼❀❃❝❬✸❦❂❄❉✺✹✇✸❦❂❆❉✺✹✪✽✺✹✼✻✑✹✼❀❊❉✺✶✥✿✲❇✒q

③❍✶✑❇❴❀✼✹♣❉✺❚❴✹♣✸❦❂❄❉✺✹♣✽✴✹✼✻✬✹❊❀❊❉✺✶✑✿✦❇t✶✑✽❅❞❬✿✦❇❍✹

➸❄➲❬➼❭➨①➡❬➳ ❉✺❚❍✹❨❽✖r❧③✢➏❄❼❧r❧③ ✹❊➃❍❀❦❚✢❂✲❇❴❫✲✹✲✉✄❉✺❚❍✹⑦❀❭❚✢❂❄❇✢❇❴✹✼✻♠➌❁❝❴❂✲✻✑✶✑❉✡❵⑥✹✼✽✯❉✺✶✑❳s❂❄❉✯✹❃✽✪❂❆✸✺✹⑦❇✢✹✼❂❆✸❦✹❊✸✇❉✯✿ ❉✺❚✢✹✮❂✲❀❊❉✺❝❴❂✲✻✦❉✴✸❦❂✲❇❍✽✺❳❨✶✑✽✴✽❦✶✑✿❄❇⑦❉✺✶✑❳❨✹✞✿❆❤✢❉✺❚❴✹✞❞✢❂❪❉❦❂❘❜✢❂❄❀❦●✲✹✼❉✆❉✺❚❴❂✲❇⑦✶✥❇ ✹❊➃❍✶✑✽✯❉✺✶✬❇❍❫✎✽✺✹✼❇❴❞❴✹❊✸✴▲◆❲❴❂✲✽✴✹❃❞s❂❄❜❴❜❍✸✺✿✦❂❄❀❦❚✢✹✼✽✼✉❁✽✴❝❴❀❭❚❨❂❄✽✖❉✺❚✢✹♦❜❴✸✺✿❄❉✴✿❬❀✼✿✦✻ ✶✑❇✰➅✑➆❪➇❪➈✞❋◗❚✢✶✑❀❦❚❈❂❄❉✴❉✺✹✼❳❨❜❬❉✺✽♣❉✺✿❩❜❬✸✺✹❃❞❴✶✑❀✼❉♣❀❭❚✢❂❄❇✢❇❴✹✼✻✞❀✼✿✲❇✢❞❍✶✑❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❴✽ ❲♥❂❆✽✴✹❪❞✾✿❄❇❣❀✼✿✲❇✢❞❴✶❛❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❍✽◗✹✼➃❬❜✄✹❭✸✺✶✬✹✼❇❍❀✼✹❪❞✾❞❴❝❬✸✺✶✬❇❍❫s❜❍✸✺✹❃❱❁✶✑✿✦❝❍✽❘❞❴❂❄❉✴❂ ❜♥❂❆❀❭●✲✹❊❉♦❉✴✸❦❂❄❇❴✽✴❳❨✶✬✽✴✽✴✶✥✿✲❇❴✽✼q

❺✡❉⑦❀❃❂❄❇✛❲✄✹s✶✑❳❨❜✢✻✑✹❃❳❨✹✼❇✦❉✺✹✼❞❏✶✬❇✦❉✺✿⑥❺❸➑✕➑✘➑➉➒❄➓❁➔❬q✑➆✦➆s❋❧✶❛❉✺❚✛❳❨✶✥❇❍✿✲✸

❀❦❚♥❂❄❇❴❫✲✹✼✽❃✉✢❂❄✽♦❋✞✹✪❋❧✶✥✻✑✻✒✽✴❚❴✿❃❋❹✶✥❇❣❂♣✻✬❂❆❉✺✹❊✸❧✽✺✹✼❀❊❉✺✶✑✿✲❇➙q ❺✡❇❢❉✺❚❍✹✇✸✺✹✼❳❨❂❄✶✥❇✢❞❍✹❊✸♦✿✲❤➙❉✺❚✢✶✑✽♦✽✴✹✼❀❊❉✺✶✥✿✲❇➙✉❁❋♦✹✇❜❍✸✺✹✼✽✴✹✼❇❁❉✞❉✺❚❴✹✇❽◗❾♦❖◗❽✰❜❍✸✺✿❄▲ ❉✺✿❬❀✼✿❄✻✕✶✥❇❏❳❡✿✲✸✺✹❯❞❍✹✼❉✴❂✲✶✑✻❷q✾P◗✿✲❉✺✹❨❉✴❚♥❂❪❉♣❂✲✻❛❉✺❚❴✿✦❝❍❫✦❚t✿✦❝❍✸♣❞❍✶✥✽✺❀✼❝❍✽✺✽✴✶✑✿✦❇❏✶✥✽ ✶✥❇✾❉✺❚❴✹✎❀✼✿✦❇✦❉✺✹❊➃❬❉◗✿❄❤♠❉✯❚✢✹✎❽✖r◗③✢➏❄❼✞r❘③❢❜❍✸✺✿✲❉✺✿❁❀❊✿✦✻✒✶✑❇④❉✺❚❴✹ ✖❅❼✞↔⑩✿✲❤✆❉✺❚❴✹ ➒✲➓✦➔❍q✑➆✲➆✕✽✯❉❦❂❄❇✢❞✢❂❪✸❦❞➙✉❪❉✺❚✢✹✘❀✼✿✦❇❍❀✼✹✼❜❍❉✺✽♠❂❆✸✺✹✕✹❃➌✦❝♥❂❆✻✬✻❛❵❅❂❆❜✢❜✢✻✑✶✑❀❃❂✲❲❍✻✥✹✘❉✺✿◗✿❄❉✺❚❴✹❊✸ ❽✖r◗③❴➏✲❼✞r◗③❯❲✢❂❄✽✴✹❃❞❯❜❴✸✺✿❆❉✺✿❬❀✼✿✲✻✥✽✞✽✺❝❴❀❦❚✾❂✲✽❧③❍❽❘❻⑥❖➊➅ ➔❁➆✼➈❷✉✢❻❣❖❘❼✞❖➊➅❛➆ ✭❆➈◆✉ ❻⑥❖❧❼♦❖✒✵ ➅ è❄➈❷✉✢❂✲❇❴❞④↔❍❖✪❻❣❖➐➅ ➒❆➈❷q ❺❸❇s❽◗❾♦❖❧❽⑦✉✦✶✥❇❴✽✯❉✺✹❃❂✲❞s✿❆❤✒❀✼❂❆✸✴✸✴❵❍✶✑❇✢❫✎❉✺❚❴✹❘❞❴❝❬✸❦❂❄❉✺✶✑✿✲❇s✿❄❤➙❉✺❚❍✹❧✸✺✹✼✽✴✹✼✸✺❱❆❂❆▲ ❉✺✶✥✿✲❇➙✉♥❉✺❚✢✹⑦❜♥❂❆❀❭●✲✹❊❉✺✽✇❀❃❂❪✸✴✸✴❵❣❉✺❚❍✹❡❳❨✿❬❞❍❝❴✻✬❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❣✸❦❂❄❉✺✹♣❂❄❇✢❞❣✽✺✶✥✈❊✹♣✿✲❤✖❉✺❚❴✹ ❞❴❂❆❉❦❂❣❜❴❂✲❀❦●✲✹❊❉❃q④r✞❚✢✶✑✽❅❳❨✿❍❞❍✶ ② ❀❪❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❏✽✴✹✼✸✺❱❄✹✼✽✎❉✺❚✢✹❯❞❍❝✢❂✲✻✘❜✢❝❬✸✺❜✄✿✦✽✴✹s✿❆❤ ❜❍✸✺✿❪❱❍✶✥❞❍✶✥❇❴❫⑥❂❣❳❨✹✼❀❦❚♥❂❆❇✢✶✑✽✴❳➁❲❁❵⑧❋❘❚❴✶✑❀❭❚❏❉✺❚❍✹❨✸✺✹❃❀✼✹✼✶✑❱✦✹❭✸♣❀✼❂❄❇✛❀✼✿✲❳❨❳♣❝❬▲ ❇❴✶✑❀❃❂❄❉✺✹✾❉✺❚❍✹④❀❦❚✢✿❄✽✺✹✼❇⑤✸❦❂❪❉✺✹✾❉✺✿⑧❉✺❚✢✹✾✽✴✹✼❇♥❞❬✹✼✸❃✉✕❋❧❚❴✶✑✻✬✹✾✽✯❉✺✶✥✻✥✻♦❜❴✸✺✿❪❱❁✶✬❞❍✶✥❇❍❫ ❇❴✹✼✶✑❫✦❚❁❲✄✿✲✸✺✶✑❇✢❫❅❇❴✿❬❞❴✹✼✽✘❋❘✶❛❉✺❚❯✹✼❇❴✿✲❝✢❫❄❚❯✶✥❇❍❤❑✿✲✸✺❳❨❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❨❉✺✿⑦❀❃❂❄✻✥❀✼❝❍✻①❂❪❉✺✹◗❉✺❚❴✹ ❞❍❝❴✸❦❂❪❉✺✶✥✿✲❇Ø✿❆❤✪❉✺❚❴✹✾✸✺✹❃➌❁❝❴✹❃✽✯❉✺✹❃❞⑩✸✺✹✼✽✺✹❊✸✺❱❆❂❄❉✺✶✑✿✲❇➙q➀r✞❚❴✹❣❜❍✸✺✿❄❉✺✿❁❀✼✿✦✻❧✶✑✽❯❂✲✽ ❤❑✿✲✻✥✻✥✿❃❋◗✽✼q ❽◗✹✼❤①✹❊✸✴✸✺✶✥❇❴❫❡❉✺✿❡↔✆✶✑❫✦❝❍✸✺✹⑦➇❁✉❬❉✺❚✢✹✪✽✴✹❃❇❴❞❴✹❊✸✏✁☎✄✝✆✇❀❦❚✢✿❁✿✦✽✴✹❊✽❧❂❨❞✢❂❪❉❦❂⑦✸❦❂❄❉✴✹ ❲♥❂❆✽✴✹❪❞❣✿✦❇⑥✽✴✿✦❳❨✹⑦❚❍✹❃❝❍✸✺✶✥✽✯❉✺✶✑❀✾■⑨✽✴❝❴❀❭❚⑧❂✲✽◗❉✺❚❴✹⑦❳❨✿✦✽✯❉❘✸✺✹✼❀✼✹✼❇❁❉❘✸❦❂❆❉✺✹❅❉✺❚✢❂❄❉ ❋♦❂❄✽✮✽✴❝✢❀❊❀✼✹❃✽✴✽✯❤⑨❝❍✻♥❤❑✿✲✸✕❉✴✸❦❂❄❇✢✽✴❳❡✶✥✽✺✽✴✶✑✿✦❇❨❉✺✿❅❉✺❚❴✹❘❞❴✹❊✽✺❉✯✶✬❇❴❂❄❉✺✶✑✿✲❇✂✞✂✠ ✡✺❙❦✉❍❂❆❇♥❞ ❉✺❚✢✹❊❇✾✽✯❉✺✿❆✸✺✹✼✽✞❉✺❚❴✹❘✸❦❂❆❉✺✹✪❂❄❇♥❞❨❉✺❚✢✹❘✽❦✶✑✈✼✹❘✿✲❤➙❉✺❚✢✹✪❞❴❂❆❉❦❂⑦❜♥❂❄❀❦●✲✹✼❉✞✶✥❇✦❉✺✿⑦❉✺❚❴✹ ❽✖r◗③✄q❬P❘✿❬❞❴✹ ✍❅✉❍✿❪❱✲✹❊✸✺❚❴✹❃❂❄✸✺✶✑❇✢❫❅❉✺❚❍✹✇❽✖r◗③✄✉❬❀✼❂✲✻✑❀✼❝✢✻✥❂❆❉✺✹❃✽✘❉✺❚✢✹✇❞❍❝❍✸❦❂❆❉✺✶✥✿✲❇ ✿❄❤✄❉✺❚❍✹✞✸✺✹❪➌✦❝✢✹❊✽✯❉✺✹❃❞♣✸✺✹✼✽✴✹❊✸✺❱❄❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇✒✞✪✜✩✣✩✥❡❝✢✽✴✶✥❇❍❫✪❉✺❚❴✹✞✸❦❂❄❉✺✹❧❂❆❇♥❞⑦❜♥❂❄❀❦●✦✹❊❉ ✽✴✶✥✈✼✹❨❀❃❂❪✸✴✸❭✶✑✹❃❞❩✶✑❇❩❉✺❚❴✹❨❽✖r◗③✄q✒r♦❚✢✶✑✽✎✶✑✽❅❜♥✿✦✽✴✽✴✶✥❲❴✻✥✹❨❲✄✹✼❀❃❂❆❝✢✽✴✹s❂❄✻✥✻✖✿✲❤✕❉✺❚❴✹ ✶✑❇❴❤⑨✿❆✸✺❳s❂❆❉✺✶✥✿✲❇❩✸✺✹❃➌❁❝❴✶✑✸✺✹❃❞⑧❉✺✿❣❀❃❂❄✻✑❀❃❝❍✻①❂❪❉✺✹✪✞ ✜✩✣✩✥ ✶✑✽❅●❬❇❴✿❪❋❧❇t❉✺✿✮✍✎q✂✍ ❉✺❚✢✹❊❇t❝❍❜❥❞✢❂❪❉✺✹✼✽✎✶❛❉✺✽✎P✇❖❃❂➊❉✺✿✾✸✺✹❭➍♥✹✼❀❊❉✇❉✺❚✢✹♣✸✺✹❊✽✴✹✼✸✺❱❄❂❪❉✺✶✬✿❄❇✒q❅✵➀❚❴✶✥✻✑✹❡✸✺✹❭▲ ❀✼✹✼✶✥❱❁✶✥❇❴❫✪❉✺❚❴✹◗❽✖r❧③✄✉✲❉✺❚❴✹✞✸✺✹❃❀✼✹✼✶✑❱✦✹❊✸ ✞✂✠☛✡✆❝✢✽✴✹✼✽✘✶✥❇❍❤⑨✿❆✸✺❳s❂❄❉✴✶✥✿✲❇❨❂❆❱❆❂❄✶✥✻✥❂❄❲❴✻✥✹ ❉✺✿④✶❛❉❅❂❆❲✄✿✦❝❬❉✪❉✺❚✢✹♣❀❭❚✢❂❄❇✢❇❴✹✼✻✖❀✼✿✲❇✢❞❍✶✑❉✺✶✑✿✲❇❴✽✪❉✴✿④❫✦✹❊❇❴✹✼✸❦❂❪❉✺✹❨❂✲❇❩✹✼✽✯❉✺✶✑❳s❂❄❉✴✹ ✿❄❤❧❉✺❚❍✹❯❀✼✿✦❇❴❞❴✶❛❉✺✶✬✿❄❇✢✽❅❤❑✿✲✸❅❉✺❚❴✹❢✶✑❳❨❜✄✹❊❇♥❞❴✶✑❇❴❫⑧❞❴❂❄❉❦❂❣❜✢❂❄❀❦●✲✹❊❉⑦❉✴✸❦❂❄❇❴✽✴❳❨✶✥✽✯▲ ✽✴✶✥✿✲❇✒q✮✞✼✠ ✡✪❉✺❚❴✹✼❇✛✽✺✹✼✻✑✹✼❀❊❉✺✽❅❉✺❚✢✹❢❂❆❜✢❜❴✸✺✿❄❜❴✸✺✶✥❂❄❉✴✹s✸❦❂❄❉✺✹❯❲❴❂✲✽✴✹❃❞✛✿❄❇✛❉✺❚✢❂❄❉ ✹✼✽✴❉✴✶✥❳s❂❆❉✺✹❄✉♠❂✲❇❴❞t❉✴✸❦❂❄❇❴✽✴❳❨✶❛❉✺✽❅✶✑❉♣❂❆❇♥❞❩❉✺❚❴✹s❜✢❂❄❀❭●❄✹❊❉⑦✽✴✶✥✈❊✹s✶✥❇t❉✺❚❴✹❢❼♦r❧③ ❲♥❂❆❀❭●⑧❉✺✿❣❉✺❚✢✹s✽✺✹✼❇❴❞❴✹❭✸❃q⑥P❘✿❍❞❍✹ ✞❯✉✖✿❪❱✲✹❭✸✺❚✢✹❃❂❄✸✺✶✑❇❴❫❣❉✴❚✢✹✾❼✞r◗③✄✉✠❀❪❂❄✻✑❀✼❝❍▲ ✻✥❂❄❉✺✹✼✽❨❉✴❚❴✹⑥❞❬❝❴✸❦❂❄❉✴✶✥✿✲❇⑤✿✲❤❘❉✴❚✢✹④✸✺✹❊✽✴✹❊✸✺❱✲❂❪❉✺✶✑✿✦❇ ✞ ✳ ✣✩✥ ✽✴✶✬❳❨✶✑✻✥❂❄✸❨❉✺✿❩❉✺❚❴✹ ❜❴✸✺✿❁❀❊✹❪❞❍❝❍✸✺✹❢❝❍✽✺✹❃❞❏❲❁❵✙✍⑦✉✖❂❆❇♥❞t❉✺❚❴✹✼❇✛❝✢❜❥❞❴❂❆❉✺✹✼✽❅❉✺✽⑦P✇❖❃❂❿❉✺✿❣✸✺✹❭➍✢✹❃❀❊❉ ❉✺❚✢✹❅✸✺✹✼✽✴✹❊✸✺❱❄❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❥q✇↔✆✶✬❇❴❂✲✻✑✻✥❵✲✉✱✁✗✄✘✆✎✸✺✹❃✽✴❜✄✿✲❇✢❞❍✽◗❉✺✿❢❉✯❚✢✹❅✸✺✹✼❀✼✹❃✶✑❜❴❉❘✿✲❤✖❉✺❚❴✹ ❼♦r❧③✾❲✦❵❢❉✯✸❦❂✲❇✢✽✴❳❡✶✑❉✴❉✺✶✑❇❴❫❡❉✺❚✢✹❅❞❍❂❄❉❦❂❡❜✢❂❄❀❦●✲✹✼❉◗❂❄❉❧❉✴❚❴✹✪✸❦❂❄❉✴✹✎❀❦❚✢✿✦✽✴✹✼❇④❲✦❵ ✞✂✠ ✡❭q ❺❸❇t❉✺❚❴✹s✶✑❇✢✽✯❉❦❂❄❇❴❀✼✹❨❉✺❚♥❂❪❉❅❉✺❚✢✹❨✸❦❂❆❉✺✹❊✽⑦❀❦❚✢✿❄✽✺✹✼❇❏❲❁❵⑧❉✺❚✢✹s✽✴✹✼❇✢❞❴✹❊✸♣❂❆❇♥❞ ✸✺✹✼❀✼✹❃✶✑❱❄✹❊✸❘❂❆✸✺✹❅❞❬✶✥✐❥✹❊✸✺✹❊❇✦❉❃✉❴❉✺❚❴✹✼❇✾❉✺❚❍✹✪✸✺✹✼✽✴✹❊✸❦❱❆❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇ ✞ ✜✩✣✤✥ ❀❃❂❄✻✑❀❃❝❍✻①❂❪❉✺✹❃❞ ❲❁❵ ✍❿❋❧✶✥✻✥✻♦❇❍✿❩✻✥✿✲❇❴❫✦✹❭✸❨❲✄✹❢❱❄❂❄✻✥✶✥❞❥q⑩r♦❚❁❝✢✽✼✉✖❋♦✹❯✸✺✹❊❤⑨✹❊✸♣❉✺✿✌✞✪✜✩✣✩✥Ø❂❆✽ ❂ ➢◆➫❭➡✢➢◆➵✲➢⑨➨✾✽❄➫ ✸✺✹✼✽✴✹❊✸✺❱❄❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❥q♣❖➊❉✺✹❊❇❬❉✴❂❄❉✺✶✑❱✲✹❡✸✺✹✼✽✴✹❭✸✺❱✲❂❪❉✺✶✥✿✲❇❩✽✺✹❊✸✺❱❄✹✼✽✎✿✲❇❴✻❛❵ ❉✺✿❡✶✑❇❍❤❑✿✲✸✺❳➐❇✢✹✼✶✑❫✦❚❁❲✄✿❆✸✺✶✬❇❍❫❡❇❴✿❬❞❴✹✼✽✞❉✺❚❴❂❄❉❧❂❅✸✺✹✼✽✴✹✼✸✺❱❆❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❢❚♥❂❄✽♦❲✢✹❃✹✼❇❢✸✺✹❭▲ ➌❁❝❴✹❊✽✺❉✺✹✼❞❩❲❴❝❴❉✎❉✴❚✢❂❆❉✎❉✺❚✢✹❨❞❴❝❬✸❦❂❄❉✺✶✑✿✲❇❏✿❆❤✞❉✺❚❍✹✄✂ ➡❥➵❄➩ ✸✺✹✼✽✺✹❊✸✺❱❆❂❄❉✺✶✑✿✲❇t❳s❂✼❵ ❞❴✶❛✐❥✹❊✸❃q❘❖◗❇✦❵❣❇✢✿❍❞❬✹⑦❉✺❚✢❂❆❉◗✸✺✹❃❀✼✹✼✶✑❱✦✹✼✽✇❂❡❉✺✹✼❇❁❉❦❂❆❉✺✶✑❱✦✹❅✸✺✹✼✽✴✹❊✸✺❱❄❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✲❇⑧✶✑✽❘✸✺✹❭▲ ➌❁❝❴✶✑✸✺✹❃❞✛❉✺✿⑧❉✴✸✺✹❃❂❆❉s✶❛❉♣❉✺❚✢✹④✽✺❂❆❳❨✹❣❂❆✽s❂ ② ❇♥❂❆✻✞✸✺✹✼✽✴✹❊✸❦❱❆❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇⑩❋❧✶✑❉✺❚❈✸✺✹❭▲ ❫✦❂❆✸❦❞⑥❉✺✿❢✻✥❂❆❉✺✹✼✸❘❉✴✸❦❂❄❇✢✽✴❳❡✶✬✽✴✽✴✶✥✿✲❇⑥✸✺✹❃➌❁❝❍✹❃✽✯❉✺✽ ✘➙❉✺❚✢❂❆❉✇✶✬✽✼✉➙✶❛❤✞❂❯❇❍✿❴❞❍✹♣✿❪❱✦✹❭✸✴▲ ❚✢✹✼❂❆✸✺✽⑧❂⑤❉✯✹❃❇✦❉❦❂❆❉✺✶✥❱✲✹t✸❦✹✼✽✴✹❭✸✺❱❄❂❆❉✺✶✥✿❄❇❹✶✑❉⑥❳⑦❝❴✽✴❉⑥❝❍❜❥❞✢❂❪❉✺✹✛✶❛❉✺✽❣P✪❖❄❂ ✽✴✿ ❉✺❚♥❂❪❉⑦❂❄❇✦❵❩✻✥❂❆❉✺✹❊✸✎✸✺✹✼➌❬❝❴✹✼✽✯❉✺✽✎✶❛❉✎✸✺✹✼❀✼✹✼✶✑❱✦✹❊✽✪❉✺❚✢❂❄❉✇❋♦✿✲❝❴✻✬❞⑧❀❃✿✲❇❍➍✢✶✥❀❊❉✪❋◗✶❛❉✺❚ ❉✺❚✢✹✾❉✺✹✼❇❁❉❦❂❆❉✺✶✑❱✦✹④✸✺✹✼✽✺✹❊✸✺❱❆❂❄❉✯✶✬✿❄❇✩❳⑦❝✢✽✯❉❯❲✄✹⑧❞❬✹❃❇❴✶✥✹❃❞✄q➹r❧❚❁❝❴✽✼✉❧❂t❉✺✹✼❇❁❉❦❂❪▲ ❉✺✶✑❱✦✹❨✸✺✹✼✽✴✹✼✸✺❱❆❂❆❉✺✶✥✿✲❇❏✹❊✐❥✹✼❀❊❉✺✶✑❱✦✹✼✻❛❵t✽✴✹❊✸✺❱✦✹✼✽⑦❂✲✽⑦❂❣❜❍✻①❂❆❀✼✹✼❚❴✿✲✻✬❞❍✹❊✸♣❝❍❇❬❉✺✶✑✻✕✹✼✶❛▲ ❉✺❚✢✹❭✸⑥❂⑩❇✢✹❊❋ ✸✺✹✼✽✴✹❊✸✺❱❄❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇✰✶✑✽✾✸✺✹✼❀❃✹✼✶✑❱❄✹❪❞✷✿✲✸④❉✺❚❍✹t❉✺✹✼❇✦❉❦❂❪❉✺✶✬❱❄✹❩✸✺✹❃✽✴✹❭✸✴▲ ❱❆❂❄❉✺✶✑✿✲❇✛✶✑✽❅❀✼✿✦❇ ② ✸✺❳❡✹❃❞✛❂❄✽✎❉✺❚❴✹ ② ❇✢❂❄✻✖✸✺✹❃✽✴✹❊✸✺❱❆❂❄❉✺✶✑✿✲❇✒q✾↔✆✶✥❇✢❂❄✻✘✸✺✹✼✽✴✹❭✸✺❱✲❂❪▲ ❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❍✽✎❂❆✸✺✹⑦❀✼✿✦❇ ② ✸✺❳❨✹✼❞⑧❲✦❵④❉✺❚❴✹⑦❜❴✸✺✹✼✽✴✹❃❇❍❀✼✹⑦✿✲✸✎❂❆❲✢✽✴✹✼❇❴❀✼✹⑦✿✲❤✕❂❯✽✴❜✄✹❊❀❃✶✬❂❆✻ ✽✴❝✢❲❴❚❴✹❪❂❄❞❴✹❊✸❃✉❴❀❃❂❆✻✥✻✥✹❃❞❯❉✺❚✢✹✠✓ ➫ ê ➫❭➼ ✽❆➵✲➢⑨➨⑨➥❄➡ ✕ ➲✢➧✆☎❅➫✺➵✦➸❁➫❭➼ ■⑨❽✇③❁é❅❙❦✉❍✶✬❇❢❉✺❚❴✹ ❻❣❖◗❼Ø❚✢✹✼❂✲❞❴✹❭✸♦✿❄❤➙❉✺❚✢✹✇❞❴❂❄❉✴❂⑦❜✢❂✲❀❭●❄✹❊❉❃q✘r✞❚✢✹◗✸✺✹✼✽✴✹❊✸✺❱❄❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❯✽✴❝✢❲❴❚❴✹✼❂✦❞❍✹✼✸ ❀✼✿✦❇❍✽✺✶✑✽✯❉✺✽④✿❄❤♣❂⑩✽✴❝✢❲❴✽✴✹❊❉✾✿✲❤❅❉✴❚✢✹❩❚❴✹❪❂❄❞❴✹❊✸ ② ✹❊✻✬❞❍✽✾❉✺❚❴❂❄❉④❂❆✸❦✹❩❂✲✻❛✸✺✹❃❂✲❞❬❵ ❜❴✸✺✹❊✽✴✹✼❇❁❉s✶✑❇⑤❉✺❚❴✹❣➒✲➓✦➔❬q✥➆✲➆⑥❞❍❂❄❉✺❂❩❜♥❂❆❀❭●❄✹✼❉❨❤①✸❦❂✲❳❡✹✲✉✮❜❴✻✑❝✢✽s❂❩❀❭❚❴✹✼❀❭●⑩✽✴✹❭▲ ➌❁❝❴✹❊❇✢❀✼✹❡❉✺❚✢❂❆❉❅✽✴✹❊✸✺❱✲✹✼✽✪❉✺✿④❜❍✸✺✿❄❉✺✹✼❀❊❉✎❉✺❚❴✹❨✽✴❝✢❲❍❚✢✹✼❂✲❞❴✹❭✸❃q❯r✞❚✢✹ ② ✹❃✻✥❞❍✽❅✶✑❇ ❉✺❚✢✹♦✸✺✹✼✽✴✹❭✸✺❱❄❂❆❉✺✶✥✿❄❇s✽✴❝✢❲❍❚✢✹❃❂✲❞❍✹✼✸✘❀✼✿✦❇❍✽✺✶✑✽✯❉✮✿❆❤✒✿❄❇✢✻❛❵⑦❉✺❚✢✿✲✽✴✹ ② ✹✼✻✥❞❴✽✘❇✢✹✼✹❃❞❍✹❃❞ ❉✺✿❈❝✢❜✄❞❴❂❆❉✺✹⑧❉✺❚✢✹⑧P✪❖❄❂⑦✉❧❂❄❇✢❞➀✹✼✽✴✽✴✹✼❇❁❉✺✶✥❂✲✻✑✻❛❵➀❂✲❳❡✿✲❝✢❇✦❉✾❉✺✿⑩❉✴❚✢✹❩✽✺❂❄❳❨✹ ② ✹❊✻✬❞❍✽✞❜❬✸✺✹✼✽✺✹✼❇✦❉♦✶✑❇❢❂❄❇❯❽✘r❧③❥q❬↔✢❝❍✸✴❉✺❚❴✹✼✸✺❳❡✿❄✸✺✹✲✉❁❉✺❚❴✹ ② ✹✼✻①❞❬✽✪■⑨❳❨✶✑❇❬❝❍✽✮❉✺❚❴✹ ❀❦❚✢✹✼❀❦●❡✽✴✹❪➌✦❝❴✹✼❇✢❀✼✹❪❙✖✽✯❉✺✶✑✻✑✻✢✸✺✹✼❉❦❂❄✶✑❇s❉✴❚✢✹◗✽✺❂✲❳❨✹❧❤❑❝❴❇❴❀✼❉✯✶✬✿❄❇♥❂❄✻✥✶❛❉❸❵♣❉✺❚✢❂❄❉✘❉✺❚✢✹❭❵ ❚♥❂❃❱❄✹✛✶✑❇→❂❈✽✯❉❦❂✲❇❴❞✢❂❆✸❦❞➹➒✦➓✲➔❬q✥➆✲➆✛❚❍✹❃❂✦❞❬✹✼✸❃q r♦❚✢✹❩✸✺✹✼✽✴✹❊✸✺❱❄❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇✰✽✺❝❴❲❍▲ ❚✢✹✼❂✲❞❴✹❭✸❨✶✑✽❨❝❍✽❦✹✼❞⑩❂✲✽♣❤①✿✦✻✑✻✥✿❪❋❧✽✼q✛❽❧✹❊❤❑✹❊✸✴✸✺✶✑❇✢❫❩❂✲❫✦❂❄✶✥❇✛❉✺✿t↔✆✶✑❫✲❝❍✸✺✹❣➇❍✉✘✶✑❇ ❉✺❚✢✹❯✶✥❇❴✽✴❉✺❂❄❇✢❀✼✹s❉✺❚♥❂❪❉❡❉✺❚❍✹❢❉✺✹❊❇❬❉✴❂❄❉✺✶✑❱✲✹❯✸✺✹✼✽✺✹❊✸✺❱❆❂❆❉✺✶✥✿✲❇✽✞ ✜✩✣✩✥ ✶✬✽⑦✶✥❇❴❀❃✿❆✸✴▲ ✸✺✹✼❀❊❉❃✉ ✁☎✄✝✆❨❋❧✶✬✻✑✻✕✽✴✹❃❇✢❞❏❉✺❚❍✹❢❞✢❂❆❉❦❂❣❜✢❂❄❀❦●✦✹❊❉⑦❋❧✶❛❉✺❚✛❉✺❚❴✹❯✽✴❜✄✹✼❀✼✶✬❂❄✻✞❻⑥❖❧❼ ❚✢✹✼❂✲❞❴✹❭✸❅❀✼✿✦❇✦❉❦❂❄✶✥❇❍✶✬❇❍❫④❉✺❚❍✹❨❽✪③❬é➐✽✺❝❍❲✢❚❍✹❪❂✲❞❍✹❊✸❃q✪✍❅✉✠✿❆❱✲✹❊✸✺❚❴✹❃❂❄✸✺✶✑❇✢❫❢❉✺❚❴✹ ❽✇③❬é⑦✉❄❋❧✶✑✻✥✻❍✶✥❳❨❳❨✹✼❞❴✶✥❂❆❉✺✹✼✻✑❵⑦❀❃❂❄✻✑❀❃❝❍✻①❂❪❉✺✹✮❉✺❚✢✹ ② ❇♥❂❆✻❍✸✺✹❊✽✴✹❊✸❦❱❄❂❪❉✺✶✑✿✦❇✢✞ ✜✱✥✞✝ ✉ ❂❄❇✢❞⑧❉✺❚❴✹✼❇❩❝✢❜✄❞❴❂❆❉✺✹❨✶❛❉✺✽✎P❘❖❃❂➄❉✺✿④❂❄❀✼❀❊✿✦❝✢❇✦❉✪❤❑✿❄✸✎❉✴❚❴✹s❞❍✶✑✐✄✹✼✸✺✹✼❇❍❀❃✹❡❲✄✹❭▲ ❉❸❋✮✹✼✹✼❇✒✞ ✜✩✣✤✥ ❂✲❇❴❞✒✞ ✜✱✥✟✝ q♠P◗✿✲❉✺✹✮❉✴❚✢❂❆❉❃✉✲❤①✿❄✸ ✍❈❉✺✿✇❝❍❜❥❞✢❂❆❉✺✹✮✶✑❉✺✽♠P✇❖❃❂ ❀✼✿✲✸✴✸✺✹❊❀❊❉✺✻❛❵✦✉➙✶✑❉✇❳♣❝❴✽✯❉✪●❬❇❍✿❆❋❹❋❘❚❴❂❄❉✇❀✼✿✲❇❁❉✴✸✺✶✑❲✢❝❍❉✴✶✬✿❄❇✌✞ ✜✤✣✩✥ ❚❴❂✲✽✇❳❨❂✦❞❍✹ ❉✺✿❨✶❛❉✺✽❧P✪❖❃❂⑦q✄➎✇❇❍✹✪❋♦❂❃❵❯❉✺❚✢✶✑✽❧❀❃❂✲❇✾❲✄✹❅❞❍✿✦❇❍✹✦✉❴✶✥✽♦❉✺✿❨❳❨❂✲✶✑❇❬❉✴❂✲✶✑❇⑥❂❡✻✑✶✑✽✺❉ ✿❄❤✮❉✺❚✢✹s✹✼❇✢❞❩❉✺✶✑❳❨✹✼✽❅✿❄❤✞✹❃❂✲❀❦❚t❉✺✹✼❇❁❉✺❂❄❉✺✶✑❱❄✹❨✸✺✹✼✽✺✹❊✸✺❱❆❂❆❉✺✶✥✿✲❇✒✉✠✶✑❇♥❞❬✹✼➃❬✹❃❞✛❂❄❀❭▲ ❀✼✿✲✸❦❞❬✶✥❇❴❫⑥❉✺✿❣❉✺❚❍✹✡✠✸✠☞☛☞✌✎✍✞☛☛✄✑✏ ✄✒☛✘✆✓☛☞✔✖✕✞☛✕✄✡✗❰❜✢❂❄✶❛✸❃q❩r✞❚❬❝✢✽✼✉♠❋❧❚✢✹❊❇❈❂❄❇ ❝✢❜❥❞❍❂❄❉✴✹s✶✑✽✎✸✺✹❃➌❁❝❍✶✥✸✺✹❃❞❥✉✆❂✾❇✢✿❬❞❴✹s❀✼❂❄❇❏❝❴✽✴✹❨❉✴❚✢✹s✻✑✶✑✽✴❉✎❉✺✿❣❞❍✹❊❉✺✹❊✸✺❳❨✶✥❇❴✹s✶❛❤ ❉✺❚✢✹❧❞❍✶❛✐❥✹❊✸✺✹✼❇✢❀❊✹♦✶✬❇⑦❉✺❚✢✹✞✸✺✹✼✽✺✹❊✸✺❱❆❂❆❉✺✶✥✿✲❇❴✽♠❋❘✶✑✻✑✻❴✸✺✹✼➌❬❝❍✶✑✸✺✹❧❂✇❀❭❚✢❂❄❇❴❫✦✹♦✶✑❇❡❉✺❚❴✹ P✪❖❄❂⑦q

SLIDE 6

Frame Control Duration Address Dest Control Sequence Address Source 2 Octets: 2 MAC Header 6 6 2 0 - 2312 4 Body BSSID FCS 6

■❷❂✦❙✄✖✇❂❄❉❦❂❡❜❴❂✲❀❦●✲✹❊❉❧❤①✸❦❂❄❳❨✹✲q

Frame Control Frame Control Address Dest Address Source Address Dest

✁ ✂ ✂

2 Duration 2 Octets: Duration 4 FCS 6 6 6 FCS 4 CTS Frame Octets: 2 2 RTS Frame

■⑨❲❥❙✕❽✖r◗③❴➏✲❼✞r❘③❯❀✼✿✦❇✦❉✴✸✺✿❄✻✒❜✢❂❄❀❦●✦✹❊❉♦❤❑✸❦❂❆❳❨✹✼✽❃q ➬❧➮①➱❥✃✒❐❆❒✎✍✒Ï☎✄ ✂ ✂ ß ❐❆Õ✄å❩❒ ß Ò♥❐❄åtÕ✢Ó✼Ùs✃✆Ù✼❒❬æ✷➮⑨à ✭❊Ü✇Ü✇Ü ✯ ✏ ➙ç①❮✄❮ ß Ò✄❐sÕ♥æ✠á✴Ñ✠Ò✠Ô④à✠❒❁Ó ✠⑦Ò♥❐✛✚➙Ù❣Ú ✭❊Û❨â✆â✆Þ❆ç

4. INCORPORATION OFRBAR INTO802.11

❺✡❇❨❉✺❚✢✶✑✽✮✽✴✹❃❀❭❉✺✶✥✿❄❇s❋✞✹❘❞❴✹✼✽✴❀❊✸✺✶✑❲✄✹◗❚✢✿❃❋✷❽❘❾✞❖◗❽✷❳s❂✼❵❨❲✄✹◗✶✑❇✢❀✼✿❆✸❭❜✢✿✲✸❦❂❆❉✺✹❃❞ ✶✥❇✦❉✺✿✛➒❄➓✦➔❍q✑➆✦➆❄q❈✵✛✹④✽✯❉❦❂❆✸✴❉s❲✦❵❈❜❴✸✺✹✼✽✴✹❊❇❬❉✺✶✑❇❴❫t❲✢❂❄❀❦●❍❫❆✸✺✿✦❝❍❇♥❞❈✶✥❇❍❤❑✿✲✸✺❳❨❂❆▲ ❉✺✶✥✿✲❇✾✿✦❇✾❉✺❚❴✹✇❤⑨✿❆✸✺❳s❂❄❉✴✽❧✿✲❤✆❉✺❚❴✹✇✸✺✹❃✻✑✹✼❱❆❂✲❇✦❉❘➒✲➓❁➔❁q✑➆✦➆✪❤①✸❦❂❄❳❨✹✼✽✼✉✢❂❄❇♥❞❯❉✺❚✢✹✼❇ ❞❍✹✼✽✴❀✼✸✺✶✑❲✄✹❡✶✥❇❏❞❍✹❊❉❦❂❄✶✑✻✖❚✢✿❃❋ ❉✺❚❍✹❃✽✴✹❡❤①✸❦❂❆❳❨✹❃✽✪❀❪❂❆❇t❲✄✹♣❳❨✿❍❞❴✶ ② ✹❃❞⑥❉✺✿❣❂❆❀❊▲ ❀❊✿✦❳❨❳❨✿❬❞❴❂❆❉✺✹✎❽❘❾✞❖❘❽✎q r♦❚❴✹❢❺✡➑✮➑✘➑➉➒✦➓✦➔❬q✥➆❄➆❯❤❑✸❦❂❄❳❨✹s❤⑨✿❆✸✺❳s❂❄❉✺✽♣❂❄✸✺✹❯✽✴❚✢✿❃❋◗❇⑩✶✑❇❈↔✆✶✬❫❄❝❴✸✺✹ ✭❴q ↔✆✶✥❫✲❝❍✸✺✹✘✭❴■⑨❂❬❙❅✽✴❚❴✿❃❋❘✽⑦❉✺❚✢✹❯❤❑✿✲✸✺❳❨❂❆❉❨✿❄❤◗❉✺❚❴✹❣❻⑥❖❧❼➄❤✬✸❦❂✲❳❨✹❢❝✢✽✴✹❃❞✛❤①✿✲✸ ✽✺✹✼❇❴❞❴✶✑❇❴❫❢❝❴❇✢✶✑❀❃❂❆✽✺❉✇❞✢❂❪❉❦❂s❜♥❂❄❀❦●✦✹❊❉✺✽❘✶✑❇⑧❂✲❇⑧❂✦❞❁▲✡❚❍✿❬❀♣❇❍✹✼❉◆❋♦✿❄✸✺●t■⑨❺✯❾♦③❴③♥❙❦q r♦❚❍✹ ➦❭➼✯➵❄➭❯➫✟✻✺➥❄➡✄➢❑➼✺➥✲➩ ② ✹✼✻✥❞❯❀❃❂❄✸✴✸✺✶✑✹✼✽✞❤❑✸❦❂❆❳❨✹✪✶✥❞❴✹✼❇❁❉✺✶ ② ❀✼❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❢✶✥❇❍❤❑✿✲✸✺❳❨❂❆▲ ❉✺✶✥✿✲❇➙✉❥✽✴❝✢❀❦❚❩❂✲✽❘❉✺❚❴✹⑦❉✡❵❴❜✄✹⑦✿✲❤✖❤❑✸❦❂❆❳❨✹④■⑨✹✲q ❫✢q✪❳s❂❄❇✢❂❄❫✦✹✼❳❡✹✼❇✦❉❃✉➙❀✼✿✲❇❁❉✴✸✺✿✲✻❷✉ ✿❄✸❨❞❍❂❄❉❦❂❁❙❦✉✘❂❆✽♣❋✮✹✼✻✬✻✮❂❄✽♣❜❍✸❦✿❄❉✺✿❁❀❊✿✦✻✮❱✦✹❭✸✺✽✴✶✥✿✲❇⑩✶✥❇❍❤❑✿❆✸❭❳❨❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇⑩❂✲❇❴❞✛❀✼✿✦❇❬▲ ❉✴✸✺✿✲✻♥➍✄❂❄❫❄✽✚✘❍❉✯❚✢✹ ➸❆➲❴➼✯➵✲➢⑨➨⑨➥❄➡ ② ✹✼✻✬❞s❀❃✿✲❇✦❉❦❂✲✶✑❇❴✽✮❉✺❚✢✹◗❉✺✶✥❳❡✹❘✸✺✹✼❳s❂❄✶✥❇❴✶✑❇✢❫❢■⑨✶✥❇ ✆ ✽❭❙❡❝✢❇❁❉✴✶✥✻❘❉✺❚❍✹⑧✹✼❇♥❞✩✿❄❤✎❉✴❚✢✹⑧❜♥❂❆❀❭●❄✹✼❉❯❉✴✸❦❂❄❇✢✽✯❤❑✹❊✸❏■①✹✦q ❫❍q ✞ ✵✗✶ ✣ ✶ ✶✥❇ ↔✆✶✥❫✲❝❍✸✺✹❯è❬❙ ✘✖❉✺❚❴✹ ➪ ✕✑✕ ➟✞✝ ✶✥✽❅❉✺❚❴✹❯❝✢❇❍✶✬➌✦❝✢✹❯❇❴✹❭❉❸❋✞✿❄✸✺●t✶✥❞❴✹❊❇❬❉✺✶ ② ✹❊✸✚✘ ê ➫✠✟ ✡ ➲✢➫❭➡✢✻❭➫✺✻❦➥❆➡♥➢⑨➼✴➥✲➩ ✶✑✽✖❂◗✽✴✹❃➌❁❝❴✹✼❇❴❀✼✹✞❇❁❝❴❳♣❲✄✹❊✸✆❝✢✽✴✹❃❞❅❉✴✿✪❞❍✹❊❉✺✹✼❀❊❉✘❞❬❝✢❜❴✻✥✶✑❀❃❂❆❉✺✹ ❤①✸❦❂❄❳❨✹✼✽✚✘✠❂❄❇✢❞☞☛ ➜ ✕ ✶✑✽✪❉✺❚❍✹❡❤①✸❦❂✲❳❡✹❡❀❦❚✢✹✼❀❦●❣✽✺✹❃➌✦❝✢✹❊❇✢❀✼✹✲q♣↔✆✶✥❫✲❝❍✸✺✹✁✭❴■⑨❲✄❙ ✽✺❚❍✿❆❋❧✽♦❉✺❚❴✹✇❤⑨✿❄✸✺❳❨❂❄❉❧✿✲❤✆❉✺❚❍✹✎❽✖r◗③✾❂✲❇❴❞⑥❼✞r◗③❢❀✼✿✲❇✦❉✴✸✺✿✲✻❥❤❑✸❦❂❄❳❨✹❊✽❪q✕r✞❚❴✹ ② ✹✼✻✥❞❴✽✇❉✺❚❍✹✼❵❣✽✺❚❴❂❄✸✺✹⑦✶✬❇⑧❀✼✿❄❳❨❳❨✿✦❇⑥❋❧✶✑❉✴❚⑥❉✺❚✢✹❨❞❍❂❄❉✺❂s❤❑✸❦❂❆❳❨✹❡✽✴✹❊✸✺❱✲✹⑦❉✺❚❴✹ ✽❦❂❆❳❨✹❅❜❴❝❍✸✺❜✄✿✲✽✴✹✦✉♥✹❭➃❬❀✼✹❃❜❍❉❧❉✺❚❴✹♣❞❬❝❴✸❦❂❪❉✺✶✬✿❄❇ ② ✹❊✻✬❞❍✽❘❀❊✿✲❇❁❉❦❂❄✶✑❇④❉✺❚❴✹✧✞✪✜✩✣✩✥ ❂❄❇✢❞✌✞✢✳ ✣✩✥ ❱❄❂❄✻✑❝✢✹❊✽✪✽✴❚✢✿❃❋◗❇⑧✶✬❇❩↔✆✶✑❫✦❝❴✸✺✹⑦è✢q⑦↔❍✿✲✸❅❂❯❳❨✿❄✸✺✹♣❀✼✿✦❳❨❜❍✻✬✹❭❉✺✹ ❞❍✹✼✽✴❀✼✸✺✶✑❜❴❉✴✶✥✿✲❇➙✉❴❉✺❚❍✹✪✸✺✹❃❂✦❞❬✹❊✸◗✶✑✽♦✸✺✹✼❤❑✹❊✸✴✸✺✹❃❞❢❉✺✿❣➅❛➆❪➔❆➈❷q ❻④✿❍❞❴✶ ② ❀✼❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❍✽❨❉✺✿t❉✺❚✢✹④✽✯❉❦❂❄❇♥❞❴❂❆✸❦❞⑤➒✦➓✦➔❁q✬➆❄➆④❤❑✸❦❂❆❳❨✹✼✽❨❤⑨✿❆✸❯❽◗❾♦❖◗❽ ❂❆✸✺✹♣❳❨✶✑❇❴✶✥❳❨❂❄✻❷✉❥❂❄❇✢❞⑥❂❄✸✺✹♣✶✑✻✑✻✥❝❴✽✴❉✯✸❦❂❄❉✺✹✼❞❣✶✬❇⑧↔✆✶✑❫✦❝❬✸✺✹✁✯❬q✇❖ ❞❍✹✼✽✴❀✼✸✺✶✑❜❴❉✴✶✥✿✲❇ ✿❄❤✇✹❃❂❆❀❭❚⑤❳❨✿❬❞❍✶ ② ❀❃❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❈✶✑✽❨❫✦✶✑❱❄✹❃❇⑤❇❍✹✼➃❁❉❃✉✘❤❑✿✦✻✑✻✑✿❆❋✮✹❃❞⑩❲❁❵✛❉✺❚✢✹✾❞❴✹✼✽✴✶✥❫✲❇ ✸❦❂❆❉✺✶✥✿❄❇♥❂❆✻✬✹✲q ➆❄q❧❖ ❇✢✹❊❋➊❻❣❖❘❼❹❞❴❂❄❉❦❂❨❤❑✸❦❂❆❳❨✹❡✶✑✽✪✶✑❇❁❉✴✸✺✿❬❞❴❝❴❀✼✹❃❞❥✉❥✽✴❚✢✿❃❋◗❇❩✶✑❇❩↔♠✶✑❫❄▲ ❝❴✸✺✹✷✯❍■❷❂❬❙❦✉❬✶✥❇s❋◗❚✢✶✑❀❭❚❯❉✺❚❍✹✇✽✴❉❦❂❄❇✢❞❴❂❄✸❦❞❢➒✲➓✲➔❍q✑➆✲➆✪❞✢❂❆❉❦❂✎❤❑✸❦❂❆❳❨✹✇❚✢❂✲✽ ❲✄✹✼✹✼❇✾❀❭❚✢❂❄❇❴❫✲✹❪❞s❉✺✿❨✶✑❇✢❀✼✻✥❝✢❞❍✹✎❂✁✹✲➔❆▲❷❲✢✶❛❉◗❀❭❚❍✹✼❀❦●❯✽❦✹✼➌✦❝✢✹✼❇❴❀✼✹✪❜✄✿✦✽✴✶❛▲ ❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❍✹❪❞❨✶✥❳❡❳❨✹❃❞❴✶✥❂❄❉✺✹❊✻✑❵❨❂❄❤①❉✺✹❭✸✮❉✺❚✢✹◗✽✴✿✲❝❍✸✺❀✼✹❘❂✲❞✢❞❬✸✺✹✼✽✴✽ ② ✹✼✻✥❞➙q✘r✞❚❴✹ ❀❦❚✢✹✼❀❦●✾✽✴✹✼➌❬❝❍✹❃❇❍❀✼✹❅✶✥✽◗❝❍✽❦✹✼❞✾❉✺✿❨❜❴✸✺✿❄❉✴✹❃❀❊❉❧❉✺❚❴✹ ➼✴➫ ê ➫❭➼ ✽❆➵✲➢⑨➨⑨➥❄➡ ê ➲✢➧✌✟ ✒ ➫✺➵✦➸❁➫❭➼ ✉✒❋❧❚❴✶✥❀❦❚❩❀✼✿✦❇❍✽❦✶✑✽✯❉✺✽✎✿❆❤✮❉✺❚✢✹ ➦❦➼✺➵❄➭s➫✵✻❦➥❆➡✄➢❑➼✺➥✲➩ ✉ ➸❄➲❍➼✴➵✲➢⑨➨❑➥❄➡ ✉ ➸❁➫ ê ➢❑➨❑➡✄➵❄➢❷➨❑➥✲➡❯➵✦➸❁➸❄➼✴➫ ê❦ê ✉ ê ➥✲➲❍➼ ✻❊➫♦➵❁➸✦➸❆➼❦➫ ê✺ê ❂❆❇♥❞ ➵✦➸✦➸❄➼✺➫ ê❦ê✎✍ ② ✹❃✻✬❞❍✽ ✿✲❤❴❉✺❚❴✹✞❚❴✹❃❂✦❞❬✹❊✸❃q✖r✞❚❴✹✞❇✢✹❊❋⑩❤①✸❦❂❄❳❨✹✞✶✥✽✖❞❬✶✬✽✯❉✺✶✑❇✢❫❄❝✢✶✑✽✴❚✢✹✼❞♣❲✦❵⑦✿❄❉✺❚❴✹❊✸ ❻⑥❖❧❼ ❤✬✸❦❂✲❳❨✹✼✽❯❲❁❵✩❂❏❝✢❇❴✶✬➌✦❝❴✹❣❉❸❵❍❜✄✹❪➏❪✽✴❝✢❲❴❉◆❵❍❜✄✹⑥❀✼✿❍❞❴✹⑥✶✑❇✩❉✺❚❴✹ ❤❑✸❦❂❆❳❨✹✾❀❊✿✦❇✦❉✴✸✺✿✦✻ ② ✹✼✻✥❞✰■⑨✽✴✹❊✹t➅✑➆❪➔❃➈♦❤❑✿✲✸❡❳❨✿❄✸✺✹❢✶✬❇❬❤⑨✿❆✸✺❳s❂❄❉✴✶✥✿✲❇❈✿✲❇ ❤❑✸❦❂❆❳❨✹✪❉❸❵❬❜✄✹✎❀✼✿❬❞❍✹✼✽❭❙❦q ➔❁q❧r♦❚❴✹✖❽✘r❧③✪❂❄❇✢❞❅❼✞r❧③✇❀✼✿✦❇✦❉✴✸✺✿✦✻❆❤①✸❦❂✲❳❡✹✼✽✼✉❪✽✺❚❴✿❪❋❧❇✎✶✑❇❅↔✆✶✥❫✲❝❍✸✺✹✖✯❍■⑨❲✄❙✺✉ ❚♥❂❃❱❄✹✎❲✄✹✼✹✼❇④❀❦❚❴❂✲❇❴❫✲✹❃❞❢❉✺✿♣✹✼❇✢❀✼✿❍❞❬✹❅❂♣è❨❲❴✶❛❉ ➼✴➵✦➢◆➫ ✽✴❝❴❲ ② ✹✼✻✥❞✾❂✲❇✢❞ ❂⑩➆❆➔⑧❲❍✶✑❉ ➩✥➫❭➡❬➳✲➢ ✒⑥✽✴❝✢❲ ② ✹✼✻✥❞➙✉✕✶✑❇Ø❜❍✻✬❂❄❀✼✹✾✿❄❤◗❉✺❚✢✹t➆❀✭❩❲❴✶❛❉ ➸✲➲❬➼✴➵✏✟ ➢⑨➨⑨➥❄➡ ② ✹❊✻✬❞❈✶✑❇⑤❉✺❚❍✹④✽✴❉❦❂❆❇♥❞❍❂❄✸❦❞⑩❺✯➑✘➑✮➑➊➒✲➓✲➔❍q✑➆✦➆✾❤✬✸❦❂✲❳❨✹✼✽✼qØr✞❚❴✹ ➼✺➵✲➢◆➫ ✽✴❝✢❲ ② ✹❊✻✬❞✾❝✢✽✴✹✼✽❘❂❄❇❣✹❊❇✢❀✼✿❬❞❍✶✥❇❴❫s✽✴✶✑❳❨✶✑✻①❂❪✸◗❉✺✿❨❉✺❚❍✹ ➼✴➵✲➢✡➫ ② ✹❊✻✬❞ ✶✑❇④❉✺❚❍✹✟✶✕▼✠❼✺✶⑤❚✢✹❃❂❄❞❴✹❊✸❧❤①✿❄✸❧❉✺❚✢✹❅➒❄➓✦➔❍q✑➆✦➆✼❂❡✽✴❝✢❜❴❜❴✻✥✹✼❳❨✹✼❇✦❉◗✽✯❉❦❂✲❇❬▲

Frame Control Address Source Address Dest BSSID Control Sequence FCS Body

✑✒✑✒✑✒✑✒✑✒✑✒✑✒✑✒✑✒✑✒✑✒✑✒✑✒✑✒✑✒✑✒✑✒✑✒✑✒✑✒✑✒✑✒✑✒✑ ✓✒✓✒✓✒✓✒✓✒✓✒✓✒✓✒✓✒✓✒✓✒✓✒✓✒✓✒✓✒✓✒✓✒✓✒✓✒✓✒✓✒✓✒✓✒✓ ✔✒✔✒✔✒✔✒✔✒✔✒✔✒✔✒✔✒✔✒✔✒✔✒✔✒✔✒✔✒✔✒✔✒✔✒✔✒✔✒✔✒✔✒✔✒✔✒✔✒✔✒✔✒✔✒✔✒✔✒✔✒✔✒✔✒✔✒✔ ✕✒✕✒✕✒✕✒✕✒✕✒✕✒✕✒✕✒✕✒✕✒✕✒✕✒✕✒✕✒✕✒✕✒✕✒✕✒✕✒✕✒✕✒✕✒✕✒✕✒✕✒✕✒✕✒✕✒✕✒✕✒✕✒✕✒✕✒✕ ✖ ✖ ✗ ✗ ✘ ✘

2 Octets: Reservation Subheader Duration 6 6 6 2 0 - 2308 4 4 HCS MAC Header 2

■❷❂❁❙ ✖✎❂❆❉✺❂❡❜♥❂❆❀❭●✲✹❊❉♦❤❑✸❦❂❄❳❡✹✦q

Frame Control Frame Control Address Dest Address Source Address Dest Length Rate Bits: 4 12 Length Rate Bits: 4 12

✙ ✙ ✚ ✚ ✛ ✛ ✜ ✜ ✢ ✢ ✣✤✣✤✣ ✣✤✣✤✣ ✣✤✣✤✣ ✥✤✥ ✥✤✥ ✥✤✥ ✦✤✦✤✦✤✦ ✦✤✦✤✦✤✦ ✦✤✦✤✦✤✦ ✧✤✧✤✧ ✧✤✧✤✧ ✧✤✧✤✧ ★✤★✤★ ★✤★✤★ ★✤★✤★ ✩✤✩ ✩✤✩ ✩✤✩ ✪✤✪✤✪ ✪✤✪✤✪ ✪✤✪✤✪ ✫✤✫✤✫ ✫✤✫✤✫ ✫✤✫✤✫

2 2 Octets: 4 FCS 6 6 6 FCS 4 RTS Frame CTS Frame Rate & Length Rate & Octets: 2 2 Length

■⑨❲♥❙✮❽✖r❘③❍➏✦❼✞r◗③❢❀❊✿✲❇❁❉✴✸✺✿✲✻➙❜♥❂❆❀❭●✦✹❭❉♦❤❑✸❦❂❄❳❨✹❊✽✼q ✬✭✬✭✬ ✬✭✬✭✬ ✬✭✬✭✬ ✮✭✮ ✮✭✮ ✮✭✮ ✯✭✯✭✯ ✯✭✯✭✯ ✯✭✯✭✯ ✰✭✰✭✰ ✰✭✰✭✰ ✰✭✰✭✰

Octets: 2 1 2 Sync SFD Signal Service Length CRC 16 1 2 Bits: 4 Data Rate RSH Rate 4

■⑨❀❪❙ ✶✖❚✦❵❍✽✴✶✬❀✼❂❄✻➙✻✬❂❃❵✦✹❭✸♣■ ✶✘▼✆❼ ✶✞❙✕❚✢✹❃❂❄❞❴✹❊✸❃q ➬❧➮①➱✄✃✆❐❪❒✲✱❥Ï✳✄ ✂ ✂ Õ♥à✆æ ☎♠Ñ ☛✒Ù❃➮❑Ô✦Õ♥ÖsÖ❑Õ ☛✄❒❁❐ ß ❐❪Õ✄å❩❒ ß Ò♥❐✲å❩Õ✢Ó❪Ù ✃✆Ù✼❒❍æ✩➮⑨à⑤Ó❪Ñ✠❒⑧Ý❯Û ✂ Ý ☎♠❐❪Ò♥Ó❃Ò➙Ô✦Ò✄Ö✡ç ❞✢❂❆✸❦❞t➅✥➆❀✹❄➈❷✉✄❂✲❇❴❞④❉✺❚✢✹ ➩✥➫❭➡❍➳✲➢ ✒❡✽✺❝❍❲ ② ✹❊✻✬❞❣❫❄✶✑❱✦✹✼✽❧❉✺❚✢✹❅✽✴✶✑✈✼✹❅✿✲❤♠❉✺❚❴✹ ❞✢❂❆❉❦❂♣❜✢❂✲❀❦●✲✹❭❉❘✶✑❇✾✿❍❀❭❉✺✹❊❉✺✽✼q ✹❍q♦r✞❚✢✹✖❜✢❚✦❵❍✽✴✶✥❀❃❂❄✻✦✻✥❂✼❵❁✹❊✸✒❚❍✹❪❂✲❞❴✹❭✸✮■ ✶✘▼✆❼ ✶✮❙❦✉✼✽✴❚✢✿❃❋◗❇✪✶✥❇✎↔♠✶✑❫✲❝❴✸✺✹ ✯❴■⑨❀❪❙❦✉ ❚♥❂❄✽❅❲✄✹✼✹❊❇⑩❞❴✶✑❱❬✶✥❞❴✹❃❞❏✶✑❇✦❉✺✿❣❉◆❋♦✿❣è⑥❲❍✶✥❉ ➼✯➵✲➢✡➫ ✽✴❝❴❲ ② ✹✼✻✬❞❍✽❃✉✆❋❧❚❴✶✥❀❦❚ ❝✢✽✴✹❧❉✺❚❴✹◗✽✺✶✥❳❡✶✥✻✬❂❆✸✕✸❦❂❆❉✺✹◗✹✼❇✢❀❊✿❴❞❬✶✥❇❴❫✦✽✮❂❄✽✘❉✺❚✢✿✲✽✺✹❧✶✥❇❯➒✦➓✦➔❁q✬➆❄➆❪❂s➅✑➆✮✹❆➈❷q r✞❚✢✹ ② ✸✺✽✯❉❅✽✴❝✢❲ ② ✹❃✻✥❞➙✉✒✶❛❤♦❇❴✿✲❇❴▲❷✹✼❳❨❜❍❉❸❵✦✉✒✶✥❇✢❞❍✶✥❀✼❂❄❉✺✹✼✽✪❉✺❚✢✹♣✸❦❂❆❉✺✹s❂❄❉ ❋❧❚✢✶✑❀❭❚t❉✺❚✢✹s✸✺✹✼✽✴✹❊✸✺❱❄❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇✛✽✴❝❴❲❴❚❴✹❃❂✦❞❬✹❊✸⑦❋❧✶✬✻✑✻✮❲✄✹❨❉✴✸❦❂❆❇✢✽✴❳❨✶✑❉✴❉✴✹❪❞✄✉ ❂❄❇♥❞⑦❉✺❚✢✹♦✽✺✹✼❀✼✿❄❇♥❞❡✽✴❝❴❲ ② ✹❃✻✬❞♣✶✥❇✢❞❴✶✑❀❃❂❄❉✯✹❃✽✖❉✺❚❴✹♦✸❦❂❆❉✺✹◗❂❆❉✖❋◗❚❴✶✥❀❦❚❡❉✺❚❴✹ ✸✺✹✼❳s❂❄✶✥❇❴❞❴✹❊✸◗✿❄❤✠❉✺❚✢✹✎❜❴❂✲❀❭●❄✹❊❉❧❋❧✶✬✻✑✻➙❲✄✹✇❉✴✸❦❂✲❇❍✽✺❳❨✶❛❉✴❉✺✹❃❞➙q r✞❚✢✹❘✸❦❂❪❉✺✶✑✿✦❇♥❂❆✻✥✹◗❤⑨✿❄✸✮❉✴❚✢✹❘❳❨✿❬❞❴✶ ② ❀✼❂❄❉✺✶✑✿✲❇✢✽✮✽✴❚✢✿❃❋◗❇❢✶✑❇❢↔♠✶✑❫✲❝❴✸✺✹❊✽✺✯❴■⑨❂❬❙ ❂❄❇✢❞ ✯❬■⑨❲❥❙⑦❋♦❂❄✽❯❞❴✶✑✽✺❀✼❝❴✽✺✽✴✹❃❞Ø❂❄❉❯✻✑✹✼❇✢❫❆❉✺❚✩✶✑❇Ø❉✺❚❴✹❣❜❴✸✺✹❊❱❍✶✑✿❄❝✢✽s✽✺✹✼❀❊❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❥q ↔✢✿❄✻✬✻✑✿❃❋◗✶✥❇❴❫❴✉❆✶✥✽♠❂❘❞❬✶✥✽✴❀✼❝✢✽✴✽✴✶✥✿✲❇❅✿✲❤❍❉✺❚❴✹✕❳❨✿❍❞❍✶ ② ❀❪❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❍✽✠❉✺✿◗❉✺❚❴✹✕❜❴❚❁❵❬✽✴✶✬❀❃❂❆✻ ✻✥❂❪❵✲✹❊✸⑦■ ✶✕▼✠❼ ✶♦❙✕❚❴✹❃❂✲❞❍✹❊✸◗✽✴❚✢✿❃❋◗❇④✶✑❇❣↔♠✶✑❫✲❝❍✸✺✹ ✯❍■⑨❀❆❙❦q ❺❸❇✛✽✴❉✺❂✲❇✢❞❴❂❆✸❦❞✛➒✦➓✦➔❬q✥➆❄➆✦✉♠❉✺❚❍✹❂✶✕▼✆❼ ✶→❚❴✹❃❂✦❞❬✹❊✸❨❀❊✿✲❇❁❉✺❂✲✶✑❇✢✽♣❂✲❇⑩➒⑥❲❍✶✥❉ ê ➨✥➳❄➡✄➵✦➩ ② ✹❊✻✬❞✛❉✺❚✢❂❆❉❨✹❊❇✢❀✼✿❬❞❍✹✼✽♣❉✺❚❴✹❢✸❦❂❪❉✺✹④❂❄❉♣❋❧❚✢✶✑❀❦❚❈❉✺❚❍✹④❜❴❂✼❵❍✻✥✿✦❂✲❞⑩✿❄❤ ❉✺❚✢✹✕❜❴❚❁❵❍✽✴✶✑❀❃❂✲✻✦❤✬✸❦❂✲❳❨✹✇■❑❉✺❚❍✹❧❻❣❖❧❼❏❜✢❂❄❀❦●✲✹❊❉❊❙➙✽✴❚❴✿✦❝❍✻①❞✎❲✄✹✕❉✴✸❦❂❆❇✢✽✴❳❨✶✑❉✴❉✴✹❪❞✄q r♦❚❴✹❊✽❦✹ ② ✹✼✻✬❞❬✽✖❂❄✸✺✹✞❝❍✽❦✹✼❞♣❂✲✽✆❤①✿✦✻✑✻✑✿❆❋❧✽✼q✆✵✷❚❴✹❃❇❅❉✺❚❴✹✮❜✢❚❁❵❬✽✴✶✬❀✼❂❄✻❬✻①❂✼❵✲✹❊✸✖❚♥❂❆✽ ❂❏❜✢❂❄❀❦●✦✹❊❉❯❉✺✿❏❉✴✸❦❂❄❇❴✽✴❳❨✶❛❉❃✉❧✶❛❉ ② ✸✺✽✯❉❯❉✴✸❦❂❄❇✢✽✴❳❡✶✑❉✺✽s❉✺❚❴✹ ✶✕▼✠❼ ✶❰❚❴✹✼❂✦❞❍✹✼✸ ❂❆❉♣❂ ② ➃❬✹❪❞⑥✸❦❂❄❉✺✹❡❉✺❚♥❂❪❉❅✶✑✽⑦✽✴❝❴❜❴❜✄✿❄✸✴❉✺✹❃❞t❲✦❵t❂❄✻✥✻✖❇✢✿❬❞❍✹✼✽❯■✯➆❪❻④❲✢❜❴✽❭❙❦qs❺✡❉ ❉✺❚✢✹❊❇❣✽✯❋❧✶✥❉✯❀❭❚❴✹✼✽◗❉✯✿❨❉✺❚❴✹✎✸❦❂❆❉✺✹✎✹❊❇✢❀✼✿❍❞❬✹❃❞④✶✥❇✾❉✺❚✢✹ ê ➨✥➳❄➡♥➵✲➩ ② ✹✼✻✥❞✾❤①✿✲✸❧❉✺❚❴✹ ❉✴✸❦❂❄❇❴✽✴❳❨✶✥✽✴✽✴✶✬✿❄❇✾✿❆❤✠❉✴❚❴✹✇❜♥❂✼❵❍✻✑✿❁❂✲❞❥q✘❖❧❤①❉✴✹✼✸♦❱✲✹❭✸✺✶✥❤✬❵❴✶✑❇❴❫⑦❉✺❚✢❂❆❉✞❉✺❚❍✹✫✶✘▼✆❼ ✶ ❚✢✹✼❂✲❞❴✹❭✸♠✶✑✽✆❀✼✿❄✸✴✸✺✹❊❀❊❉❃✉❆❝✢✽✴✶✥❇❴❫❧❉✺❚✢✹ ➜ ✓ ➜ ✉❃❉✺❚❍✹✕✸✺✹✼❀✼✹❊✶✬❱❁✶✑❇✢❫◗❜✢❚✦❵❍✽✴✶✑❀❃❂✲✻✲✻①❂✼❵✦✹✼✸ ✽✯❋◗✶❛❉✺❀❭❚❴✹✼✽✪❉✺✿✾❉✺❚❴✹❡✸❦❂❆❉✺✹❨❫✲✶✥❱❄✹❃❇t✶✑❇❩❉✺❚✢✹ ê ➨✥➳❄➡♥➵✲➩ ② ✹❃✻✥❞⑥❉✺✿④✸✺✹✼❀✼✹❊✶✥❱✲✹❡❉✺❚❴✹ ❜♥❂❆❀❭●✲✹❊❉✇❜❴❂❃❵❬✻✥✿✦❂✲❞➙q◗r✞❚❴✹❅✹✼❇♥❞❣✿❆❤✘❉✺❚❍✹❅❉✯✸❦❂✲❇✢✽✴❳❡✶✥✽✴✽✺✶✑✿✲❇⑥✶✥✽❘❞❴✹❊❉✺✹❊✸✺❳❡✶✥❇❴✹❃❞ ❲❁❵s❉✺❚✢✹✇✸✺✹❃❀❊✹✼✶✑❱✦✹❊✸♦❤①✸✺✿✲❳❰❉✺❚✢✹ ➩✥➫❭➡❁➳✲➢ ✒ ② ✹✼✻✥❞❥✉❴❋❧❚❴✶✥❀❦❚④✽✯❉✺✿❄✸✺✹✼✽✞❉✺❚✢✹✎❞❍❝❴✸❦❂❪▲ ❉✺✶✑✿✦❇④✿❆❤✆❉✺❚✢✹✪❉✴✸❦❂❆❇✢✽✴❳❨✶✑✽✺✽✴✶✑✿✦❇❏■⑨✶✑❇ ✆ ✽❭❙❦q ❺❸❇✛❽❘❾✞❖❘❽✎✉✆❉✯❚✢✹❯❜✢❚✦❵❍✽✴✶✥❀❃❂❄✻✕✻①❂✼❵✦✹✼✸♣❳s❂✼❵t❲✄✹❯✸✺✹✼➌❬❝❴✶❛✸✺✹❃❞❏❉✺✿⑥✽✯❋◗✶✑❉✺❀❦❚ ✸❦❂❄❉✴✹❃✽✘❉❸❋◗✶✑❀✼✹✪❞❬❝❴✸✺✶✑❇❴❫⑦❉✴✸❦❂❆❇✢✽✴❳❨✶✥✽✴✽✴✶✬✿❄❇❯✿✲❤✒❉✯❚✢✹✇❜✢❂✼❵❬✻✬✿✲❂✲❞☞✪✖✿❄❇✢❀✼✹❧❤⑨✿❆✸✞❉✺❚❴✹

SLIDE 7 ✸✺✹❃✽✴✹❭✸✺❱❄❂❆❉✺✶✥✿❄❇⑩✽✺❝❴❲❴❚✢✹❃❂❄❞❴✹❊✸❃✉✘❂✲❇❴❞⑩❂✲❫✲❂✲✶✑❇✛❤❑✿✲✸⑦❉✺❚✢✹s✸✺✹✼❳s❂❄✶✥❇✢❞❍✹✼✸♣✿❄❤❧❉✺❚❴✹ ❜✢❂✼❵❴✻✑✿❁❂❄❞➙q➹r✠✿❏✹❃❇✢❂✲❲❍✻✥✹④❉✺❚✢✹⑥❝❍✽✺✹⑥✿❄❤❅❂❆❇➀❂✲❞❴❞❍✶✑❉✺✶✑✿✲❇♥❂❆✻◗✸❭❂❪❉✺✹❣❤❑✿❄✸❯❉✺❚❴✹ ✸✺✹❃✽✴✹❭✸✺❱❄❂❆❉✺✶✥✿❄❇⑩✽✴❝✢❲❴❚❴✹❃❂✲❞❍✹✼✸❃✉✖✿❄❝❴✸♣❜❍✸✺✿✲❉✺✿❁❀❊✿✦✻✕✸✺✹❃➌❁❝❍✶✥✸✺✹❊✽⑦❉✺❚✢❂❆❉⑦❉❸❋✞✿❣✸❦❂❆❉✺✹ ❀❦❚♥❂❆❇✢❫❄✹❃✽♠✿❁❀✼❀✼❝❴✸✘❞❬❝❴✸✺✶✥❇❍❫❘❉✴✸❦❂✲❇❍✽✺❳❨✶✑✽✴✽✴✶✬✿❄❇❡✿❄❤❴❉✺❚✢✹♦❞❍❂❄❉✺❂❘❜✢❂✲❀❦●✲✹❭❉❃q✖r✞❚❬❝❴✽❃✉ ✶✥❇❍✽✺❉✯✹❪❂✲❞❨✿❄❤✒❂✎✽✴✶✥❇❴❫✦✻✑✹❘➒✎❲❴✶✑❉ ê ➨✥➳❄➡♥➵✲➩ ② ✹✼✻✥❞➙✉❁❋✮✹❧✽❦❝❍❲❥❞❴✶✑❱❬✶✥❞❴✹❧✶✑❉✮✶✑❇❁❉✺✿✪❉❸❋✮✿ è❡❲❴✶✑❉♦✽✺❝❴❲ ② ✹✼✻✥❞❍✽✼✉✢❂❄✽♦✽✴❚✢✿❃❋❧❇④✶✑❇❣↔✆✶✑❫✦❝❬✸✺✹✟✯❴■⑨❀❪❙❦✉❍❋❧❚❴✹❊✸✺✹✇❉✺❚❴✹ ② ✸✺✽✴❉✞✸❦❂❆❉✺✹ ✶✥✽♠❝❍✽✴✹❪❞❅❉✺✿❘✽✴✹✼❇♥❞✎❉✺❚✢✹✘✸✺✹❃✽✴✹❊✸✺❱❆❂❄❉✺✶✑✿✲❇❡✽✴❝❴❲❴❚❴✹❃❂✲❞❍✹❊✸❃✉✲❂✲❇♥❞✎❉✺❚❴✹✮✽✴✹✼❀❃✿✲❇✢❞❅❤①✿✲✸ ❉✺❚❴✹❡✸✺✹❃❳s❂❆✶✥❇✢❞❴✹❊✸❅✿❆❤✞❉✺❚✢✹❨❞✢❂❆❉❦❂✾❜♥❂❄❀❦●✲✹❭❉❃q❢r✞❚❍❝❴✽✼✉✠❉✺❚❍✹✩✶✕▼✠❼ ✶➹❉✴✸❦❂❆❇✢✽✯▲ ❳❡✶✬✽✴✽✴✶✥✿✲❇➀❜❬✸✺✿✲❉✴✿❬❀✼✿✦✻❘✶✑✽✾❳❨✿❍❞❬✶ ② ✹❪❞✷❂✲✽❯❤❑✿✲✻✥✻✑✿❪❋❧✽✼q ✵➀❚❍✹✼❇✷❉✺❚❴✹❏❻❣❖❧❼ ❜✢❂❄✽✺✽✴✹✼✽✎❂❯❜♥❂❆❀❭●✲✹❊❉✎❞❍✿❪❋◗❇⑥❉✺✿❯❉✺❚❴✹♣❜✢❚✦❵❍✽✴✶✬❀✼❂❄✻♠✻✥❂❪❵✲✹❊✸❃✉➙✶❛❉✎✽✴❜✄✹✼❀✼✶ ② ✹❊✽✇❉❸❋✮✿ ✸❦❂❆❉✺✹✼✽❀✪⑦✿✲❇✢✹❨❤①✿❄✸❅❉✺❚✢✹❡✽❦❝❍❲✢❚❴✹❃❂✲❞❍✹❊✸♣❂❄❇✢❞t✿✦❇❍✹❨❤❑✿✲✸❅❉✴❚❴✹❨✸✺✹✼❳s❂❆✶✬❇❴❞❴✹❊✸⑦✿❆❤ ❉✺❚❴✹❡❜✢❂❄❀❦●✦✹❊❉❃q♣r♦❚✢✹❡❜❴❚✦❵❍✽✴✶✥❀❪❂❆✻✖✻✬❂✼❵❁✹❭✸✪❉✺❚✢✹✼❇❩✹✼❇❴❀✼✿❬❞❴✹✼✽✪❉✺❚❍✹❡✸❦❂❪❉✺✹✼✽✎✶✑❇❬❉✯✿ ❉✺❚❴✹✪❂✲❜❍❜❴✸✺✿❄❜❴✸✺✶✬❂❆❉✺✹ ê ➨❛➳❄➡❥➵✲➩ ✽✴❝❴❲ ② ✹✼✻✥❞❴✽♦✽✴❚✢✿❃❋❧❇❢✶✬❇✾↔✆✶✑❫✦❝❬✸✺✹✟✯⑦❂❄❇♥❞❨❉✺❚✢✹✼❇ ❉✴✸❦❂❄❇❴✽✺❳❨✶❛❉✺✽❯❉✺❚✢✹⑧❜♥❂✲❀❦●✲✹❭❉❃q❰r✞❚❴✹⑥✸✺✹❃❀✼✹✼✶✑❱❬✶✥❇❴❫❈❜❴❚❁❵❬✽✺✶✑❀❃❂❄✻✪✻✥❂❃❵✦✹❊✸❃✉✇❂❆❤①❉✺✹❊✸ ❱✲✹❊✸✺✶❛❤❑❵❬✶✬❇❍❫✎❉✺❚♥❂❪❉✮❉✺❚❍✹✄✶✘▼✆❼ ✶✛❚❍✹❃❂✦❞❬✹✼✸✮❚✢❂❄✽✮❲✄✹❊✹✼❇s✸✺✹✼❀✼✹✼✶✑❱✦✹❃❞❨❀❊✿✲✸✴✸✺✹✼❀❊❉✺✻❛❵❁✉ ❋◗✶✑✻✑✻✄❉✺❚❴✹✼❇❢✽✯❋◗✶❛❉✺❀❭❚❯❉✴✿♣❉✺❚❍✹ ② ✸✺✽✯❉♦❽✇③❬é✰✸❦❂❆❉✺✹◗❤⑨✿❄✸✞✸✺✹❊❀✼✹✼✶✥❜❍❉♦✿❄❤✒❉✺❚❴✹✇✽✴❝✢❲❬▲ ❚❴✹❃❂✦❞❬✹❊✸❃✉✒❂❄❇✢❞⑥❉✺❚❴✹✼❇⑥❉✺✿❢❉✺❚❴✹❡❞❴❂❆❉❦❂s✸❦❂❄❉✴✹⑦❤⑨✿❄✸✪❉✯❚✢✹♣✸✺✹❊❳s❂❄✶✥❇✢❞❍✹❊✸✎✿❆❤✕❉✺❚❴✹ ❜✢❂❄❀❦●✦✹❊❉❃q✠P✇✿❄❉✺✹✞❉✺❚❴❂❄❉❃✉✲❂✲✽♠✽✺❜♥✹❃❀✼✶ ② ✹✼❞♣✶✑❇♣❉✺❚❴✹✞❺✯➑✘➑✕➑t➒✲➓❁➔❁q✑➆✦➆♦✽✯❉❦❂❄❇✢❞❴❂❆✸❦❞➙✉ ❂❄✽⑦✹✼❂❄❀❦❚✛❲✦❵❬❉✺✹s✶✥✽✎✸✺✹❃❀✼✹❊✶✥❱✲✹❃❞❥✉✆✶✑❉⑦✶✑✽❅✶✬❳❡❳❨✹❃❞❴✶✥❂❪❉✺✹✼✻✥❵t❂❃❱❄❂❄✶✑✻①❂❆❲✢✻✑✹❨❉✺✿④❉✺❚❴✹ ❻⑥❖❧❼✇q✘r✞❚❬❝❴✽❃✉✕❇❴✿❍❞❍✹✼✽❡❉✺❚❴❂❄❉❡✸✺✹✼✻✑❵⑩✿❄❇⑤❉✺❚❍✹④❽✇③❬é➂❉✴✿t❝❴❜❥❞❴❂❆❉✺✹✾❉✺❚❍✹✼✶✑✸ ✸✺✹❃✽✴✹❭✸✺❱❄❂❆❉✺✶✥✿❄❇✢✽✼✉✆❋❧✶✥✻✑✻✕❲✄✹❨❤①✸✺✹✼✹❨❉✺✿⑥❞❴✿④✽❦✿❣❂❄✽⑦✽✴✿❁✿✦❇✛❂✲✽✎❉✺❚❴✹s❽✇③❬é❰❚✢❂✲✽ ❲✄✹❊✹✼❇④✸✺✹✼❀✼✹❊✶✬❱❄✹❃❞➙q

5. SIMULATION ENVIRONMENT

r♦❚❍✹❘✸✺✹✼✽✴❝❴✻❛❉✺✽✞✶✑❇❯❉✺❚❍✶✥✽✮❜♥❂❆❜✄✹❊✸✮❋✞✹❊✸✺✹❘❫✲✹✼❇❴✹✼✸❦❂❪❉✺✹❃❞s❝✢✽✴✶✑❇✢❫✎❉✺❚❴✹ ➡ ê ✟ ✍ ❇❍✹❊❉✴▲ ❋✞✿❄✸✺●⑤✽✴✶✬❳❅❝✢✻✥❂❄❉✺✿❆✸✾❤✬✸✺✿✲❳ ▼✠❾✕P✪▼❰➅ ✯❆➈❷✉❧❋❧✶❛❉✺❚✷✹❊➃❬❉✺✹✼❇✢✽✴✶✑✿✦❇❍✽❯❤①✸✺✿✦❳ ❉✺❚❴✹ ❼❧❻④❶➄❻❣✿✲❇✢❂❆✸✺❀❦❚⑥❜❴✸✺✿ ✛✯✹✼❀❊❉❡➅ ➇❪➈✆❤⑨✿❆✸✇❳❡✿❴❞❍✹✼✻✑✶✑❇✢❫❯❳❨✿✲❲❴✶✑✻✬✹⑦❂✦❞❣❚❍✿❬❀♣❇❍✹❊❉✴▲ ❋✞✿❄✸✺●❬✽✼q♦❺❸❇❍❀✼✻✥❝✢❞❍✹❃❞❣✶✑❇④❉✺❚✢✹❅✽✴✶✥❳❅❝✢✻✥❂❄❉✺✶✑✿✲❇⑧❂❪✸✺✹⑦❳❡✿❴❞❬✹❃✻✑✽◗❤①✿✲✸✇❂❨❇❁❝✢❳⑦❲✄✹❊✸ ✿❄❤♦❉✯✸❭❂❆➋s❀s❫✦✹❊❇✢✹❊✸❦❂❪❉✺✿✲✸✺✽✼✉✖❂✲✽✎❋♦✹✼✻✑✻✮❂❄✽⑦❇✢✹❊❉✡❋✞✿❄✸✺●❬✶✑❇✢❫⑥✽✯❉❦❂❆❀❭●❬✽❅✶✥❇❴❀❃✿❆✸✺❜✄✿❄▲ ✸❦❂❆❉✺✶✥❇❴❫✛❀✼✿✦❳❡❳❨✿✲❇➀❂❄❞✩❚✢✿❁❀❣✸✺✿✲❝❍❉✺✶✥❇❴❫❴✉❘❻❣❖❘❼❘✉✞❂❄❇✢❞Ø❜✢❚❁❵❬✽✴✶✥❀❃❂❄✻❘✻✥❂❃❵✦✹❊✸ ❜❍✸✺✿❄❉✺✿❬❀✼✿❄✻✬✽✼q✘r✠✿⑦❉✺❚❴✶✥✽✼✉❬❋✞✹✎❂❄❞✢❞❬✹❪❞❢❳❡✿❄✸✺✹✎❞❬✹❊❉❦❂✲✶✑✻✑✹❃❞❣❻❣❖❧❼✷❂❄❇✢❞❯❜✢❚✦❵❍✽✯▲ ✶✥❀❃❂❆✻✆✻✥❂❪❵✲✹❊✸✪❳❨✿❬❞❍✹✼✻✥✽✼✉✄✶✬❇❍❀✼✻✥❝✢❞❍✶✑❇✢❫s❉✺❚✢✹⑦❂✦❞❍❞❴✶❛❉✺✶✥✿✲❇⑥✿✲❤✖❉✺❚❍✹♣❳❨✿❍❞❬❝✢✻✥❂❄❉✴✶✥✿✲❇ ✽✺❀❦❚❴✹❊❳❨✹❃✽❨❂✲❇✢❞✛✸❦❂❆❉✺✹❣❂❄❞✢❂❆❜❴❉❦❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❈❳❨✹❊❀❭❚✢❂❄❇✢✶✑✽✺❳❨✽❡❉✯❚♥❂❆❉s❂❆✸✺✹✾❉✺❚❴✹❢❤❑✿❄▲ ❀❊❝✢✽◗✿✲❤♠❉✺❚✢✶✑✽✇✽✯❉✺❝❴❞❍❵✲✉❥❂❄✽◗❋✞✹✼✻✥✻✆❂❆✽❘❉✺❚❍✹❡❂❄❞✢❞❬✶✥❉✺✶✑✿✲❇⑥✿❆❤✕❂❨❽✇❂✼❵❍✻✑✹✼✶✬❫❄❚❣❤⑨❂✦❞❁▲ ✶✥❇❍❫④✽✺✶✑❳♣❝❴✻✬❂❪❉✺✿✲✸✪❤⑨✿❆✸❅✽✯❉✺❝♥❞❁❵❍✶✥❇❴❫✾❉✺❚❴✹❨✶✑❳❨❜♥❂❆❀❊❉❅✿❄❤✮❳♣❝❴✻✑❉✺✶✑❜✢❂❆❉✺❚t❤❑❂✲❞❍✶✥❇❴❫✢q r♦❚❍✹✎❽◗❂❪❵❬✻✥✹✼✶✑❫✲❚❢❤❷❂✲❞❍✶✥❇❴❫❨✽✴✶✑❳♣❝❴✻✥❂❆❉✺✿✲✸♦❋✮✹✎❝✢✽✴✹❃❞❢✶✥✽❧❲✢❂❄✽✴✹❃❞❢✿✦❇✾❉✺❚❍✹✪❋✞✹✼✻✥✻

❬❇❴✿❪❋❧❇✁❁❂❄●✦✹❊✽❀❅✮➅❛➆❃è❆➈✮✽✴✶✑❳⑦❝✢✻✥❂❄❉✺✿❄✸❃✉✒❋❧❚✢✶✑❀❦❚✛❫✲✹✼❇❴✹❊✸❦❂❆❉✺✹❊✽♣❂✾❀✼✿✦❇✦❉✺✶✑❇❬❝❴✿✦❝❴✽

❉✺✶✥❳❨✹❊▲❷❱❄❂❆✸✴❵❬✶✥❇❍❫✎❽✇❂✼❵❍✻✑✹✼✶✬❫❄❚❡❤❷❂❄❞❴✶✑❇✢❫✎✹✼❇❬❱❄✹✼✻✑✿✦❜✄✹✲q✖❖◗❞✢❞❍✶✑❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❴❂✲✻✑✻❛❵❁✉✲❋♦✹♦✹❃❇❬▲ ❚✢❂❄❇❴❀✼✹❃❞❣❉✺❚✢✹❅✸✺✹❃❂✲✻✑✶✑✽✺❳↕✿❆❤✕❉✺❚❴✹♣✹❊➃❍✶✑✽✯❉✺✶✑❇✢❫❢❇❴✹✼❉◆❋♦✿❆✸✺●❣✶✑❇❬❉✺✹❭✸✴❤⑨❂✲❀✼✹❊✽✇❝✢✽✴✶✥❇❍❫ ❉✺❚❴✹t❺✡❇❁❉✴✹✼✸✺✽✴✶✑✻✟✶✖✸✺✶✑✽✺❳ ❺✴❺❯❀❦❚❴✶✥❜❍✽❦✹❭❉⑥❂❄❇✢❞✰❂❄❀❃❀✼✿❄❳❨❜♥❂❆❇❬❵❬✶✥❇❍❫⑤✸✺✹❊❤❑✹❊✸✺✹✼❇✢❀❊✹ ✶✥❇✦❉✺✹❊✸✴❤❷❂❆❀✼✹s❞❬✹❃✽✴✶✑❫✦❇❴✽❅❂❆✽✎✿✲❝❍✸✎❳❨✿❍❞❴✹✼✻⑨q❡r✞❚✢✹✣✶✘✸✺✶✑✽✴❳➣❺✯❺❘❀❭❚❍✶✬❜❍✽✴✹✼❉✎✶✑✽❅❂❄❇ ❺❸➑✕➑✕➑⑥➒✲➓❁➔❁q✑➆✦➆✲✉❄❞❴✶❛✸✺✹✼❀❭❉✴▲✡✽✴✹✼➌❬❝❴✹✼❇❍❀❃✹✕✽✴❜❍✸✺✹❃❂✲❞❬▲✡✽✴❜✄✹❊❀❊❉✴✸✺❝❴❳➐■ ✖❅③❴③❴③✢❙✄✸❦❂✲❞❍✶✑✿ ❉✺❚✢❂❆❉✇✶✥✽❘❝✢✽✴✹❃❞⑥✶✑❇⑧❳s❂❄❇❁❵④❀✼✿✦❳❨❳❨✹❭✸✺❀✼✶✥❂✲✻✑✻✑❵⑥❂❪❱❆❂✲✶✑✻✥❂✲❲❍✻✬✹⑦❇❍✹❊❉❸❋♦✿❆✸✺●④✶✥❇✦❉✺✹❊✸✴▲ ❤⑨❂❄❀✼✹✼✽❃✉✢✶✬❇❍❀❃✻✑❝♥❞❬✶✬❇❍❫s❉✴❚✢✹⑦❖❘✶❛✸✺✿✦❇❍✹❊❉✄✶✞❼✮è✲➒✦➓✲➓⑥➅❛➆❊➈♦■⑨❇❍✿❃❋➉●❁❇❴✿❪❋◗❇⑥❂❄✽◗❉✺❚❴✹ ❼✞✶✑✽✴❀❃✿✩✹✦➇❄➓❁❙❦q❘❻④✿✦✽✯❉❘✿❄❤✘✿✲❝❍✸✇❇❴✹❊❉❸❋✮✿❄✸✺●✾✶✥❇❁❉✺✹❊✸✴❤❑❂✲❀✼✹❅❜♥❂❪✸❦❂✲❳❨✹❊❉✺✹❭✸✺✽◗❋✮✹✼✸✺✹ ❞❬✸❦❂✼❋❘❇⑤❞❍✶✑✸✺✹❃❀❭❉✺✻✑❵❏❤❑✸✺✿✲❳ ❉✺❚✢✹④❺✡❇✦❉✺✹❊✸✺✽✴✶✥✻❧❞❴✿❁❀✼❝❴❳❨✹✼❇❁❉❦❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❥✉✞✶✑❇✢❀❊✻✥❝✢❞❍✶✥❇❍❫ ❜✄✿❃❋♦✹❭✸✎❀✼✿✲❇❴✽✯❉✴✸❦❂❄✶✥❇✦❉✺✽✼✉❥✸✺✹✼❀❃✹✼✶✑❱✦✹❊✸✇❇✢✿✦✶✑✽✴✹♣❤❑❂✲❀❊❉✺✿❆✸✺✽❪✉✄✸✺✹✼❤①✹❊✸✺✹✼❇❴❀✼✹❨❂✲❇✦❉✺✹❊❇✢❇❴❂ ❫✦❂❄✶✑❇✢✽✼✉❴❂❄❇✢❞❢✽✴✹❊❇✢✽✴✶❛❉✺✶✬❱❁✶❛❉✡❵s❉✴❚❴✸✺✹✼✽✺❚❍✿✦✻✥❞❴✽✼q✕③❁✶✬❇❍❀❃✹✇✿❄❝❴✸♦✶✑❇❁❉✴✹✼✸✺✹✼✽✯❉✞✶✥❇❯❉✺❚❍✹✼✽✺✹ ✹❭➃❴❜✄✹❭✸✺✶✥❳❡✹✼❇❁❉✺✽✾❋♦❂❆✽④✿❄❇✢✻❛❵✩❉✺✿❈✿✲❲❴✽✴✹❊✸✺❱✦✹⑧❚✢✿❃❋↕❉✺❚✢✹⑧✶✑❇♥❞❴✶✑❱❬✶✥❞❴❝❴❂✲✻❘✸❦❂❆❉✺✹ ❂✲❞❴❂✲❜❬❉❦❂❄❉✺✶✑✿✲❇❡❜❴✸✺✿✲❉✴✿❬❀✼✿✲✻✥✽✖✸✺✹❃❂❆❀❊❉✺✹❃❞❡❉✴✿✪❉✺❚❴✹◗❀❦❚❴❂✲❇❴❫✲✶✥❇❴❫✎❀❭❚❴❂✲❇❍❇✢✹✼✻❴❀✼✿✦❇❴❞❴✶❛▲ ❉✺✶✥✿✲❇❴✽✼✉❄❂❄❇♥❞✎❇❴✿❄❉✆❉✴✿◗✹✼❱❄❂❄✻✑❝♥❂❪❉✺✹✕❉✺❚❍✹✮✹❊➃❴❂❆❀❊❉♠❜♥✹✼✸✴❤①✿❄✸✺❳s❂✲❇❴❀✼✹✘✿✲❤✢❀❊❝❍✸✴✸✺✹❃❇✦❉✺✻❛❵ ❂❪❱❆❂❄✶✥✻✥❂❄❲✢✻✑✹❘❇✢✹❊❉✡❋✞✿✲✸✺●s❞❍✹✼❱❬✶✑❀✼✹✼✽✼q♠✵✛✹✇❞❴✶❛✐❥✹❊✸✺✹❃❞❯✽✴✻✑✶✬❫❄❚❁❉✴✻✥❵❡❤❑✸✺✿✲❳➄❉✺❚✢✹❘✸✺✹❭❤①▲ ✹❭✸❭✹❊❇❴❀✼✹◗❞❍✹✼✽✴✶✬❫❄❇❨✿❄❤✄❉✺❚❴✹✺✶✘✸✺✶✑✽✴❳➊❺✴❺✆❀❦❚❴✶✥❜❴✽✺✹❊❉✺✽✘❂✲❇✢❞❨❞❬✶①❞❡❇❍✿✲❉✘❳❨✿❍❞❬✹✼✻❴❉✺❚❴✹ ❼❧❼✖✸➹❳❨✿❍❞❍❝❴✻✥❂❄❉✴✶✥✿✲❇s✽✴❀❦❚✢✹✼❳❨✹❊✽✼✉❁✶✬❇❍✽✴❉✺✹❃❂✲❞❨❀❦❚✢✿❁✿❄✽✺✶✥❇❴❫✪❉✺✿✎❝✢✽✴✹❧❉✴❚✢✹❧❳❨✿❄✸✺✹ ❋◗✶✥❞❴✹❊✻✑❵✛●❍❇❍✿❃❋◗❇Ø❂❆❇♥❞✛❋✞✹❊✻✬✻♦❞❍✿❁❀✼❝✢❳❡✹✼❇❁❉✺✹❃❞⑤❻✾▲❸❂❪✸✴❵ ✬✪❖❘❻ ❳❨✿❬❞❴❝❴✻✥❂❆▲ ❉✺✶✥✿✲❇✾✽✴❀❭❚❴✹✼❳❨✹✼✽❅➅ ➔✲➓❪➈✡q✖é❘✿❪❋✮✹✼❱✦✹❊✸❃✉❴✽✴✶✑❳❨✶✥✻✬❂❆✸♦✸✺✹✼✽✺❝❴✻✑❉✴✽❧❀❃❂✲❇✾❲✄✹✪✹✼➃❬❜✄✹✼❀❊❉✺✹❃❞ ❤❑✿❄✸❘❼♦❼ ✸❡✉✢❻⑧➎ ✸❨✉❴❂❄❇♥❞❢❂✲❇❴❞✾✿❆❉✺❚❴✹✼✸♦❳❡✿❴❞❬❝✢✻✥❂❄❉✺✶✑✿❄❇④✽✴❀❦❚✢✹✼❳❨✹❊✽✼q✘❖❘❜♥❂❪✸✴❉ ❤①✸✺✿✲❳➂❉✺❚✢✹♣❂❆❤⑨✿❆✸✺✹✼❳❨✹✼❇❁❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❍✹❃❞⑥❀❭❚✢❂❄❇✢❫❄✹✼✽❃✉♥❉✺❚✢✹⑦❇✢✿❬❞❍✹✼✽✇✶✥❇⑥✿✦❝❬✸✪✽✺✶✑❳♣❝❴✻✥❂❆▲ ❉✺✶✥✿✲❇❴✽✞❋♦✹❊✸✺✹✎✿❆❉✺❚✢✹❊✸✴❋❧✶✥✽✴✹✎❀✼✿✲❇ ② ❫❄❝❴✸✺✹❃❞❢✽✴✶✬❳❨✶✑✻✥❂❄✸♦❉✺✿❡❉✺❚❴✿✲✽✴✹✎✶✥❇❏➅ ➇❆➈❷q

5.1 Autorate Fallback Algorithm (ARF)

❖◗✽❢❂❏❲✢❂❄✽✴✶✥✽s❤⑨✿❆✸❢❀✼✿✲❳❨❜✢❂❆✸✺✶✑✽✺✿✲❇➙✉✞❋✞✹⑥✶✑❳❨❜❴✻✥✹❃❳❡✹✼❇✦❉✺✹❃❞✷▼➙❝❴❀✼✹❊❇❬❉✮❅ ✽❢❖❘❝❬▲ ❉✺✿❄✸❦❂❆❉✺✹⑦↔♥❂❄✻✑✻✥❲✢❂❄❀❭●❩■❷❖❘❽◗↔✘❙✞❜❴✸✺✿❄❉✺✿❁❀❃✿❄✻✠✶✥❇✦❉✺✿❨❉✺❚✢✹❅✽✴✶✑❳♣❝❴✻✥❂❄❉✴✿✲✸❃q❧❖◗❽◗↔⑤✶✥✽

100 200 300

ARF Timeout (ms)

500 1000 1500 2000

Mean Throughput (Kbps)

fixed 2 m/s 10 m/s

➬❧➮①➱✄✃✆❐❪❒✌✯➙Ï✥✂❅Ò❥å✡☎✆Õ❴❐❄➮⑨Ù✼Ò♥àØÒ ß Ó❃Ñ✠❒⑥Õ❬ä♥❒❁❐❆Õ✢➱♥❒⑥Ó✼Ñ✠❐❄Ò♥✃✠➱✄Ñ✝☎♠✃✠Ó♣Ò ß ✂ Ý❢➬ ß Ò♥❐⑩ä❍Õ✢❐❆➮❑Ò✄✃✠Ùtä❍Õ♥Ö⑨✃✠❒❬Ù❏Ò ß Ó❃Ñ✆❒✩Ó❪➮⑨å❩❒❍❐✛➮❑Ó✛✃✆Ù✼❒❬Ù❏Ó❊Ò→➮⑨à✒á æ✆➮⑨Ô✲Õ❴Ó✼❒✎✠❨Ñ✠❒❍à➹➮❑Ó✾Ù❃Ñ✠Ò✄✃✠Ö⑨æ✰Õ❴Ó✼Ó❃❒❍å✡☎✆Ó❢Ó✼ÒØ➮❑à♠Ô✲❐❪❒❬Õ♥Ù✼❒tÓ❃Ñ✠❒✛æ✒Õ✢Ó❃Õ ❐❆Õ✢Ó✼❒❏➮⑨à❹Ö❑➮❑❒❍✃✰Ò ß ➮①Ó❪Ù❢✃♠Ù✼✃✆Õ♥Ö◗➮⑨à✆æ✆➮①Ô✦Õ✢Ó✼Ò♥❐❬Ï❯Ó❪Ñ✠❒t❐❄❒❬Ô✦❒❬➮❆☎✆Ó❢Ò ß ❮ ✏ Ô✲Ò❥à✆Ù✼❒❬Ô✲✃✆Ó❃➮❑ä♥❒ ✂ ✂✄✂❣Ù✲ç❿Ð⑦Ñ✠❒➀Ô❁✃✒❐❆ä✢❒❴Ù❏Ù❃Ñ✠Ò✧✠sà➐Õ❴❐❄❒✷Ó✼Ñ✆❒✷Õ❁ä➙á ❒❬❐❪Õ✢➱♥❒➉Ó❪Ñ✒❐❆Ò♥✃✠➱❥Ñ ☎♠✃✠Ó✼Ù➀å❩❒❬Õ♥Ù❃✃✒❐❆❒❍æ➂Õ♥Ô✦❐❪Ò✄Ù❃Ù⑤Õ❰Ù✼➮⑨à✒➱✄Ö❑❒ ✂♣Û⑦Ý Ô✲Ò❥à✆à✒❒❬Ô✦Ó❃➮❑Ò✄à ➮❑à➁Õ➂ÝsÕ★☛➙Ö❑❒❬➮❑➱✄Ñ ß Õ♥æ✆➮⑨à✒➱↕Ô❆Ñ✠Õ✢à✆à✠❒❍Ö⑥×✘❒❬Ó✌✠❅❒❍❒❍à Ó✌✠⑦Ò✰à✒Ò✠æ✠❒❍Ù❣Ò❥Ù✼Ô❁➮①Ö⑨Ö①Õ✢Ó❪➮❑à✒➱✰à✠❒❬Õ✢❐❩Ó❃Ò ß Õ❴❐❏Õ❴Ó⑧æ✆➮✆☎✕❒❁❐❄❒❍à✄Ó❩åt❒❬Õ♥à Ù❀☎✘❒❁❒❴æ✠Ù✲ç✎Ð❅Ñ✆❒✞✝✠✟☛✡✌☞✾Ô❁✃✒❐❆ä✄❒④➮❑Ù♣Ó✼Ñ✆❒⑥åt❒❁Õ✢à⑤Ó❃Ñ✆❐❪Ò✄✃✒➱❥Ñ ☎♠✃✠Ó⑦×✕❒✦á Ó✌✠⑦❒❬❒❍à❏Ó❃Ñ✆❒❢à✠Ò➙æ✠❒❍Ù✎Ù❀☎✆Õ✢Ô✦❒❬æ✛Õ✢Ó✎ä❬Õ✢❐❄➮①Ò✄✃♠Ù✎➮①à➙Ó❃❒❁❐❆ä❬Õ♥Ö⑨Ù✪Ò❍ä♥❒❬❐♣Ó❃Ñ✒❒ ❐❆Õ♥à✠➱♥❒⑤Ò ß æ✠➮⑨Ù✼Ó✼Õ♥à✆Ô✦❒⑤Ó✼❐❆Õ❁ä✄❒❬Ö❑❒❬æ × ☛❹Ó❪Ñ✠❒ØÒ♥Ù❃Ô❁➮❑Ö⑨Ö①Õ✢Ó❪➮①à✠➱➹à✠Ò✠æ✒❒❴Ù ➮⑨àØÓ❪Ñ✒❒❩å❩Ò✄×♠➮❑Ö⑨➮✬Ó ☛ØÔ✦✃✠❐❪ä✄❒❬Ù✲ç ❉✺❚✢✹♣✸❦❂❆❉✺✹s❂❄❞✢❂❄❜❍❉❦❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❩✽✺❀❭❚❍✹✼❳❨✹❨❝❴✽✴✹❪❞❩✶✑❇❏▼✒❝❍❀❃✹✼❇✦❉✮❅ ✽♣➒❄➓✦➔❍q✑➆❄➆❨✵✛❂❃❱✦✹❭▲ ▼✠❖◗P➊❺✴❺◗❇❍✹✼❉◆❋♦✿❄✸✺●❬✶✑❇✢❫❢❞❴✹❊❱❍✶✑❀✼✹❊✽❨➅✥➆❃➇❪➈◆q❅r✞❚✢✹⑦❜❴✸✺✿❄❉✴✿❬❀✼✿✲✻❷✉➙❂✲✽✇✽✺❜✄✹✼❀❊✶ ② ✹❃❞ ✶✑❇➊➅✑➆❪➇❪➈❷✉✇✶✥✽④✽✴❝❴❳❨❳s❂❪✸✺✶✬✈✼✹✼❞➀❂✲✽✾❤①✿✦✻✑✻✥✿❪❋❧✽✼q➐❺✡❤♣❖◗❼✖✸✎✽✾❤❑✿❄✸④❉◆❋♦✿❈❀✼✿✲❇❍▲ ✽✴✹❃❀✼❝❬❉✺✶✬❱❄✹❯❞❴❂❆❉❦❂④❜✢❂❄❀❭●❄✹❊❉✺✽⑦❂❄✸✺✹s❇❴✿❄❉✎✸✺✹✼❀✼✹❃✶✑❱✲✹❪❞❩❲✦❵t❉✴❚❴✹s✽✴✹✼❇♥❞❍✹❊✸❃✉✠❉✺❚❴✹✼❇ ❉✺❚✢✹⑧✽✴✹✼❇✢❞❍✹✼✸✾❞❬✸✺✿✦❜❴✽❯❉✺❚✢✹⑥❉✴✸❦❂❆❇✢✽✴❳❨✶✥✽✴✽✴✶✑✿✦❇✩✸❦❂❄❉✺✹⑥❉✺✿✛❉✺❚❍✹❩❇❴✹❊➃❬❉④✻✑✿❃❋✞✹✼✸ ❞✢❂❪❉❦❂❢✸❦❂❄❉✺✹❨❂❄❇♥❞❩✽✯❉❦❂❆✸✴❉✺✽❅❂✾❉✺✶✑❳❨✹❭✸❃qs❺✡❤✕❉✺✹✼❇❏❀✼✿❄❇✢✽✴✹❃❀✼❝❬❉✺✶✥❱✲✹s❖◗❼✖✸✎✽❅❂❆✸✺✹ ✸✺✹✼❀✼✹❃✶✑❱❄✹❃❞➙✉♦❉✺❚❍✹✼❇✩❉✺❚❍✹❣❉✴✸❦❂❄❇❴✽✴❳❨✶✬✽✴✽✴✶✑✿✦❇⑤✸❦❂❄❉✺✹❣✶✥✽s✸❦❂❄✶✑✽✺✹❃❞⑤❉✺✿❏❉✺❚❴✹❣❇✢✹❭➃❍❉ ❚✢✶✑❫❄❚✢✹❊✸◗❞❴❂❆❉❦❂♣✸❦❂❪❉✺✹✎❂✲❇❴❞❢❉✺❚❍✹✪❉✴✶✬❳❡✹❊✸❧✶✑✽◗❀✼❂❄❇✢❀❊✹✼✻✑✻✬✹❃❞❥q✖é❘✿❪❋✞✹❊❱✦✹❊✸❃✉❍✶❛❤✆❉✺❚❴✹ ❉✺✶✑❳❨✹❊✸❘✹❊➃❍❜✢✶❛✸✺✹✼✽✼✉♥❉✺❚❍✹✎❉✴✸❦❂❄❇❴✽✴❳❨✶✬✽✴✽✴✶✥✿✲❇✾✸❊❂❪❉✺✹❅✶✥✽❧✸❦❂❄✶✥✽✴✹❃❞⑥❂❆✽❘❲✄✹❊❤①✿✲✸✺✹✲✉✢❲✢❝❴❉ ❋◗✶❛❉✺❚✛❉✺❚❴✹❢❀✼✿✦❇❴❞❴✶❛❉✺✶✥✿✲❇✛❉✺❚♥❂❪❉❡✶✑❤❘❂❄❇❈❖◗❼✖✸ ✶✬✽♣❇❴✿✲❉⑦✸✺✹✼❀✼✹❊✶✬❱❄✹❃❞✛❤❑✿❄✸♣❉✺❚❴✹ ❱✲✹✼✸✴❵⑤❇❴✹❊➃❬❉✾❜❴❂✲❀❦●✲✹❊❉❃✉♦❉✺❚❴✹✼❇✩❉✺❚❍✹❣✸❦❂❄❉✺✹⑥✶✑✽✾✻✑✿❃❋♦✹❊✸✺✹✼❞✷❂❄❫❁❂❆✶✑❇➀❂✲❇❴❞Ø❉✺❚❴✹ ❉✺✶✑❳❨✹❊✸✇✶✬✽◗✸✺✹✼✽✯❉❦❂❆✸✴❉✺✹❃❞❥q✇❺✡❇⑥✿✦❝❬✸✪✶✥❳❨❜❴✻✥✹✼❳❨✹❊❇✦❉❦❂❄❉✺✶✑✿✲❇⑥❋✞✹♣❂❆❉✴❉✺✹✼❳❡❜❴❉✺✹❃❞④❉✺✿ ❂✲❞❍❚✢✹❊✸✺✹❘❂❄✽✕❀✼✻✥✿✲✽✺✹✼✻❛❵s❂✲✽✕❜♥✿✦✽✴✽✴✶✥❲❴✻✥✹❧❉✺✿❅❉✺❚❍✹❘❞❴✹✼✽✴❀❊✸✺✶✥❜❬❉✺✶✬✿❄❇s❫✦✶✑❱✦✹✼❇s✶✑❇⑧➅✑➆❪➇❪➈❷q é✇✿❃❋✮✹✼❱✦✹❊✸❃✉❴❱❆❂✲✻✑❝✢✹✼✽♦❤❑✿❄✸♦❉✺❚✢✹✇❉✺✶✥❳❨✹✼✿❄❝❴❉♦❋♦✹❊✸✺✹✎❝❍❇✢✽✴❜✄✹❊❀✼✶ ② ✹❃❞❥q r✞❚✢✹❊✸✺✹❊❤❑✿❄✸✺✹✲✉✢❜❴✸✺✶✑✿✲✸❧❉✺✿❨✶✥❇❴✶✑❉✺✶✥❂❆❉✺✶✥❇❴❫s✿❄❝❴✸◗✽✯❉✺❝♥❞❬❵✦✉✢❋✮✹✎✹❊➃❍❜✄✹❊✸✺✶✑❳❨✹✼❇❁❉✺✹❃❞ ❋◗✶❛❉✺❚❢✽✴✹❃❱❄✹❊✸❦❂✲✻♥❉✺✶✑❳❨✹✼✿❄❝❴❉♦❱❆❂❆✻✬❝❍✹❃✽✮❉✴✿❡❞❍✹❊❉✺✹❭✸❭❳♣✶✬❇❍✹✪❂❅✸✺✹❃❂❄✽✴✿✲❇♥❂❄❲❴✻✑✹✇❱❆❂❄✻✥❝❴✹ ❤⑨✿❆✸s✿✦❝❬✸❯✽✴✶✥❳⑦❝✢✻✥❂❪❉✺✶✬✿❄❇✢✽✼qØr♦❚❴✹④✸✺✹❊✽✴❝✢✻❛❉✺✽s✿❄❤❘❉✴❚✢✹✼✽✺✹✾✹❊➃❍❜♥✹✼✸✺✶✑❳❨✹✼❇❁❉✺✽s❂❆✸✺✹ ✽✴❚✢✿❃❋◗❇❨✶✑❇s↔✆✶✑❫✦❝❬✸✺✹◗➒❍✉✲❋◗❚❍✶✬❀❦❚❨✽✴❚❍✿❆❋❧✽✖❉✺❚❍✹❧❂❆❱❄✹❊✸❦❂✲❫✲✹✞❉✺❚❍✸✺✿✲❝❴❫✲❚✢❜❴❝❍❉✕❂✲✽✘❂ ❤⑨❝❍❇✢❀❊❉✺✶✑✿✦❇⑦✿✲❤❴❉✺❚✢✹✮❉✺✶✑❳❨✹✼✿✲❝❍❉✖❱❆❂✲✻✑❝✢✹✕❤⑨✿❄✸✖✽✴✹✼❱✲✹❊✸❦❂❄✻❴❞❍✶✑✐❥✹❊✸✺✹✼❇✦❉✖❳❡✹❪❂❄❇❡❇❍✿❍❞❍✹ ✽✴❜✄✹✼✹❪❞❬✽✼q✘↔❴✸✺✿✲❳ ❉✺❚❴✹✼✽✴✹◗✸✺✹❊✽❦❝❍✻✑❉✴✽✮✶✑❉✞❂❆❜✢❜✄✹❃❂❪✸✺✽✕❉✺❚✢❂❆❉✮❖❘❽◗↔t✶✑✽✕✸✺✹❊✻①❂❪❉✺✶✥❱✲✹✼✻❛❵ ✶✑❇✢✽✴✹❃❇❍✽✺✶✑❉✺✶✑❱❄✹✪❉✺✿❡❉✺❚✢✹✪❀❦❚✢✿❄✶✬❀❊✹✎✿❄❤✆❉✺✶✑❳❨✹✼✿✲❝❍❉❃✉❍❤⑨✿❄✸❧❉✺❚❍✹✎❫✲✶✥❱✲✹✼❇④✽✴❀✼✹✼❇♥❂❪✸✺✶✬✿❄✽✼q é✇✿❃❋✮✹✼❱✦✹❊✸❃✉❁❉✺❚❴✹❊✸✺✹✇✶✑✽♦❂❅❀✼✻✥✹❃❂❆✸✞❉✺❚❬✸✺✹✼✽✺❚❍✿✦✻✥❞s✸✺✹❃❫❄✶✑✿✦❇❯✶✥❇❯❉✴❚❴✹✇è✦➓❄❳❨✽✯▲ ✭✲➓❄❳❡✽ ✸❦❂✲❇❍❫✦✹✲✉✖❞❬✹❃❜♥✹❃❇❴❞❴✶✑❇✢❫⑥✿❄❇❏❉✺❚✢✹❯❞❍✹✼❫❄✸✺✹❊✹❢✿❆❤❧❳❨✿✦❲❍✶✬✻✑✶❛❉❸❵✲✉♠❲✄✹❊❵✦✿✲❇♥❞t❋❧❚❴✶✥❀❦❚ ❉✺❚✢✹❭✸✺✹♦✶✥✽✖✻✑✶✑❉✴❉✴✻✬✹♦❜✄✹❭✸✴❤❑✿✲✸✺❳s❂❆❇✢❀✼✹♦❀❦❚❴❂✲❇❴❫✲✹♦❲❴❝❍❉✕❲✢✹❃✻✥✿❃❋❈❋◗❚✢✶✑❀❦❚♣❉✺❚✢✹❭✸✺✹♦✶✥✽✘❂ ❇✢✿❆❉✺✶✑❀✼✹❪❂❄❲❴✻✥✹⑦❞❁✸✺✿✦❜❥q❧r✞❚✢✹❅❞❬✸✺✿✲❜⑥❀❃❂❆❇❣❲✄✹⑦❂❆❉✴❉✴✸✺✶✑❲✢❝❬❉✺✹❪❞✾❉✺✿❡❉✺❚❴✹⑦❫❆✸✺✹❃❂❄❉✴✹✼✸ ❤❑✸✺✹❃➌✦❝❴✹✼❇✢❀❭❵✩❂❆❉❢❋❧❚❴✶✑❀❭❚✷❜❴❂✲❀❦●✲✹❊❉✺✽✾❂❆✸✺✹⑥✻✑✿✦✽✯❉✾❞❍❝❴✹❣❉✺✿✛✸❦❂❪❉✺✹⑥✶✥❇❴❀❊✸✺✹❃❂✲✽✴✹❊✽ ❉✴✸✺✶✑❫✦❫✲✹❭✸✺✹❃❞➀❲❬❵✩❉✺✶✥❳❡✹✼✿✲❝❍❉✺✽❣❞❴❝❍✸✺✶✑❇✢❫⑩❉✺✶✬❳❡✹✼✽④✶✥❇➀❋❧❚✢✶✑❀❭❚➀❉✺❚❍✹❏❀❦❚✢❂❄❇❴❇❴✹✼✻ ❀✼✿✦❇❴❞❴✶❛❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❴✽♦❂❆✸✺✹❘❜✄✿❍✿❆✸❃q✘↔✢✿❄✸✮❉✺❚✢✹✇✹❭➃❴❜✄✹❭✸✺✶✥❳❡✹✼❇❁❉✺✽✮❋❧✶✥❉✺❚❯❳❨✿✲❲❴✶✥✻✑✶✑❉✡❵✦✉❬❉✺❚❴✹ ❜✄✹❃❂❆●⑥✶✬❇❩❜♥✹✼✸✴❤❑✿❄✸✺❳s❂❄❇❴❀✼✹❡✶✥✽✪✶✥❇❩❉✴❚❴✹❨è✦➓❆❳❨✽✪✸❦❂❄❇❴❫✲✹✦✉❥❋◗❚❴✹❭✸❭✹✼❂❄✽✪❤❑✿❄✸✪❉✺❚❴✹

SLIDE 8 ✹❭➃❴❜✄✹❭✸✺✶✥❳❡✹✼❇❁❉♦❋❘✶❛❉✺❚❴✿✲❝❴❉❧❳❡✿✦❲❴✶✥✻✑✶❛❉❸❵✦✉❍❉✺❚✢✹✪❜✄✹❭✸✴❤⑨✿❄✸✺❳s❂❄❇❴❀✼✹✪✸✺✶✥✽✴✹✼✽❧✽✴❚♥❂❪✸✺❜✢✻❛❵ ❝❴❇❁❉✴✶✬✻❧❉✺❚✢✹ ✭❄➓✲❳❨✽s✸❦❂✲❇❍❫✦✹⑧❂❄❇✢❞Ø❉✺❚❍✹❃❇✩✻✥✹✼❱✲✹✼✻✥✽❯✿✲✐✆q→r♦❚✢✹⑥✽✴✻✥✶✥❫❄❚❁❉④❞❬✶✑❤①▲ ❤❑✹❊✸✺✹✼❇✢❀❊✹✼✽s✶✬❇Ø❜♥✹❪❂❄●❈❱❆❂❄✻✥❝❍✹✼✽❯❲✄✹❊❉✡❋✞✹✼✹✼❇Ø❉✺❚❍✹⑥❳❨✿❄❲✢✶✑✻✑✶✥❉◆❵⑤✹❊➃❍❜♥✹✼✸✺✶✑❳❨✹✼❇❁❉✺✽ ❳❡✿✦✽✯❉⑦✻✬✶✑●✲✹❊✻✥❵❩✸✺✹✼❜❬✸❭✹❊✽✴✹✼❇❁❉✺✽❅❉✺❚❴✿✲✽✴✹s✸✺✹✼❫❄✶✬✿❄❇✢✽❅✶✬❇t❋❧❚✢✶✑❀❭❚t❉✺❚✢✹❨❉✺✶✑❳❨✹❃✿✲❝❍❉✺✽ ❂❆✸✺✹❘❤❑✸✺✹❃➌✦❝❴✹✼❇❁❉♦✹✼❇❍✿✦❝✢❫❄❚❢❉✺✿❅✸✺✹✼✽✺❜♥✿✦❇❴❞s❋♦✹✼✻✑✻✄❉✴✿♣❉✺❚❴✹✇❱❆❂❄✸✺✶✥❂❆❉✺✶✥✿✲❇❴✽✞✶✑❇❢❉✺❚❴✹ ❽❘❂✼❵❍✻✥✹❊✶✥❫✲❚⑦❀❦❚♥❂❆❇✢❇❴✹✼✻⑨✉✲❲❴❝❍❉♠❇❴✿❄❉✆❉✺✿❁✿◗❤①✸✺✹❃➌❁❝❍✹❃❇✦❉✆❉✺❚❴❂❄❉✆❉✴❚❴✹✕❤❷❂❆✶✥✻✥✹❃❞✎❜♥❂❆❀❭●✲✹❊❉ ❂❆❉✴❉✴✹❃❳❨❜❬❉✺✽❘✽✺✶✑❫✦❇❍✶ ② ❀❃❂✲❇✦❉✺✻❛❵❣✶✑❳❨❜✢❂❄❀✼❉◗❜✄✹❊✸✴❤⑨✿❆✸✺❳s❂✲❇❍❀❃✹✲q◗❾✞❂❆✽❦✹✼❞❣✿✲❇❣❉✺❚❍✹✼✽✺✹ ✸✺✹❃✽✴❝❍✻✑❉✺✽✼✉❍❋✮✹✪❀❦❚✢✿✲✽✺✹✇❂♣❱❄❂❄✻✑❝✢✹✪✿❆❤✑✭✦➓❆❳❨✽✞❤❑✿❄✸♦✿✦❝❴✸✞✽✴✶✬❳⑦❝❴✻✬❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❍✽❃✉❬❋❧❚✢✶✑❀❭❚ ❂❄❜❴❜✄✹❃❂❆✸✺✽❨❉✺✿✛❲✄✹⑥❂t✸✺✹❃❂❄✽✴✿✲❇♥❂❆❲✢✻✑✹⑥❀✼✿❄❳❨❜❴✸✺✿❄❳❨✶✬✽✴✹❣❤①✿❄✸❯❉✺❚❍✹ ② ➃❍✹❃❞Ø❂✲❇✢❞ ❳❡✿✦❲❴✶✥✻✑✹④✽✺✶✑❳♣❝❴✻✥❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇✢✽♣❉✺❚✢❂❄❉❡❋✞✹❣❚❴❂❆❱❄✹④❝❴✽✴✹❃❞⑤✶✥❇❈✿✦❝❬✸❯❜♥✹✼✸✴❤❑✿❆✸✺❳s❂✲❇✢❀❊✹ ❂❄❇✢❂✲✻❛❵❍✽✴✶✑✽❃q

5.2 Receiver-BasedAutoRate Protocol(RBAR)

③❬✿❡❤❷❂❪✸❘✶✑❇❣✿❄❝❴✸❘❞❴✶✑✽✴❀✼❝❴✽✴✽✺✶✥✿❄❇✢✽❧✿✲❤♠❽❘❾✞❖◗❽➹❋✮✹✎❚♥❂❃❱✦✹❅❞❬✹❃✻✥✶✑❲✄✹❊✸❦❂❆❉✴✹❃✻❛❵✾❇❴✹❊▲ ❫✲✻✥✹❊❀❊❉✺✹❃❞✛❉✺✿⑧✽✴❜✄✹✼❀✼✶❛❤❑❵❏❉✺❚❴✹❯❀❭❚✢❂❄❇✢❇❴✹✼✻♦➌✦❝✢❂❄✻✥✶✑❉✡❵✛✹✼✽✯❉✺✶✥❳s❂❪❉✺✶✥✿✲❇❈❂❄❇♥❞❏✸❦❂❆❉✺✹ ✽✺✹✼✻✑✹✼❀❭❉✺✶✬✿❄❇♣❜❍✸✺✿❄❉✺✿❬❀✼✿✲✻✥✽✼q♠r♦❚❴✶✥✽♠✶✑✽♠❲✄✹✼❀✼❂❄❝✢✽✴✹✕❉✺❚✢✹❊✸✺✹♦❂❪✸✺✹♦❂❄✻✑✸✺✹❃❂❄❞❍❵⑦❂❘❇❬❝❍❳❡▲ ❲✄✹❭✸✾✿❄❤✎✹❊➃❍✶✑✽✺❉✺✶✑❇❴❫✛❜❴✸✺✿❆❉✺✿❁❀❃✿✲✻✑✽✾✶✑❇✩❉✺❚❍✹⑧✻✑✶✑❉✺✹❭✸❦❂❄❉✺❝❍✸✺✹⑩■⑨✹❄q ❫❍q❰➅ ✹❄➈❷✉❅➅✑➆✲➆❊➈⑨❙❦✉ ➅ ➔✲➔❃➈❷❙❦✉❍❂❆❇❁❵s✿❄❤➙❋❧❚✢✶✑❀❦❚❢❳❨❂❪❵s❲✢✹✇❝✢✽✴✹✼❞❯✶✥❇❯❽◗❾✞❖❘❽❅q❁é✇✿❃❋♦✹❊❱✲✹❊✸❃✉❁❤⑨✿❆✸♦✿✲❝❍✸ ❜✄✹❭✸✴❤⑨✿❄✸✺❳s❂❄❇❴❀✼✹❅❂❄❇✢❂✲✻❛❵❬✽✺✶✑✽♦❋✞✹✎❀❦❚✢✿✲✽✴✹✪❉✺❚❴✹✇❤⑨✿❄✻✬✻✑✿❃❋◗✶✥❇❴❫❴q ↔✢✿❆✸❨❉✺❚✢✹✾❀❭❚❴❂✲❇❍❇✢✹✼✻❧➌❁❝♥❂❆✻✑✶✥❉◆❵❈✹✼✽✯❉✺✶✑❳s❂❄❉✺✶✑✿✲❇Ø❂❄❇✢❞⑤❜❬✸✺✹❃❞❍✶✥❀✼❉✯✶✬✿❄❇✩❂❆✻✥❫✲✿❄▲ ✸✺✶✑❉✺❚❍❳④✉✒❋✮✹❡❝❴✽✴✹❪❞❩❂❢✽✺❂✲❳❨❜❍✻✬✹♣✿✲❤✘❉✺❚✢✹❡✶✥❇❍✽✯❉❦❂✲❇✦❉❦❂✲❇❍✹✼✿✦❝❍✽✪✸✺✹✼❀✼✹✼✶✥❱✲✹❃❞⑧✽✺✶✑❫❄▲ ❇✢❂❄✻♥✽✯❉✴✸✺✹❊❇✢❫❄❉✺❚❯❂❪❉✕❉✺❚❴✹❧✹✼❇♥❞❡✿❄❤✄❉✺❚✢✹❧❽✖r❧③♣✸✺✹✼❀✼✹❃❜❬❉✺✶✑✿✦❇✒q♠❺✡❇❨❜❴✸❦❂❆❀❊❉✺✶✥❀✼✹✲✉❁✿❆❤ ❀❊✿✦❝❴✸✺✽✴✹✲✉❴❳⑦❝✢❀❦❚④❳❨✿✲✸✺✹❅❂❆❀✼❀✼❝❍✸❦❂❆❉✺✹✪❉✺✹✼❀❦❚✢❇❴✶✬➌✦❝❴✹✼✽❧❀❃✿✲❝❴✻✬❞❢❲✄✹✎❝✢✽✴✹❃❞❥✉✢✽✺❝❍❀❭❚ ❂❄✽❧❉✯❚✢✿✦✽✴✹✎✶✑❇❏➅ ✹❆➈❷✉✒➅❛➆✛✯❪➈◆✉♥❂❆❇♥❞❩➅✑➆❃➓❆➈❷q ↔✢✿❆✸✮❉✺❚✢✹❧✸❦❂❆❉✺✹◗✽✺✹✼✻✑✹✼❀✼❉✴✶✥✿✲❇❢❂❄✻✥❫✲✿❆✸✺✶✥❉✺❚❍❳④✉❁❋✮✹✇❝❍✽❦✹✼❞s❂⑦✽✴✶✑❳❨❜❴✻✥✹◗❉✴❚❴✸✺✹❊✽❦❚❬▲ ✿✲✻✬❞❯❲❴❂✲✽✴✹❃❞s❉✺✹✼❀❭❚❍❇✢✶✥➌❁❝✢✹❄q✘r✞❚❴✸✺✹✼✽✴❚❴✿✲✻✬❞❯❲✢❂❄✽✺✹❃❞❨❉✺✹✼❀❦❚✢❇❴✶✬➌❁❝❍✹✼✽♦❚❴❂❆❱❄✹✇❲✄✹✼✹✼❇ ❋◗✶✥❞❴✹❊✻✑❵⑧✽✯❉✺❝✢❞❍✶✥✹❃❞❈■⑨✹✲q ❫❴q❢➅ ➔✲➔❆➈❷✉✘➅ ✹❪➈❷✉✮➅❛➆✲➆❊➈⑨❙❦q⑦❺✡❇❏❂s❉✺❚❴✸✺✹✼✽✴❚❴✿✲✻✥❞⑧✽❦❀❦❚❍✹✼❳❨✹✦✉ ❉✺❚❴✹✕✸❭❂❆❉✺✹✕✶✬✽♠❀❦❚❍✿✦✽✴✹✼❇⑦❲❬❵❅❀❊✿✲❳❨❜✢❂❆✸✺✶✥❇❴❫◗❉✺❚✢✹✮❀❦❚♥❂❆❇✢❇❴✹✼✻❍➌✦❝♥❂❄✻✥✶❛❉❸❵❅✹✼✽✯❉✺✶✑❳s❂❆❉✺✹ ❂❄❫✦❂✲✶✑❇✢✽✯❉⑦❂✾✽❦✹❭✸✺✶✥✹❊✽⑦✿❄❤✞❉✺❚❍✸✺✹❃✽✴❚❴✿✲✻✥❞❴✽✎✸✺✹✼❜❍✸✺✹✼✽✴✹✼❇❁❉✺✶✑❇✢❫④❉✺❚❍✹❯❞❴✹❊✽✴✶✥✸✺✹❃❞❩❜✄✹❊✸✴▲ ❤❑✿❄✸✺❳s❂✲❇❍❀✼✹✎❲♥✿✲❝❴❇✢❞❴✽♦✿❄❤✠❉✺❚✢✹✎❂❃❱❆❂✲✶✑✻✥❂✲❲❴✻✥✹✪❳❨✿❬❞❍❝✢✻✥❂❆❉✺✶✥✿✲❇✾✽✴❀❭❚❴✹✼❳❨✹✼✽✼q✕r✞❚❴✹ ❳❡✿❴❞❍❝❴✻✬❂❆❉✺✶✑✿❄❇④✽✴❀❦❚✢✹✼❳❨✹❘❋❧✶✥❉✺❚❯❉✺❚✢✹✪❚❍✶✥❫✲❚✢✹❊✽✯❉◗❞❴❂❄❉❦❂❅✸❦❂❆❉✺✹✇❉✺❚✢❂❆❉❧✽✺❂❪❉✺✶✥✽ ② ✹❃✽ ❉✺❚❴✹✎❜✄✹❊✸✴❤⑨✿❆✸✺❳s❂❄❇❴❀✼✹✎✿✦❲ ✛✯✹✼❀❊❉✺✶✥❱✲✹✪❤❑✿❄✸❧❉✺❚✢✹✎❀❦❚♥❂❆❇✢❇❍✹✼✻✆➌✦❝✢❂❄✻✥✶✑❉✡❵❢✹❃✽✯❉✺✶✥❳❨❂❆❉✺✹✦✉ ✶✥✽❡❉✺❚❍✹❣❀❦❚❴✿✦✽✴✹❊❇⑤✸❦❂❪❉✺✹✲qØr✞❚✢✹④❜❍✸✺✿❄❉✺✿❁❀❃✿❄✻✞❋♦✹④❝❍✽✺✹❃❞✛❋❧❂❄✽❡❉✺❚❴✹✾❤①✿✦✻✑✻✬✿❃❋♦▲ ✶✥❇❍❫✢q✕③❍❝❍❜✢❜✄✿❄✽❦✹❘❋✞✹✪❋❧✶✥✽✴❚✾❉✺✿❨✽✴✹✼✻✥✹✼❀❊❉♦❉✺❚❴✹✪❳❨✿❍❞❬❝✢✻✥❂❄❉✺✶✑✿✲❇✾✽❦❀❦❚❍✹❃❳❨✹✇❉✺❚♥❂❪❉ ❚✢❂❄✽✇❉✺❚❴✹❡❚❴✶✥❫❄❚✢✹✼✽✯❉✎❞✢❂❆❉❦❂s✸❦❂❆❉✺✹❡❂✲❳❨✿❄❇✢❫❯❉✺❚❴✿✦✽✴✹⑦❋❧✶✥❉✺❚⑧❲❴✶✑❉✪✹❊✸✴✸✺✿❄✸✪✸❦❂❆❉✴✹❃✽ ☞→➆❪➑✖▲❸➇✪❤⑨✿❄✸✮❉✺❚✢✹✇✹❃✽✯❉✺✶✑❳s❂❪❉✺✹❃❞✾③❍P✇❽➀✿❄❤✠❉✴❚❴✹✪❇❴✹❭➃❍❉✞❜♥❂❄❀❦●✦✹❊❉❃q✘r✞❚❴✹✇❜❍✸✺✿❄▲ ❉✺✿❬❀✼✿❄✻✠❋✞✿✲❝❴✻✬❞④❉✺❚✢✹✼❇⑥❀❦❚✢✿❁✿❄✽✺✹❅❉✺❚❴✹♣❳❡✿❬❞❴❝❍✻①❂❪❉✺✶✥✿✲❇⑥✽✴❀❭❚❴✹✼❳❨✹♣❂❄✽❘❤①✿✦✻✑✻✑✿❆❋❧✽❃q ▼➙✹❊❉✁ ✻ ✏✄✂☎✂☎✂ ✏✆✞✝✷✸✺✹❃❜❬✸✺✹✼✽✺✹✼❇✦❉✞❉✺❚❍✹✇✽✴✹❭❉✞✿✲❤✒❳❨✿❬❞❴❝❴✻✥❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❯✽✴❀❭❚❴✹✼❳❨✹✼✽✮✶✥❇ ✶✥❇❍❀❊✸✺✹❪❂❄✽✴✶✥❇❴❫❡✿✲✸❦❞❍✹✼✸❧✿❄❤✆❉✴❚✢✹❊✶✥✸◗❞❴❂❆❉❦❂♣✸❦❂❄❉✯✹✦✉✢❂❄❇♥❞✠✟☛✡ ✏☎✂☎✂☞✂☞✏✌✟ ✝ ✸✺✹✼❜❍✸✺✹✼✽✴✹✼❇❁❉ ❉✺❚❴✹⑧③❁P✇❽ ❉✺❚❴✸✺✹✼✽✴❚❴✿✦✻✥❞❴✽❯❂❪❉s❋❧❚✢✶✑❀❭❚ ✞☛✟✠✡♣■✍ ✡ ❙✏✎ ➆❃➑♠▲✯➇❁q✰❼✞❚❍✿❍✿❄✽✺✹ ❳❡✿❴❞❍❝❴✻✬❂❆❉✺✶✑✿❄❇❣✽✴❀❭❚❴✹✼❳❨✹

✶✑❤ ✁✒✑ ✡ ✠✓✟ ✻

✶✑❤✔✟ ✡ ☞ ✁✕✑ ✡ ✠✓✟ ✡✗✖✑✻ ✏ ✔✘✎➉➆✒✏☎✂✄✂☎✂ ✏✙✑✛✚⑤➆

✿✲❉✴❚✢✹❭✸✴❋❘✶✑✽✴✹ P❘✿❄❉✺✶✑❀❃✹♠❉✺❚✢❂❆❉✒❉✺❚❍✶✬✽➙❜❴✸✺✿❆❉✺✿❁❀❃✿✲✻✲❂✲✽✴✽✴❝✢❳❨✹❊✽✒❉✴❚✢❂❆❉➙❉✺❚✢✹✖❱❆❂✲✻✑❝✢✹✼✽➙✿✲❤✜✟ ✻☞✏☎✂☎✂☎✂✓✏✌✟ ✝ ❂❆✸✺✹❨●❁❇✢✿❃❋◗❇➙q❨❺✡❇t❜❴✸❦❂❄❀❭❉✺✶✥❀❊✹✦✉✠❚❴✿❪❋✮✹✼❱✦✹❊✸❃✉✒✶✑❉✎✶✬✽✎✶✑❳❨❜✄✿❄✽✺✽✴✶✥❲❴✻✑✹❡❉✺✿❣❞❍✹❊❉✺✹❊✸✴▲ ❳❡✶✬❇❍✹✮❉✺❚✢✹✮❾♦➑✘❽❈❀❦❚♥❂❪✸❦❂✲❀❊❉✺✹❊✸✺✶✑✽✴❉✴✶✥❀✼✽♠❜❍✸❦✹✼❀❊✶✥✽✴✹❃✻❛❵✦✉❄❇✢✹❊❀✼✹✼✽✺✽✴✶❛❉❦❂❄❉✴✶✥❇❴❫◗❉✺❚✢✹✞❝❍✽✺✹ ✿❄❤✇❂❆❜✢❜❍✸✺✿❪➃❬✶✥❳s❂❪❉✺✶✥✿✲❇❴✽❃qt↔✢✿❄✸❡✿✲❝❍✸❨✽✴✶✑❳♣❝❴✻✥❂❄❉✴✶✥✿✲❇✢✽⑦❋✞✹❢❝✢✽✴✹❃❞❏❉✺❚❴✹④❾✮➑✘❽ ✹✼➌❬❝✢❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❍✽✕❤①✿✦❝❴❇✢❞❨✶✑❇⑥➅ ➔❄➓❆➈❷✉❁❋❧❚✢✶✑❀❦❚❯❂❆✸✺✹◗❜❍✸✺✹✼✽✺✹✼❇✦❉✺✹✼❞❨✶✬❇❡❉✺❚❴✹❧❇✢✹❊➃❬❉✕✽✴✹✼❀❊▲ ❉✺✶✥✿✲❇➙q

5.3 Error Model

➎✇❝❍✸✪✹❊✸✴✸✺✿❄✸✪❳❨✿❍❞❬✹❃✻✠❋❧❂❄✽✇❲✢❂✲✽✴✹✼❞⑧✿✲❇⑧❉✺❚❍✹❨❞❬✹✼❉✺❂✲✶✑✻✑✹❪❞⑥✽✴✶✑❳♣❝❴✻✬❂❆❉✴✶✬✿❄❇⑧✿✲❤✕❂ ❽❘❂✼❵❍✻✥✹❊✶✥❫✲❚✪❤⑨❂✲❞❍✶✑❇✢❫❧❀❭❚❴❂✲❇❍❇✢✹✼✻⑨✉❆❝❍✽❦✶✑❇❴❫✞❉✺❚❴✹✖❋✞✹✼✻✥✻✲●❁❇❴✿❃❋❘❇ ✲❂❄●✦✹✼✽❀❅✼❳❨✹❊❉✺❚❍✿❴❞ ➅✑➆✼è❆➈✡q✆❺❸❇❨❉✴❚❴✶✥✽✕✽✴✹✼❀❊❉✺✶✥✿✲❇➙✉✦❋✞✹◗❞❴✹❊✽✴❀❊✸❦✶✥❲✄✹❄✉❁✶✑❇❯❞❴✹❊❉❦❂❆✶✥✻❷✉❁❚❍✿❆❋⑤❋♦✹❧❝✢✽✴✹✼❞❡❉✺❚❴✶✥✽ ❳❡✹❊❉✺❚✢✿❍❞❢❉✺✿❡❳❨✿❬❞❴✹✼✻➙❜♥❂❆❀❭●❄✹✼❉❧✹❊✸✴✸✺✿✲✸✺✽❧✶✑❇④✿✦❝❬✸◗✽✴✶✑❳♣❝❴✻✬❂❆❉✺✶✥✿❄❇✢✽✼q ❁❂❄●❄✹❃✽❀❅✢❳❡✹❊❉✺❚❴✿❍❞❢✶✥✽◗❂♣❉✺✹❊❀❭❚❴❇❴✶✬➌✦❝✢✹✪❤①✿❄✸◗✽✴✶✬❳⑦❝❍✻①❂❪❉✺✶✥❇❴❫s❂❡✽✴✶✑❫✦❇❴❂✲✻❥❋❧✶✑❉✺❚ ❽❘❂❃❵❬✻✥✹✼✶✑❫✦❚⑧❤⑨❂✦❞❬✶✥❇❴❫✾❀❭❚✢❂❆✸❦❂✲❀❊❉✺✹❭✸✺✶✥✽✴❉✴✶✥❀✼✽✼q❡r♦❚✢✹♣❉✺✹❊❀❭❚❴❇✢✶✥➌✦❝✢✹❨✶✑✽✎❲✢❂❄✽✴✹❃❞❩✿✲❇ ❉✺❚✢✹❧✽✴✶✥❳❅❝✢✻✥❂❄❉✺✶✑✿✲❇s✿✲❤➙❂ ② ❇❴✶✑❉✺✹❧❇❁❝✢❳⑦❲✄✹❊✸✮✿❄❤❥✿✦✽✴❀✼✶✑✻✬✻✥❂❪❉✺✿✲✸✺✽✘❋◗✶❛❉✺❚ ✖✇✿✲❜❴❜❴✻✥✹✼✸ ✽✴❚✢✶❛❤❑❉✺✹✼❞s❤①✸✺✹❃➌✦❝✢✹✼❇❴❀✼✶✑✹❃✽✼✉❁❋◗❚❴✿✦✽✴✹❘✿✲❝❍❉✺❜❴❝❍❉✺✽♦❂❆✸✺✹❘❀✼✿✦❳⑦❲❴✶✥❇❴✹✼❞❯❉✺✿⑦❜❍✸✺✿❍❞❍❝❴❀✼✹ ❉✺❚✢✹t✽✴✶✑❳♣❝❴✻✬❂❪❉✺✹❃❞✰❽❘❂❃❵❬✻✥✹✼✶✑❫✲❚✰❤⑨❂✦❞❬✶✬❇❍❫✩✽✴✶✑❫✦❇❴❂✲✻⑨q r✞❚✢✹❩✸✺✹✼✽✺❝❴✻✑❉✺❂✲❇✦❉❣✽✴✶✬❫❆▲ ❇♥❂❆✻✒✢♦■✺✡✴❙✣✎✥✤✧✦❆■✺✡✺❙✩★✫✪✬✤✧✭❄■✺✡✺❙❦✉❥❋❧❚❴✹❊✸✺✹✮✤✯✦♣❂❄❇✢❞✰✤✧✭♣❂❆✸✺✹♣❉✺❚❴✹❡✽✴✶✑❫✦❇❴❂✲✻ ❅ ✽ ✶✑❇❴▲◆❜❍❚♥❂❄✽✺✹✾■①✸✺✹❪❂❄✻①❙❘❂❆❇♥❞⑧➌❁❝♥❂✲❞❬✸❦❂❆❉✺❝❍✸✺✹✾■⑨✶✥❳s❂❄❫❄✶✬❇❴❂❄✸✴❵✢❙◗❀❊✿✲❳❨❜✄✿✦❇❍✹❃❇✦❉✺✽✼✉➙✶✑✽ ❀✼✿✦❳❡❜❴❝❍❉✺✹❃❞④❂✲✽♦❤①✿✲✻✥✻✥✿❃❋◗✽ ✤✯✦❄■✺✡✴❙✕✎ ➆ ✱ ✑ ✝ ✲ ✳✵✴ ✻ ❀❊✿✦✽✷✶ ✳ ❀❃✿✲✽❃■✹✸ ✳ ✡✺★✼✻✜✶ ✳ ❙ ■❸➆❄❙ ✤✧✭✲■ ✡✺❙✒✎ ➆ ✱ ✑ ✝ ✲ ✳✬✴ ✻ ✽✴✶✥❇✣✶ ✳ ❀❃✿✲✽❃■✹✸ ✳ ✡✺★✼✻✜✶ ✳ ❙ ■❷➔❁❙ ❋◗❚❴✹❭✸✺✹✽✑➣✶✬✽✞❉✺❚❴✹✎❇❁❝✢❳⑦❲✄✹❊✸❧✿✲❤♠✿❄✽❦❀❊✶✥✻✑✻✬❂❆❉✺✿❆✸✺✽❪✉✷✻✏✎→➆✦✉❴❂✲❇✢❞ ✸ ✳ ✎ ➔✬✾ ✕ ✿ ❀✼✿✦✽❁❀ ✾ ✌ ➔✬✑❂★✷➆❄❃ ■ ✹❬❙ ✶ ✳ ✎ ✾ ✌ ✑ ■❑è❍❙ r♦❚❴✹✮✶✥❇❴✽✯❉❦❂❄❇❁❉❦❂❄❇❴✹✼✿✲❝❴✽♠❫✦❂✲✶✑❇⑦✿✲❤✢❉✺❚❍✹✞❀❦❚♥❂❆❇✢❇❍✹✼✻❬✶✬✽✠❉✺❚❴✹✼❇❅❉✺❚✢✹✮❳❨❂✲❫✲❇❴✶✑❉✺❝✢❞❍✹ ✿❄❤♠❉✯❚✢✹✎✽✴✶✑❫✦❇♥❂❆✻ ❅ ✢✞■✺✡✺❙ ❅ ✎❇❆ ✤❄❈ ✦ ■✺✡✺❙❉★✼✤✧❈ ✭ ■✺✡✴❙ ■❷➇❁❙ ❊ ✶✥❱✲✹✼❇❨❉✺❚❍✹❧❫❁❂❄✶✑❇✒✉✲❋✞✹❧❀✼✿✦❳❨❜❍❝❴❉✺✹✼❞♣❋◗❚✢✹❊❉✺❚❍✹❊✸✮❂✪❜♥❂✲❀❦●✲✹❊❉✘❋♦❂❆✽✕✸✺✹✼❀❊✹✼✶✑❱✦✹❃❞ ❋◗✶❛❉✺❚✩✹❊✸✴✸✺✿❆✸✺✽❢❝❍✽✺✶✑❇✢❫t❋✞✹✼✻✑✻❘●❁❇❴✿❪❋◗❇Ø❳❨✹❊❉✺❚❍✿❴❞❬✽s❤❑✿✲✸❯❀✼❂✲✻✑❀✼❝✢✻✥❂❆❉✺✶✥❇❍❫❏❉✺❚❴✹ ❜❴✸✺✹❭▲✡❫✲❂❄✶✥❇❯✽❦✶✑❫✦❇❴❂✲✻♥❉✺✿⑦❇✢✿✦✶✑✽✴✹◗✸❊❂❪❉✺✶✑✿④■ ✁✒✑ ✡❅❙✕❂❆❇♥❞s✸✺✹✼✽✴❝✢✻❛❉❦❂❆❇❬❉✞❲✢✶❛❉♦✹❊✸✴✸✺✿✲✸ ✸❦❂❄❉✴✹✪❤❑✿❄✸❧❉✺❚❴✹✎❳❡✿❬❞❴❝✢✻✥❂❄❉✯✶✬✿❄❇④✽✺❀❭❚❍✹✼❳❨✹❃✽♦❉✴❚✢❂❆❉❧❋✞✹❭✸✺✹✎❝✢✽✴✹❃❞❥q r✠✿❯❀✼✿✦❳❨❜❍❝❴❉✺✹❅❉✺❚❴✹⑦❱❄❂❄✻✑❝✢✹⑦✿❄❤✘❉✴❚✢✹⑦❜❴✸✺✹❭▲✡❫✲❂❄✶✥❇❣✸✺✹✼❀❃✹✼✶✑❱✲✹❪❞❣✽✴✶✥❫✲❇✢❂❄✻⑨✉✄❋✞✹ ❝✢✽✴✹✼❞s❉✺❚❴✹❘✻✑✿✦❫❆▲✡❞❍✶✥✽✯❉❦❂❄❇❴❀✼✹❘❜✢❂❄❉✴❚❯✻✥✿✲✽✴✽✞❳❨✿❬❞❍✹✼✻❷q✖r♦❚❴✶✥✽✮❳❨✿❍❞❬✹❃✻♥❫✦✶✑❱✲✹❊✽✮❉✺❚❴✹ ❜♥❂❪❉✺❚⑧✻✥✿✲✽✴✽●❋✘❍✮❂❪❉✎❂❢❞❴✶✑✽✯❉❦❂✲❇❍❀❃✹ ✍❢❤❑✸✺✿✲❳ ❉✺❚❴✹⑦❉✴✸❦❂❄❇❴✽✴❳❨✶✥❉❸❉✺✹❊✸✎❲♥❂❆✽✴✹❃❞⑧✿✲❇ ❉✺❚✢✹✇❜♥❂❆❉✺❚④✻✥✿❄✽✺✽❧❂❄❉❧✽✺✿✲❳❨✹✎❀✼✻✑✿✦✽✴✹❭▲✡✶✑❇❢✸✺✹❊❤⑨✹❊✸✺✹✼❇❴❀✼✹❅❞❴✶✑✽✯❉❦❂❆❇✢❀✼✹✄✍❏■❄q ❋ ❍ ■ ✍❴❙✒✎❑❋ ❍ ■ ✍❏■❆❙❄★ ✌✖➆❃➓♠✻✥✿✲❫ ✻ ■ ■ ✍✜▲ ✍❏■❆❙ ■ ✭❬❙ ❋◗❚❴✹❭✸✺✹ ✌✖✉❁❉✺❚❴✹ ➯✢➵❄➢ ✒ ➩✑➥ ê✺ê ➫✌▼❭➯❍➥✲➡❥➫❭➡✢➢ ✉❍❞❴✹❊❉✺✹❊✸✺❳❡✶✥❇❴✹✼✽✮❉✺❚❍✹❘✸❦❂❄❉✺✹◗✿✲❤✒✻✑✿✦✽✴✽✼q ❖➐❇❁❝❴❳♣❲✢✹✼✸❅✿❄❤✞❱❄❂❄✻✑❝❴✹✼✽✎❤❑✿❄✸ ✌⑤❚❴❂❆❱❄✹❨❲✄✹✼✹✼❇t❜❴✸✺✿✲❜✄✿❄✽✴✹❪❞⑧❤❑✿❄✸⑦❞❴✶❛✐❥✹❊✸✺✹❊❇❬❉ ✽✴✶✥❳♣❝❍✻①❂❪❉✺✹❃❞❅✹✼❇❁❱❬✶✑✸✺✿✲❇❴❳❨✹❃❇✦❉✺✽✼q✠✵❏✹✕❝✢✽✴✹❪❞✄✌◆✎✜✹❍✉❆❋◗❚❴✶✥❀❦❚⑦✶✥✽✆❀✼✿✲❳❨❳❨✿✲❇❴✻❛❵ ❝✢✽✴✹✼❞❩❉✺✿❣❳❨✿❍❞❬✹❃✻✕✻✑✿❄✽❦✽✎✶✥❇✛❂❆❇✛❝❬✸✺❲♥❂❄❇❏✹✼❇❁❱❬✶✑✸✺✿✲❇❴❳❨✹❊❇❬❉❯➅ ➔❄➓❆➈◆q❢r✒✿❣✹❃✽✯❉✺✶❛▲ ❳s❂❪❉✺✹❖❋ ❍ ■ ✍ ■ ❙❦✉✦❋♦✹❧❝✢✽✴✹✼❞❡❉✺❚✢✹◗↔❴✸✺✶✑✶✬✽✖❤❑✸✺✹✼✹❧✽✺❜❴❂✲❀✼✹❧❜❴✸✺✿✦❜❴❂✲❫✲❂❆❉✺✶✥✿✲❇s❳❨✿❬❞❍✹✼✻ ❋✘P✲■ ✍ ■ ❙✒✎ ❋✘◗❙❘❚◗❯❘ P ✿ ❈ ■⑨è✵✾✠❙ ❈ ✍ ❈ ■ ☞ ■ ✯❁❙ ❋◗❚❴✹❭✸✺✹◆❋ P ❂❆❇♥❞❱❋✘◗♣❂❆✸✺✹✾❉✺❚✢✹❢✸✺✹✼❀✼✹❃✶✑❱✲✹❣❂❄❇♥❞⑩❉✴✸❦❂❄❇❴✽✴❳❨✶❛❉❯❜♥✿❪❋✞✹❊✸✺✽⑥■⑨✶✑❇ ✵⑩❂❪❉✴❉✺✽❭❙❦✉✁❘ ◗ ❂❆❇♥❞❲❘❚P⑥❂❪✸✺✹❣❉✺❚✢✹④❉✴✸❦❂❆❇✢✽✴❳❨✶✑❉❢❂❄❇✢❞⑤✸✺✹✼❀❊✹❃✶✥❱❄✹⑧❂❄❇❁❉✺✹✼❇❴❇✢❂ ❫✦❂❄✶✥❇❴✽✼✉ ✿ ✶✥✽♣❉✺❚❴✹✾❀❃❂❄✸✴✸✺✶✑✹❊✸❨❋✞❂❆❱❄✹✼✻✑✹❃❇❴❫✲❉✺❚✰■⑨✶✑❇❈❳❨✹✼❉✴✹✼✸✺✽❭❙❦✉✮❂❄❇✢❞ ☞ ✶✑✽s❂ ✽✯❵❍✽✯❉✺✹✼❳ ✻✑✿✦✽✴✽♦❤⑨❂✲❀❭❉✺✿❄✸⑦■✺☞❳✎→➆✎✶✑❇❣✿❄❝❴✸❧✽✺✶✑❳♣❝❴✻✬❂❪❉✺✶✬✿❄❇✢✽❭❙❦q P❘✿✦✶✑✽✴✹✎❋♦❂❄✽❘❳❨✿❬❞❍✹✼✻✑✹❃❞⑥❂❄✽❘❂❨❀✼✿❄❳♣❲❴✶✥❇✢❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❣✿❆❤♠❉✺❚✢✹✎❇❴✿✲✶✥✽✴✹❅➍❴✿❬✿❄✸❘✿❄❤ ❉✺❚✢✹❧✶✑❇❁❉✺✹❊✸✴❤⑨❂❄❀✼✹◗❂✲❇✢❞❡❉✺❚❴✹◗❂✲❫✲❫❆✸✺✹❃❫✦❂❆❉✺✹◗✹✼❇❍✹✼✸✺❫❄❵❡✿❄❤➙❇✢✹✼✶✑❫❄❚❍❲✄✿❆✸✺✶✑❇✢❫✎❉✴✸❦❂❄❇❴✽✯▲ ❳❨✶✑✽✺✽✴✶✑✿✦❇❴✽✪❉✺❚✢❂❆❉✪❋✞✹❊✸✺✹❡❉✴✿❢❋♦✹❃❂❄●❣❉✺✿✾❀❃❂❄❝❴✽✴✹s❂✾❀❊✿✲✻✥✻✥✶✑✽✺✶✑✿✲❇➙q❨r♦❚❍✹❨❇❴✿✲✶✥✽✴✹ ➍♥✿❁✿❄✸✘❋✞❂✲✽✖❀✼✿✦❳❨❜❍❝❴❉✺✹✼❞❡❲✦❵ ② ✸✺✽✯❉✘❀❃❂✲✻✑❀✼❝✢✻✥❂❪❉✺✶✬❇❍❫✪❉✺❚❴✹♦❉✺❚❍✹❊✸✺❳s❂✲✻❍❇✢✿❄✶✬✽✴✹✣✑ ◗ ❝✢✽✴✶✑❇❴❫❡❉✺❚✢✹✇❋✞✹✼✻✑✻✒●❬❇❍✿❆❋❧❇✾✹❃➌❁❝♥❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇ ✑✽◗✒✎❑✻ ✹ ✞❁◗ ■⑨➒❬❙ ❋◗❚❴✹❭✸✺✹❨✻✎✶✑✽♠❾✮✿✦✻❛❉✺✈✼❳s❂❆❇✢❇☞❅ ✽✠❀✼✿✦❇❍✽✯❉❦❂✲❇✦❉♦■✯➆✬✂ ✹✦➒✝✰❘➆❃➓ ❈✙❩ ✲✿✦❝✢✻✑✹✼✽❦➏✛✸✪✹❃✻✑❱❁✶✬❇♥❙❦✉ ✹❰✶✥✽♣❉✺❚❍✹❯❉✺✹✼❳❨❜✄✹❊✸❦❂❄❉✺❝❬✸✺✹❩■⑨✶✬❇ ✸✎✹✼✻✑❱❬✶✑❇❥❙❦✉✕❂❄❇✢❞ ✞ ◗ ✶✑✽❡❉✴❚❴✹✾❝❴❇❴✽✺❜❬✸✺✹❪❂✲❞ ❲♥❂❆❇♥❞❁❋◗✶✬❞❬❉✺❚t✿❆❤✮❉✺❚❍✹❡✶✥❇✦❉✺✹❊✸✴❤❷❂❆❀✼✹ ✘✆❂❆❇♥❞⑥❉✺❚❴✹❊❇❩❤❷❂❆❀❊❉✺✿❄✸❦✶✑❇❍❫④✶✑❇❩❉✺❚❴✹❡❜❴❝❴❲❍▲ ✻✑✶✬✽✴❚❴✹❃❞❣❇✢✿❄✶✑✽❦✹ ② ❫✲❝❴✸✺✹❅✿✲❤✖❉✺❚❍✹♣✶✑❇❁❉✴✹✼✸✴❤❑❂❄❀❃✹✲q❘↔❴✿❄✸✇✿❄❝❴✸✪✽✴✶✑❳⑦❝✢✻✥❂❆❉✺✶✥✿✲❇❴✽✼✉♥❋✞✹ ❝✢✽✴✹✼❞➀❂✛❇❴✿✦✶✑✽✴✹ ② ❫❄❝❴✸✺✹⑧❜❴✸✺✿❪❱❁✶✬❞❍✹❪❞Ø❲❬❵Ø❺❸❇✦❉✺✹❭✸✺✽✴✶✬✻◗❤❑✿✲✸❯❉✺❚✢✹❊✶✑✸✘✶✘✸✺✶✑✽✴❳ ❺ ❀❦❚✢✶✑❜✢✽✴✹❊❉❃q

SLIDE 9 ↔✆✶✥❇✢❂✲✻✑✻❛❵✦✉♥❉✺❚❍✹✎✸✺✹✼❀❃✹✼✶✑❱✦✹❃❞✾❲✢✶❛❉✇✹❭✸✴✸✺✿❄✸◗✸❦❂❄❉✴✹❃✽❧❋✞✹❊✸✺✹❅❀✼✿✦❳❡❜❴❝❍❉✺✹❃❞④❝✢✽✴✶✥❇❍❫ ❉✺❚❴✹✪❤❑✿✦✻✑✻✑✿❃❋◗✶✥❇❴❫❨❲✢✶❛❉◗✹❊✸✴✸✺✿❆✸◗✸❦❂❪❉✺✹✎✹❃➌❁❝✢❂❆❉✺✶✥✿❄❇✢✽♦❤❑✿❄✸♦❉✺❚✢✹❅❞❴✶❛✐❥✹❊✸✺✹❊❇❬❉❧❳❡✿❴❞❁▲ ❝❴✻✥❂❄❉✺✶✑✿✲❇❣✽✴❀❦❚✢✹✼❳❡✹✇❉✺❚♥❂❪❉◗❋✮✹❊✸✺✹✎❝✢✽✴✹✼❞➙q✘↔✢✿❆✸✇❾✖✶✞③ ✸➐❂❆❇♥❞✘✬✷✶✮③✧✸ ➅ ➔❄➓❆➈ ❋✁✲■✺✡✺❙✒✎✄✂✆☎✞✝ ➔ ❅ ✢♦■✺✡✯❙ ❅ ❈ ✟✠✟ ✑☛✡ ☞ ■ ✿✦❙ ❂❄❇✢❞✾❤①✿✲✸❘❻④▲◆❂❄✸✴❵✘✬✇❖✪❻ ❋

■✺✡✴❙✍✌✷è

❀❥➆✣✚ ➆ ✱

✂ ☎✞✎ ✹ ❅ ✢✮■✺✡✺❙ ❅ ❈✑✏✓✒✕✔ ❈ ■✍❹❙ ✟✖✟ ■✍ ✚⑤➆❄❙ ✑ ✡ ☞ ■✯➆❪➓✦❙ ❋◗❚❍✹✼✸✺✹ ✟✖✟☞▲ ✑ ✡ ✶✬✽✞❉✺❚❍✹✪❲✢✶❛❉✴▲◆✹✼❇❴✹❊✸✺❫❄❵❬▲⑨❉✺✿✲▲❷❇❴✿✲✶✥✽✴✹✇✸❦❂❆❉✺✶✥✿❡✿❆❤✠❉✺❚✢✹❘✸✺✹✼❀✼✹✼✶✥❱✲✹❃❞ ✽✺✶✑❫✲❇✢❂❄✻✮❂❄❇♥❞ ❅ ✢✮■✺✡✺❙ ❅ ✶✥✽✎❉✺❚❴✹s✶✥❇❴✽✯❉❦❂✲❇✦❉❦❂❄❇❴✹✼✿✦❝❍✽❅❫❁❂❄✶✥❇❏✿✲❤✮❉✺❚✢✹s❽◗❂✼❵❴✻✑✹✼✶✥❫✲❚ ❀❦❚♥❂❆❇✢❇❴✹✼✻✞■❑❤❑✸✺✿❄❳ ❁❂❆●✦✹✼✽❀❅ ❙❦q❅r✞❚✢✹ ✟ ✟ ▲ ✑ ✡ ✿✲❤✖❉✺❚✢✹❅✸✺✹❃❀✼✹✼✶✑❱✦✹❃❞⑥✽✴✶✑❫✦❇❴❂✲✻✆✶✥✽ ❞❍✹❊✸✺✶✥❱✲✹❃❞❯❤❑✸✺✿✲❳❿❉✺❚❍✹✿✁✒✑ ✡→❝✢✽✴✶✑❇✢❫♣❉✺❚❴✹✪❤⑨✿❄✻✑✻✬✿❃❋❧✶✥❇❴❫❡✸✺✹❃✻✥❂❪❉✺✶✬✿❄❇ ✟✗✟ ✑ ✡ ✎ ✁✕✑✁✡✄✘ ✞❁◗ ✡✙✟ ■✯➆✦➆❪❙ ❋◗❚❍✹✼✸✺✹✄✡ ✟ ✶✥✽✆❉✴❚❴✹✞❳s❂❆➃❍✶✑❳⑦❝✢❳→❲❴✶❛❉✴▲◆✸❦❂❪❉✺✹✞✿❄❤❴❉✺❚✢✹✕❳❨✿❍❞❍❝❴✻✬❂❆❉✺✶✥✿❄❇❡✽✴❀❦❚✢✹✼❳❡✹ ❂❄❇✢❞ ✞ ◗ ✶✥✽✞❉✺❚✢✹✎❝❍❇✢✽✴❜❍✸✺✹❃❂✦❞✾❲✢❂❄❇✢❞❬❋◗✶✥❞❍❉✺❚✾✿❄❤✆❉✺❚❴✹✎✽✴✶✥❫✲❇✢❂✲✻⑨q ③❍✶✑❇❴❀✼✹♦❜✄✿❄✸✴❉✺✶✥✿✲❇❴✽✘✿❄❤❥❂✪❜✢❂❄❀❭●❄✹❊❉✘❳s❂❪❵⑦❲✄✹♦❉✯✸❦❂✲❇❴✽✴❳❨✶❛❉✴❉✺✹❃❞❨❂❪❉✮❞❍✶❛✐❥✹❊✸✺✹✼❇❁❉ ❳❡✿❴❞❍❝❴✻✬❂❆❉✺✶✑✿❄❇⑤✽✺❀❦❚❴✹❊❳❨✹❃✽✼✉✖❉✺❚✢✹❢❜❴✸✺✿✲❲✢❂❄❲❴✶✥✻✥✶❛❉❸❵t❉✺❚♥❂❆❉❨❂❩❜✢❂❄❀❦●✲✹✼❉♣❋♦❂❄✽❡✶✥❇ ✹❭✸❦✸✺✿❆✸❡❋✞❂❄✽❡❲✢❂✲✽✴✹❃❞✛✿✦❇⑩✽✴✹❃❜❴❂❄✸❦❂❪❉✺✹✾❀❃❂❆✻✬❀❊❝❴✻✬❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❍✽♣❤⑨✿❆✸❨✹❃❂❄❀❭❚⑩❜✄✿❆✸✴❉✺✶✥✿✲❇✒q ↔❴❝❴✸✴❉✺❚❍✹❊✸✺❳❨✿✲✸✺✹✲✉➙✽✺✶✑❇✢❀✼✹♣❫❁❂❄✶✑❇t❂❄❇✢❞❩❇❴✿✲✶✑✽✺✹❡❳s❂✼❵⑧❱❆❂❆✸✺❵❣❋◗✶❛❉✺❚❩❉✺✶✑❳❨✹❄✉➙❋✞✹ ❂❄✻✥✽✴✿✪❂✲❀✼❀✼✿❄❝✢❇❁❉✺✹❃❞⑦❤❑✿❄✸✖❉✴❚✢✿✲✽✴✹♦✶✥❇♣✿✦❝❬✸✕❀✼❂✲✻✑❀✼❝✢✻✥❂❄❉✴✶✥✿✲❇❴✽✖❲✦❵⑦❉✺❚❴✹✞❤❑✿✦✻✑✻✑✿❪❋❧✶✥❇❴❫✢q ↔❴✿❄✸⑦❉✺❚❴✹❯❫✦❂❄✶✥❇➙✉✆❋✞✹❯❝❍✽✺✹❃❞✛❂❄❇✛❂✲❜❴❜❍✸✺✿❃➃❴✶✑❳s❂❪❉✺✶✬✿❄❇❏❤⑨✿❆✸⑦❉✺❚❴✹s❀✼✿✦❚❴✹❊✸✺✹✼❇✢❀❊✹ ❉✺✶✥❳❨✹✾➅ ➔❆➓❄➈❷qsr✞❚✢✹❡❀✼✿✲❚❴✹❊✸✺✹❃❇❴❀❊✹❡❉✺✶✑❳❨✹✢✹ ✦ ✶✥✽✪❉✺❚❴✹❨❜✄✹❊✸✺✶✑✿❍❞❩✿❪❱✦✹❭✸✎❋❧❚✢✶✑❀❭❚ ❉✺❚❴✹❨❀❦❚✢❂✲❇❍❇✢✹❊✻✘❀✼❂✲❇t❲✄✹❡❂✲✽✴✽✴❝✢❳❡✹❃❞⑧❉✺✿✾❲✄✹❨✹❊✐✄✹❃❀❭❉✺✶✥❱❄✹❃✻❛❵⑧❀✼✿✲❇❴✽✯❉❦❂✲❇✦❉❃q❨r✒✿ ❀✼❂✲✻✑❀✼❝✢✻✥❂❄❉✺✹ ✹❄✦❪✉❍❋✞✹✎❝✢✽✴✹✼❞✾❉✴❚✢✹✪❤①✿✦✻✑✻✑✿❆❋❧✶✑❇✢❫❨❂❄❜✢❜❍✸✺✿❃➃❴✶✑❳s❂❪❉✺✶✬✿❄❇❏➅ ➔❄➓❪➈ ✹❄✦❄■✺✡✯❙✍✌ ✿ ✿ ➆ ✭✬✾ ✕✄■✺✡✴❙ ■✯➆❆➔✲❙ ❋◗❚❍✹✼✸✺✹ ✕✄■ ✡✴❙❘✶✥✽✪❉✺❚❴✹❨✽✴❜✄✹✼✹❃❞❩❂✲✻✑✿✲❇❴❫✾❉✺❚❴✹❨✻✑✶✥❇❴✹❊▲◆✿❄❤❑▲❷✽✺✶✑❫✲❚❁❉✎❲✄✹❭❉❸❋✞✹❃✹❊❇❩❉✺❚❴✹ ✽✺✹✼❇❴❞❴✹❭✸✖❂✲❇❴❞❅✸✺✹✼❀❊✹✼✶✬❱❄✹❊✸✖❂❄❉✒❉✺✶✑❳❨✹ ✡✺✉✦❂❆❇♥❞ ✿ ✎ ✆☎▲✛✚ ✦♠✶✥✽✠❉✺❚❴✹✕❋♦❂❃❱✦✹❊✻✥✹❊❇✢❫❄❉✺❚ ✿❄❤✆❉✺❚✢✹✎❀❃❂❆✸✴✸✺✶✥✹❭✸◗❤①✸✺✹❃➌❁❝❴✹✼❇❴❀❊❵✜✚ ✦ ■✺✆✎✶✥✽♦❉✺❚❴✹✎✽✴❜✄✹✼✹❪❞✾✿✲❤✆✻✬✶✑❫✲❚❁❉❊❙❦q✮↔✢✿❄✸❧❉✺❚❴✹ ❇❴✿✲✶✥✽✴✹✲✉❬❋✞✹✇❂❄❀✼❀❃✿❄❝✢❇✦❉✺✹❃❞s❤❑✿✲✸✕❉✺❚✢✹❘❀❭❚✢❂❄❇✢❫❄✶✑❇✢❫⑦❀✼✿✦❇❴❞❴✶❛❉✺✶✬✿❄❇✢✽✞❲✦❵s❉❸✸❊❂❆❀❭●❁✶✥❇❍❫ ❉✺❚❴✹❡❲✄✹✼❫✲✶✥❇❴❇❴✶✥❇❍❫❣❂❄❇✢❞❩✹❊❇♥❞❴✶✑❇❴❫❢❉✺✶✑❳❨✹❃✽✪✿❄❤✮✹❪❂❆❀❭❚❩✿❄❤✕❉✺❚✢✹❡❇❴✹✼✶✑❫✦❚❁❲✄✿❄✸✺✶✥❇❍❫ ❉✴✸❦❂❄❇❴✽✺❳❨✶✑✽✴✽✴✶✥✿✲❇✢✽◗❂❆❇♥❞④❂❄❞ ✛✴❝❍✽✴❉✴✶✥❇❴❫✓✁✕✑ ✡➉❂❄❜❴❜❍✸✺✿✲❜❴✸✺✶✥❂❄❉✺✹❊✻✑❵✲q

5.4 Network Configurations

❺✡❇❯✿✲❝❴✸✞❂❄❇✢❂❄✻✑❵❬✽❦✶✑✽✼✉❁❋✮✹✇❝❍✽❦✹✼❞❯✽✴✹❊❱✲✹✼✸❦❂❄✻♥❞❴✶❛✐❥✹❊✸✺✹❃❇✦❉✞❇❴✹❊❉❸❋✮✿❄✸✺●❨❀❊✿✲❇ ② ❫✲❝❍✸❦❂❆▲ ❉✺✶✥✿✲❇❴✽✼q

Configuration 1

r♦❚❍✹ ② ✸✺✽✯❉s❀✼✿✲❇ ② ❫❄❝❴✸❦❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❈❀✼✿❄❇✢✽✴✶✥✽✯❉✺✹❃❞⑩✿✲❤◗❉✡❋♦✿❩✶✥❞❴✹✼❇✦❉✺✶✥❀❃❂❆✻✬✻❛❵⑩❀✼✿✲❇ ② ❫❄▲ ❝❍✸✺✹❃❞❣❇✢✿❬❞❍✹✼✽◗❀✼✿✦❳❨❳⑦❝❴❇❴✶✑❀❃❂❄❉✺✶✑❇✢❫s✿✦❇❣❂❯✽✴✶✑❇❴❫✲✻✥✹⑦❀❦❚♥❂❆❇✢❇❍✹✼✻❷q❘➎❘❇✢✹❅✿✲❤♠❉✺❚❴✹ ❇❴✿❍❞❍✹✼✽❧❋♦❂❄✽❘❚❍✹✼✻✬❞④✶✑❇⑥❂ ② ➃❬✹❪❞④❜✢✿✦✽✴✶✥❉✯✶✬✿❄❇✒✉✢❋❧❚❴✶✑✻✬✹✪❉✺❚❴✹✎✿✲❉✺❚❴✹❭✸❘❉✴✸❦❂❃❱✦✹✼✻✑✹❃❞ ❂❄✻✥✿❄❇✢❫⑤❂⑩❞❴✶❛✸✺✹✼❀❭❉✴▲✡✻✑✶✑❇✢✹⑧❜✢❂❆❉✺❚✷❉✺✿❈❂❄❇✢❞✩❤①✸✺✿✦❳ ❉✺❚❍✹ ② ➃❍✹❃❞✩❇❴✿❴❞❬✹⑧✶✬❇✷❂ ✸✺✹❃❜✢✹❊❉✺✶✥❉✺✶✑✿❄❝✢✽✼✉✄✿❄✽❦❀❊✶✥✻✥✻✥❂❆❉✺✿✲✸✴❵✾❳❨✿✲❉✯✶✬✿❄❇✒q◗r✞❚✢✹❅✻✥✹✼❇❍❫✲❉✺❚❣✿✲❤♠❉✺❚❴✹⑦❜✢❂❆❉✺❚❣❋✞❂✲✽ ✹✲➓✲➓✲❳④✉✲❋❘❚❴✶✑❀❭❚s❋♦❂❆✽✮❉✺❚❍✹✇❳s❂❪➃❬✶✬❳⑦❝❴❳➄✹✼✐✄✹❃❀❊❉✺✶✑❱❄✹❘❉✯✸❦❂✲❇❍✽✺❳❨✶✑✽✴✽✺✶✥✿❄❇s✸❦❂✲❇❴❫✲✹ ✿❄❤➙❉✺❚❴✹❘❳❡✿❬❞❴❝❍✻①❂❪❉✺✶✥✿✲❇s✽❦❀❦❚❍✹✼❳❨✹❃✽✞❂❆✽✮✽✺✶✑❳♣❝❍✻✬❂❆❉✺✹❃❞⑥■⑨✽✴✹✼✹❘↔✆✶✬❫❄❝❴✸✺✹✇➔✦❙❦q✘r✞❚❴✹ ❜❴❝❴✸✺❜♥✿✲✽✴✹✎✿✲❤✆❉✺❚✢✶✑✽❧❀✼✿✦❇ ② ❫❄❝❴✸❦❂❄❉✯✶✬✿❄❇④❋♦❂❆✽◗❉✺✿❨✽✯❉✴✸✺✹❊✽❦✽♦❉✺❚❍✹✪✸❦❂❄❉✺✹❅❂✲❞❴❂❄❜❍❉❦❂❆▲ ❉✺✶✥✿✲❇❢✽✺❀❭❚❍✹✼❳❨✹❃✽✼✉❍❲❴❝❍❉◗❞❍✿✲✶✑❇✢❫♣✽✴✿❡❋❧✶❛❉✺❚✢✶✑❇✾❉✺❚❍✹✪❲✄✿✲❝❴❇♥❞❬✽♦✿✲❤♠❂⑦❜✢✻✥❂❄❝❴✽✴✶✬❲❍✻✥✹ ✽✺❀✼✹❊❇♥❂❆✸✺✶✑✿✢q

Configuration 2

r♦❚❍✹❡✽✴✹❃❀✼✿❄❇♥❞⑥❀✼✿✦❇ ② ❫❄❝❴✸❦❂❪❉✺✶✬✿❄❇❩❀❊✿✦❇❴✽✺✶✑✽✯❉✺✹❃❞⑧✿❄❤✞➔❄➓❯❇✢✿❍❞❬✹✼✽✪✶✥❇❩❀❊✿✲❇❁❉✺✶✑❇❍❝❬▲ ✿✲❝❴✽❨❳❡✿✲❉✺✶✑✿✲❇❈❋❧✶✥❉✴❚❴✶✑❇✩❂⑩➆❪➇✲➓❄➓❄➃★✹✦➓❄➓❩❳❨✹❭❉✺✹❊✸❯❂❆✸❦✹✼❇❴❂❴q⑤↔❍✿✲✸s✹❃❂❆❀❭❚⑤✹❊➃❁▲ ❜✄✹❭✸✺✶✬❳❨✹❊❇✦❉❃✉❧❇✢✿❬❞❴✹❊✽❯❋✞✹❊✸✺✹⑥❜❴✻✬❂❄❀❊✹❪❞Ø✶✑❇✩✸❦❂❄❇✢❞❴✿❄❳❨✻❛❵✩❀❦❚✢✿❄✽✴✹✼❇✷✽✯❉❦❂❄✸✴❉✴✶✥❇❍❫ ❜✄✿✲✽✴✶✑❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❍✽✪❂❆❇♥❞④❤①✿✦✻✑✻✥✿❃❋♦✹✼❞④✸❦❂❄❇♥❞❍✿✲❳❨✻❛❵④❀❭❚❴✿✲✽✴✹✼❇⑥❜✢❂❆❉✺❚✢✽❘❂✲❀✼❀❊✿❄✸❦❞❴✶✑❇❴❫❯❉✯✿ ❉✺❚✢✹ ➼✺➵❆➡✄➸✦➥✲➭ ➻✕➵ ë ➯❍➥✲➨✬➡♥➢ ❳❨✿✦❲✢✶✑✻✑✶✑❉✡❵④❜♥❂❄❉✯❉✺✹❭✸✺❇❩❝❍✽✺✹❃❞❣✶✥❇⑩➅ ➇❪➈✖❂❄❇✢❞❣✹✼✻✬✽✴✹❭▲ ❋◗❚❴✹❭✸✺✹✦q✖r✞❚✢✹❧✽✴❜✄✹✼✹❃❞❍✽✮❂❪❉✕❋❧❚❴✶✑❀❭❚❨❇❴✿❍❞❍✹✼✽✖❉✴✸❦❂❪❱✲✹✼✻✥✹❃❞♣❋✮✹❊✸❦✹❧❂✲✻✑✽✴✿✎❀❭❚❴✿✦✽✴✹✼❇ ✸❦❂✲❇❴❞❴✿❄❳❨✻✥❵✲✉✢❲❴❝❴❉❧❋✞✹❊✸✺✹❅❚❍✹✼✻✬❞✾❉✴✿❨❋◗✶❛❉✺❚❴✶✥❇✣✢⑦➆❪➓✛✤❰✿✲❤✆❉✺❚❴✹✎❳❨✹❃❂✲❇❣❇❍✿❍❞❍✹ ✽✴❜✄✹✼✹❪❞✛❤❑✿❄✸❡❉✺❚✢✹❢❉✯✸❦✶✥❂❄✻❷q❈↔✢✿❄✸❨❳❨✿✲✽✴❉❨✹❭➃❴❜✄✹❭✸✺✶✥❳❡✹✼❇❁❉✺✽✼✉✕❋✮✹④❝✢✽✴✹✼❞❈❳❡✹❪❂❄❇ ❇✢✿❬❞❍✹✎✽✺❜♥✹❃✹❃❞❬✽❘✿❆❤✕➔❬✉♥è❍✉✢✭❬✉✄➒❍✉♥❂❄❇✢❞t➆❃➓❨❳❯➏❪✽✼q✮❶❘❇✢✻✑✶✑●✦✹✎✶✑❇④❉✺❚✢✹⑦➔❡❇❍✿❍❞❍✹ ❀✼✿✦❇ ② ❫❄❝❴✸❦❂❪❉✺✶✬✿❄❇✒✉✦✶✑❇⑦❉✺❚✢✶✑✽✖❀❃✿✲❇ ② ❫✦❝❬✸❦❂❄❉✺✶✑✿✲❇❡❋✮✹✞❋✞✹❊✸❦✹✞✶✥❇✦❉✺✹❊✸✺✹❃✽✯❉✺✹❃❞⑦✶✬❇♣✿✲❲❍▲ ✽✴✹✼✸✺❱❁✶✑❇✢❫✪❉✺❚❴✹♦❜✄✹❊✸✴❤⑨✿❄✸✺❳❨❂✲❇❴❀❊✹◗❀❦❚♥❂❪✸❦❂❄❀✼❉✴✹✼✸✺✶✑✽✯❉✺✶✑❀❃✽✖✿✲❤✄❉✺❚❍✹◗❜❍✸✺✿✲❜✄✿❄✽❦✹✼❞❡❜❴✸✺✿❆▲ ❉✺✿❁❀❃✿✲✻✑✽♦✶✑❇❣❂⑦❜❴✻✬❂❄❝❴✽✴✶✑❲✢✻✑✹✎❂✲❞❯❚✢✿❬❀❘❇✢✹❊❉✡❋✞✿✲✸✺●❁✶✑❇✢❫♣✹✼❇❬❱❁✶✥✸✺✿❄❇✢❳❨✹❊❇✦❉❃q✘r❧❚❁❝❴✽✼✉ ❉✺❚✢✹✾❇✢✿❬❞❍✹✼✽❨❋✞✹❊✸✺✹④❀✼✿✦❇ ② ❫✲❝❍✸✺✹❃❞⑩❉✺✿❏❝✢✽✴✹✾❉✴❚✢✹ ✖✪③❍❽ ✸✺✿✲❝❍❉✺✶✑❇✢❫❏❜❬✸✺✿✲❉✺✿❆▲ ❀✼✿✦✻✆❤❑✿✲❝✢❇✢❞❩✶✑❇⑤➅ ➇❆➈✘✶✥❇❴✽✯❉✺✹❃❂✲❞⑧✿✲❤✮✽✯❉❦❂❆❉✺✶✥❀♣✸✺✿✦❝❬❉✺✶✑❇✢❫❴q♣❶✇❇❴✻✑✹✼✽✺✽✪✿✲❉✺❚❍✹❊✸✴❋◗✶✥✽✴✹ ✽✯❉❦❂❄❉✺✹❃❞✄✉❁❂❄✻✥✻❬✸✺✹✼✽✺❝❍✻✥❉✺✽♠❋✞✹❭✸✺✹♦❲♥❂❄✽✴✹❪❞⑦✿✲❇❡❉✺❚❍✹❧❂❃❱✦✹❊✸❦❂❆❫✦✹♦✿❄❤ ✹✲➓❘✸✺❝✢❇❍✽✖❝✢✽✴✶✥❇❴❫ ✹✲➓✾❜❍✸✺✹✼❀❃✿❄❳❨❜✢❝❬❉✺✹❃❞❩✽✴❀✼✹✼❇♥❂❪✸✺✶✬✿❄✽✼✉✆✿❆✸ ➯❍➵✲➢❷➢◆➫❭➼❊➡ ê q❨➑✕❂✲❀❦❚❩❜♥❂❆❉✴❉✺✹❭✸✺❇✒✉✒❫✲✹✼❇❍▲ ✹❊✸❦❂❄❉✺✹✼❞⑤✸❦❂✲❇❴❞❴✿❄❳❨✻✥❵✲✉◗❞❍✹❃✽✴✶✑❫✦❇❴❂❄❉✴✹❪❞❈❉✺❚✢✹⑥❜❍✻①❂❆❀✼✹✼❳❨✹❃❇✦❉❃✉❧❚❍✹❪❂✲❞❍✶✥❇❴❫❴✉◗❂❆❇♥❞ ✽✴❜✄✹✼✹❪❞⑥✿❄❤✮✹❃❂❄❀❦❚❩❇❴✿❍❞❬✹❡✿❆❱✲✹❊✸✪❉✺❚❴✹♣✽✺✶✑❳⑦❝✢✻✥❂❆❉✺✹❃❞⑥❉✺✶✑❳❨✹✲q⑦↔✢✿❆✸✎✹❃❂✲❀❦❚⑧❜♥❂❪❉✴▲ ❉✺✹❊✸✺❇➙✉❴❉✺❚❍✹✎✽✴❉✺❂❄✸✴❉✺✶✑❇✢❫❨❜✄✿❄✽✴✶✥❉✯✶✬✿❄❇❣❂✲❇✢❞④❞❴✶❛✸✺✹✼❀❭❉✺✶✥✿✲❇④✿✲❤✆❉✺❚❍✹✎❳❨✿❄❲✢✶✑✻✬✹✎❇❍✿❍❞❍✹ ✿✲❇❯❉✺❚❍✹✇❜♥❂❪❉✺❚❢❋✞❂❄✽✮✸❦❂❄❇✢❞❍✿✲❳④✉❴❂❄✽✕❋♦✹✼✻✑✻❥❂✲✽✞✶❛❉✺✽✞✽✴❜✄✹✼✹✼❞➙q✘↔❴✿❄✸✞✹❪❂❄❀❦❚❯✽✺❝❴❲❍▲ ✽✴✹❪➌✦❝✢✹❊❇✦❉♠❉✴✸❦❂❪❱❄✹❊✸✺✽❦❂❄✻❬✿❄❤❴❉✺❚✢✹✕❜♥❂❆❉✺❚➙✉✦❂❘❞❍✶✑✐❥✹❊✸✺✹✼❇✦❉✖✽✴❜✄✹❊✹❃❞❅❋♦❂❄✽♠❀❦❚❴✿✦✽✴✹❊❇❡❂❄❉ ✸❦❂✲❇❴❞❴✿❄❳④✉✢❝❍❇✢✶❛❤⑨✿❆✸✺❳❨✻✑❵❢❞❴✶✑✽✯❉✴✸✺✶✬❲❍❝❴❉✺✹✼❞✾✶✑❇❣❂❆❇④✶✑❇❁❉✴✹✼✸✺❱❆❂❄✻➙✿❄❤✖➓❏✂ ✿✒✕✽✚⑩➆✬✂✥➆✓✕♥✉ ❤⑨✿❆✸♦✽✴✿✲❳❨✹❘❳❨✹❃❂✲❇❯✽✺❜♥✹❃✹❃❞ ✕♥q✘↔✢✿❆✸♦✹❊➃❬❜✄✹❊✸✺✶✥❳❨✹✼❇❁❉✴✽✮✶✬❇s❋◗❚❴✶✥❀❦❚❯❉✺❚❴✹❘❳❡✹❪❂❄❇ ✽✴❜✄✹✼✹❪❞ ✕❅❋♦❂❆✽✕❱❄❂❆✸✺✶✑✹❃❞❥✉✦❋✞✹❧❝❴✽✴✹❃❞❡❉✺❚❴✹❧✽✺❂✲❳❡✹◗❜❬✸✺✹✼❀❃✿❄❳❨❜✢❝❬❉✺✹❃❞❨❜❴❂❄❉✴❉✴✹✼✸✺❇❍✽ ✽✴✿❯❉✺❚♥❂❆❉❘❉✺❚✢✹♣✽✺❂❄❳❨✹♣✽✴✹❃➌❁❝❴✹❃❇❍❀✼✹❡✿❆❤✮❳❡✿❄❱❄✹✼❳❨✹✼❇❁❉✺✽✇✿❬❀✼❀❊❝❴✸✴✸✺✹❃❞❣❤⑨✿❆✸✪✹❪❂❄❀❦❚ ✹❊➃❍❜✄✹❊✸✺✶✑❳❨✹✼❇❁❉❃q✖↔❴✿❄✸✞✹✼➃❍❂❆❳❨❜✢✻✑✹✦✉❁❀❃✿❄❇✢✽✴✶✥❞❴✹❭✸✞✿✦❇❍✹❘✿❄❤➙❉✺❚❴✹❘❜✢❂❆❉✴❉✺✹❊✸✺❇❴✽✼✉❬✻✑✹❊❉✮❅ ✽ ❀❃❂✲✻✑✻❧✶❛❉✦✥✢q➀❖➂❇✢✿❬❞❍✹ ✤✩✶✥❇✧✥❏❉✯❚♥❂❄❉❨❉❦❂❆●✦✹✼✽❨❉✺✶✑❳❨✹ ✡⑦❉✺✿❏❳❨✿❪❱✦✹✾❤①✸✺✿✦❳ ❜✄✿✲✶✥❇✦❉✏✍➹❉✴✿❡❜✄✿✦✶✑❇✦❉ ✞➊✶✑❇④❉✴❚❴✹⑦➇♣❳❯➏❆✽♦✸✺❝❴❇④✿❄❤✍✥❡❋❧✶✬✻✑✻❥❉❦❂❄●✦✹✇❉✺✶✑❳❨✹✖✡❙▲✲➔ ❉✺✿❣❉✯✸❦❂❪❱✲✹❊✸✺✽✺✹❨❉✺❚❍✹❯✽✺❂❄❳❨✹❢❞❬✶✬✽✯❉❦❂❆❇✢❀✼✹s✶✥❇❏❉✴❚❴✹❣➆❪➓④❳❯➏❄✽✎✸✺❝❴❇✛✿❄❤✠✥❴q❣③❍✿❍✉ ✤⑧❋❘✶✑✻✑✻✘❂❄✻❛❋❧❂✼❵❬✽✪✹✼➃❬✹✼❀❊❝❴❉✺✹♣❉✺❚❍✹❡✹❭➃✢❂❆❀✼❉✪✽✺❂✲❳❡✹❡✽✴✹❃➌❁❝❍✹✼❇✢❀✼✹♣✿✲❤✕❳❨✿❪❱✲✹❃✽✪✶✑❇ ✥✢✉ ✛✴❝❴✽✴❉⑦❂❪❉⑦❂④❜❴✸✺✿❄❜✄✿❄✸✴❉✺✶✥✿✲❇♥❂❆✻✑✻✥❵t❞❬✶✥✐✄✹✼✸✺✹❊❇✦❉✎✸❦❂❄❉✺✹✲q❯r♦❚❍✹s❜♥❂❆❉✴❉✺✹❭✸✺❇✢✽✪❋✞✹ ❝✢✽✴✹✼❞❯❚✢❂✲❞❯❂❅❞❴❝❍✸❦❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❯✿❄❤ ✭✲➓❄➓✲✽✞❂❄❉✞❂✎❳❨✹❃❂✲❇❯❇❍✿❴❞❬✹✇✽✴❜✄✹❊✹❃❞s✿❄❤✆➔❅❳❯➏❪✽✼q r✠✿✎❜❍✸✺✿❆❱❬✶✥❞❴✹◗❂✇❤❷❂❆✶❛✸✮❀✼✿✲❳❨❜✢❂❆✸✺✶✥✽✺✿❄❇✒✉✦❉✴❚❴✹❧✹❊➃❴❂❄❀❊❉✕✽✺❂✲❳❨✹❧✽✴✹❊❉✕✿❄❤➙❜❴❂❄❉✴❉✴✹✼✸✺❇❍✽ ❋✞✹✼✸✺✹✇❝✢✽✴✹❃❞✾❤①✿✲✸❧✹❃❂✲❀❦❚④❜❍✸✺✿❄❉✺✿❬❀✼✿❄✻➙❉✺✹✼✽✯❉✺✹✼❞➙q

6. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION

❺❸❇Ø❉✺❚❴✶✥✽❯✽✴✹✼❀✼❉✴✶✥✿✲❇✩❋✮✹❩❜❬✸✺✹✼✽✺✹✼❇✦❉❯❉✺❚✢✹❣✸✺✹❃✽✴❝❍✻✑❉✺✽❢✿❄❤✎✿✦❝❬✸✾❜✄✹❭✸✴❤⑨✿❄✸✺❳s❂❄❇❴❀✼✹ ✹✼❱❄❂❄✻✑❝♥❂❪❉✺✶✬✿❄❇✒q

6.1 Overhead of the Reservation Subheader

r♦❚❴✹❭✸✺✹❯❂❆✸✺✹s✽✴✹✼❱✦✹❭✸❦❂❄✻✘✽✴✿✦❝❴✸✺❀✼✹❊✽⑦✿❆❤♦✿❪❱✦✹❊✸✺❚❍✹❪❂✲❞❩❀❃❂✲❝❍✽❦✹✼❞t❲✦❵⑧❉✺❚✢✹❡✸✺✹❃✽✴✹❭✸✴▲ ❱❆❂❄❉✺✶✑✿✲❇❩✽✴❝✢❲❴❚❴✹❃❂✲❞❍✹✼✸❃q⑦r♦❚❍✹❡❳❨✿✦✽✯❉✪✿✲❲❬❱❁✶✬✿❄❝✢✽✪✶✑✽✇❉✺❚❴✹❨❂❄❞✢❞❴✶❛❉✺✶✑✿✦❇⑧✿✲❤✘❉✺❚❴✹ ❤⑨✿❄❝❴✸♣❲❬❵❁❉✺✹❢❀❦❚✢✹✼❀❦●❏✽✴✹❃➌❁❝❍✹❃❇❴❀❊✹❢❉✺✿⑥❉✺❚❍✹❣❻⑥❖❧❼➄❚❴✹❃❂✲❞❍✹❊✸❃qt❖✇❞❴❞❍✶✑❉✺✶✑✿✲❇♥❂❆✻ ✿❪❱✦✹❊✸✺❚❴✹❃❂✲❞⑧✶✑✽✎✹✼❇✢❀✼✿❄❝✢❇✦❉✺✹❊✸✺✹❪❞❣❋◗❚❍✹❃❇⑧❉✺❚❴✹❨❞❴❂❆❉❦❂❢✸❦❂❪❉✺✹❡❝❴✽✴✹❪❞⑥❉✺✿❢❉✴✸❦❂❄❇❴✽✯▲ ❳❨✶❛❉❧❉✺❚✢✹✪❽✘r❧③❯❜♥❂❄❀❦●✦✹❊❉◗✶✑✽❧✻✑✿❆❋✮✹❊✸❧❉✺❚✢❂✲❇❢❉✺❚✢✹✪✸❦❂❪❉✺✹✎❝❴✽✺✹❃❞❯❉✺✿❡❉✴✸❦❂❄❇❴✽✴❳❨✶✥❉ ❉✺❚✢✹❅❞❴❂❆❉❦❂❨❜✢❂❄❀❦●✦✹❊❉❃q✞❽❧✹❃❀❃❂❆✻✑✻✒❉✺❚♥❂❪❉❘❉✺❚❍✹❅❜✢❝❬✸✺❜✄✿✲✽✺✹✎✿✲❤♠❉✺❚❍✹✎✸✺✹✼✽✺✹❊✸✺❱❆❂❆❉✺✶✥✿✲❇ ✽✴❝✢❲❴❚❴✹❪❂❄❞❴✹❊✸◗✶✑✽❧❉✺✿s❝❴❜❥❞❴❂❆❉✺✹✎❉✴❚✢✹✎❉✺✹✼❇✦❉❦❂❪❉✺✶✬❱❄✹✎✸✺✹✼✽✴✹❊✸✺❱❄❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❍✽◗❉✺❚❴❂❄❉❧❋✞✹❊✸✺✹ ❳s❂❄❞❴✹❯❲✦❵t❉✺❚❴✹s❉✴❚✢✹❯❽✖r❧③❏❜❴❂✲❀❭●❄✹❊❉❃q❣❺◆❤◗❂❣❇❴✿❍❞❍✹s✽❦❝❍❀✼❀✼✹❃✹✼❞❍✽⑦✶✬❇❏❚❴✹❪❂❪✸✴▲ ✶✑❇✢❫⑥❉✺❚✢✹❢❽✖r◗③❏❲✢❝❍❉❡❤⑨❂❆✶✬✻✑✽⑦❉✺✿t❚❍✹❃❂❄✸♣❉✺❚❴✹❢✽✺❝❴❲❴❚✢✹❃❂❄❞❴✹❊✸❃✉✖❉✺❚✢✹❊❇⑤✶❛❉❡❳s❂✼❵ ❞❴✹❭❤❑✹✼✸❨❤①✿❄✸❢❂❄❇⑤✶✑❇✢❀✼✿❆✸✴✸✺✹✼❀✼❉s❂❄❳❨✿✲❝❴❇✦❉s✿✲❤◗❉✺✶✥❳❡✹✲qØr✠✿❬✿t✽✺❚❍✿✲✸✴❉❯❂⑥❉✺✶✥❳❡✹✲✉ ❂❄❇✢❞❨✶❛❉✺✽✮❇✢✹❭➃❁❉✕❉✴✸❦❂✲❇❍✽✺❳❨✶✑✽✴✽✺✶✥✿❄❇s❳s❂❃❵❡❀❃✿❄✻✥✻✥✶✥❞❴✹♦❋◗✶❛❉✺❚❨❉✺❚❴✹❘❖❧❼ ✸❹❀✼✿❄❳❨✶✥❇❴❫ ❲♥❂❆❀❭●⑧❤❑✿❄✸⑦❉✺❚❴✹❯❞✢❂❪❉❦❂④❜♥❂✲❀❦●✲✹❭❉❃q❣r✠✿❬✿⑥✻✑✿✲❇❴❫⑧❂✾❉✺✶✑❳❨✹✲✉✖❂❄❇♥❞❩❉✺❚❴✹s❀❭❚✢❂❄❇❍▲ ❇✢✹❊✻✘❳❨❂❃❵❩❲♥✹❡✶①❞❬✻✬✹❄qsr✞❚❬❝✢✽✼✉➙❉✺❚✢✹❨✽✴❝❍❲✢❚❴✹❃❂✲❞❍✹❊✸❅❳⑦❝✢✽✯❉✎❲✄✹❨✽✺✹✼❇✦❉⑦❂❪❉✎❉✺❚❴✹ ✽✺❂✲❳❨✹♦✿❄✸✕✻✑✿❃❋♦✹❊✸✖✸❦❂❄❉✯✹❧❉✺✿❘✸✺✹❪❂❄❀❦❚❡❉✺❚❴✿✲✽✴✹♦❇✢✿❍❞❍✹❊✽✘❉✺❚❴❂❄❉✘❚✢✹❃❂❪✸❦❞♣❉✺❚✢✹♦❽✖r◗③♥q r♦❚❴✹❘❜✄✹❊✸✴▲◆❜✢❂❄❀❭●❄✹❊❉♦✿❪❱✲✹✼✸✺❚❍✹❃❂✦❞s✿✲❤➙❉✺❚❴✹✇❞❴✶❛✐❥✹❊✸✺✹✼❇❴❀✼✹✇✶✑❇❯✸❦❂❆❉✺✹✼✽✮✶✥✽✮✹❃❂✲✽✯❵❨❉✺✿ ❀❃❂✲✻✑❀✼❝❴✻✥❂❆❉✺✹✦q é❘✿❪❋✞✹✼❱✲✹❊✸❃✉✆❉✺✿❣❫❁❂❆❝✢❫❄✹❨❉✺❚✢✹s✶✥❳❨❜✢❂❄❀❊❉❅❉✺❚♥❂❆❉❅❉✺❚❴✹s❜✄✹❊✸✴▲❷❜♥❂✲❀❦●✲✹❭❉♣✿❪❱✦✹❭✸✴▲ ❚✢✹✼❂✲❞✾❚✢❂❄✽❧✿✦❇✾✿❆❱❄✹❊✸❦❂✲✻✑✻➙❜✄✹❊✸✴❤❑✿✲✸✺❳❨❂❄❇✢❀❊✹✲✉❴❋✮✹✎✽✴✶✑❳♣❝❴✻✬❂❆❉✴✹❪❞❢❉✺❚❍✹✎❇❴✹✼❉◆❋♦✿❆✸✺● ✶✑❇❯❼✞✿✲❇ ② ❫✲❝❍✸❦❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇④➆✮❋❘✶❛❉✺❚s❂❘✽❦✶✑❇❴❫✲✻✑✹❧❶ ✖✫✶t❀✼✿✲❇❴❇❴✹❃❀❊❉✺✶✑✿❄❇❡❤⑨✿❄✸✕❂✇✸❦❂❆❇✢❫✲✹ ✿❄❤◗❜❴❂✲❀❦●✲✹❊❉♣✽✴✶✑✈❃✹✼✽❀✪✵✹✲➔❬✉✕➔✲➇ ✭❍✉✕➇❬➆❃➔❍✉✞➆❪➓✲➔❄è❴✉✘❂❆❇♥❞Ø➆❊è ✭✲➓❣❲❁❵❁❉✺✹✼✽❃q✁✖✎❂❆❉❦❂ ❋♦❂❄✽♦❫✲✹❃❇❍✹❊✸❭❂❆❉✺✹❃❞❢❲✦❵④❂❆❇❣➒✲❻④❲✢❜✢✽◗❼✞❾✞❽✰✽✺✿✲❝❍✸✺❀✼✹✲✉❴❂✲❇✢❞❯❉✺❚❴✹✎❞✢❂❪❉❦❂⑦✸❦❂❄❉✴✹ ❤⑨✿❆✸♠❉✺❚❴✹✞❀❊✿✦❇✦❉✴✸✺✿✲✻❬❜♥❂❆❀❭●✲✹❊❉✺✽♦■❷❂❄❇✢❞❥✉❄✽✺❝❴❳❨❳❨❂❄✸✺✶✑✻✥❵✦✉❆❉✺❚❍✹✮✸✺✹✼✽✺✹❊✸✺❱❆❂❄❉✴✶✥✿✲❇⑦✽✺❝❴❲❍▲ ❚✢✹✼❂✲❞❴✹❭✸❊❙❦✉♠❋♦❂❄✽ ② ➃❍✹❃❞❏❂❄❉❯➆❆❻④❲✢❜❴✽✼q⑧r✞❚✢✹s✸✺✹✼✽✴❝❴✻✑❉✺✽⑦✿✲❤♦❉✺❚❴✹✼✽✴✹❯✹❊➃❍❜✄✹❊✸✺✶❛▲ ❳❨✹✼❇❁❉✺✽⑦❂❆✸✺✹❯✽✴❚❍✿❆❋❧❇❏✶✥❇✛↔✆✶✥❫✲❝❍✸✺✹ ✿❍✉✠❋❧❚✢✶✑❀❭❚❏❜❍✸✺✹❃✽✴✹✼❇❁❉✴✽❅❉✺❚❍✹❨❉✺❚❴✸✺✿✲❝❴❫✲❚❍▲ ❜✢❝❬❉❡❤①✿❄✸❡❲✄✿❄❉✺❚⑩❜❬✸✺✿✲❉✺✿❁❀✼✿✦✻✑✽❨❂❆✽❨❂❣❜✄✹❊✸✺❀❊✹✼❇❁❉❦❂❄❫✦✹❯✿✲❤◗❖◗❽❘↔✖❅ ✽❅❉✺❚❴✸✺✿✲❝❴❫✲❚❍▲ ❜✢❝❬❉❃q⑩P◗✿✲❉✺✹❯❉✺❚✢❂❄❉❃✉✘✹✼❱✲✹✼❇⑩❤❑✿✲✸❡✽✴❳s❂✲✻✑✻♦❜✢❂❄❀❭●❄✹❊❉❨✽✺✶✑✈✼✹✼✽✼✉✘❉✺❚❴✹✾✿❪❱✦✹❊✸✺❚❍✹❪❂✲❞

SLIDE 10

500 1000 1500

Packet Size (bytes)

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

Mean Throughput of RBAR (Relative to ARF)

➬❧➮①➱❥✃✒❐❆❒✁❥Ï ✭✼å✡☎✠Õ♥Ô✲Ó✛Ò ß Ó✼Ñ✠❒➀❐❄❒❬Ù✼❒❬❐❪ä❍Õ✢Ó❃➮❑Ò✄à➐Ù❃✃✠×♠Ñ✆❒❁Õ✢æ✠❒❬❐⑤Ò♥à ☎✘❒❁❐ ß Ò♥❐✲å❩Õ✢à✆Ô✦❒ØÚ❸❐❄❒❬Ö❑Õ❴Ó❃➮❑ä♥❒❩Ó❃Ò ✂ Ý❢➬◗Þ❡Õ♥Ù❯Õ ß ✃♠à✆Ô✲Ó❃➮❑Ò✄à➀Ò ß Ó❃Ñ✠❒ ☎✠Õ♥Ô✛✚✢❒❬ÓsÙ❃➮✄✂❁❒♥ç ✿❄❤✎❽◗❾♦❖◗❽✟❅ ✽❯✸✺✹❊✽❦✹❭✸✺❱❄❂❆❉✴✶✬✿❄❇✷✽✴❝❍❲✢❚✢✹✼❂✲❞❴✹❭✸✾❚✢❂❄✽❢❂t✸✺✹✼✻✬❂❆❉✺✶✑❱✦✹❊✻✑❵⑤❳❨✿❍❞❍✹✼✽✯❉ ❜✄✹❭✸✴❤⑨✿❄✸✺❳s❂❄❇❴❀✼✹❡✶✥❳❡❜♥❂❄❀❭❉❃q❡➑✖❱✦✹✼❇⑧❤❑✿❄✸✪❉✺❚❴✹❡✽✴❳s❂❄✻✥✻✑✹✼✽✯❉❅❜✢❂❄❀❭●❄✹❊❉✎✽✴✶✥✈✼✹④■ ✹✲➔ ❲❁❵❁❉✺✹✼✽❊❙❦✉❁❽❘❾✞❖◗❽✷❳s❂✲✶✑❇❁❉❦❂❄✶✑❇✢✽✮❂✲❇❯❂✲❜❍❜❴✸✺✿❃➃❍✶✑❳s❂❄❉✴✹⑦➆❃➓ ✤ ✶✥❳❨❜❍✸✺✿❆❱✲✹❊❳❨✹✼❇❁❉ ✿❆❱✲✹❭✸✇❖❧❽❘↔✮q

4 3 1 2

Flow2 Flow1 RSH

Scenario 2

1 2 4 3

Flow1 Flow2 RSH

Scenario 1

➬❧➮①➱❥✃✒❐❆❒❹❮ ✏✒Ï✷ã✾❒❍Ó✌✠❅Ò♥❐ ✚ Ù❃Ô✲❒❍à✠Õ✢❐❆➮❑Ò✄Ùt✃♠Ù❊❒❍æ➐Ó✼Ò❹Õ♥à✠Õ✢Ö❆☛☎✂❁❒✩Ó❃Ñ✠❒ ☎✘❒❁❐ ß Ò♥❐✲å❩Õ✢à✆Ô✦❒t➮❷å✆☎♠Õ❴Ô✦Ó✾Ô❄Õ♥✃✆Ù✼❒❍æ➀× ☛ØÓ❃Ñ✆❒tÖ❑Ò✄Ù❃ÙsÒ ß Ó❪Ñ✠❒tÝ❣â ☎ Ù❃✃✒×♠Ñ✆❒❁Õ♥æ✠❒❬❐❁ç ➑✖❱✦✹✼❇④❋❧❚❴✹✼❇❣✽✴✹✼❇❁❉❘❂❆❉❘❂❡✻✥✿❃❋❹✸❦❂❪❉✺✹✲✉♥❂❨❇❴✿❬❞❴✹✎❳s❂✼❵✾✽✯❉✺✶✑✻✬✻❥❤❷❂❄✶✑✻➙❉✺✿❡✸✺✹❊▲ ❀❊✹❃✶✥❱❄✹✘❉✺❚❍✹✘✽✴❝✢❲❍❚✢✹❃❂✦❞❬✹✼✸❃✉❪✽✴❝✢❀❦❚❅❂❄✽❃✉❃❤①✿✲✸✠✹❭➃✢❂❆❳❨❜✢✻✑✹✲✉❪❋❧❚❴✹✼❇❅❂❄❇✎❽✖r◗③❘❤①✸✺✿✲❳ ❂✎❇❴✹✼✶✑❫✦❚❁❲✄✿✲✸✺✶✑❇✢❫✎❇❴✿❴❞❬✹◗❀✼✿✦✻✑✻✑✶①❞❬✹✼✽✕❋◗✶❛❉✺❚s✶❛❉✞✿❆✸♦❂❅❞❍✹❃✹❊❜❨❤⑨❂✦❞❬✹❘❀✼❂✲❝❴✽✺✹✼✽✕✹❊➃❁▲ ❀❊✹❃✽✴✽✴✶✬❱❄✹⑦✹✼✸✴✸✺✿❆✸✺✽✼q❘❖❘✻❛❉✺❚❴✿✲❝❴❫✦❚⑥✽✴❝❴❀❭❚⑥❀❊✶✑✸✺❀❊❝✢❳❨✽✯❉❦❂✲❇❍❀✼✹❃✽◗❀❃❂✲❇⑧❂❆✻✥✽✺✿s✿❬❀✼❀✼❝❍✸ ✶✥❇⑤✽✯❉❦❂❄❇♥❞❴❂❆✸❦❞Ø➒✲➓✦➔❬q✥➆❄➆✦✉✞❝❴✽✴✹❣✿❄❤❘❉✺❚✢✹④✸✺✹❊✽✴✹❊✸✺❱❆❂❄❉✺✶✑✿✲❇✩✽✴❝❴❲❴❚❴✹❃❂✦❞❬✹❊✸❯❳s❂✼❵ ❀✼❂✲❝✢✽✴✹❧❉✴❚✢✹❊❳➄❉✺✿❅✿❁❀✼❀✼❝❍✸✞❳❨✿❆✸✺✹◗❤✬✸✺✹❃➌❁❝✢✹✼❇✦❉✺✻✑❵✦✉❬❂❄❇✢❞❡❋◗✶❛❉✺❚s❳❨✿✲✸✺✹❧✶✥❳❨❜✢❂❄❀❊❉ ✿✲❇❩❜✄✹❭✸✴❤⑨✿❄✸✺❳s❂❆❇✢❀✼✹❄✉✠❂❄✽✇❉✺✿✲❝❴❀❭❚❍✹❪❞⑥✿✲❇❩✹❃❂❆✸✺✻✥✶✑✹❊✸❃q⑦r♦❚❁❝✢✽✼✉❥❉✺✿✾❫✦❂❄❝✢❫❄✹♣❉✺❚❴✹ ✽✺✹✼❇❍✽✺✶❛❉✺✶✥❱❬✶❛❉❸❵❅✿❆❤✄❽◗❾♦❖◗❽⑩❉✺✿◗❉✺❚✢✹✞✻✑✿✲✽✺✽♠✿❆❤✢❉✺❚✢✹✕✸✺✹✼✽✴✹❊✸✺❱❆❂❄❉✺✶✑✿✲❇♣✽✴❝✢❲❍❚✢✹❃❂✦❞❬✹❊✸❪✉ ❋✞✹❨✽✺✶✥❳⑦❝❍✻①❂❪❉✺✹❃❞❩❉✺❚❴✹❨❇✢✹❊❉✡❋✞✿✲✸✺●❁✽❅✽✴❚❴✿❪❋◗❇t✶✥❇❏↔♠✶✥❫❄❝❴✸✺✹❣➆✼➓✾❤❑✿✲✸❅❱❆❂❄✸✴❵❬✶✥❇❍❫ ✻✥✿✲✽✴✽✆✸❭❂❪❉✺✹✼✽✼q♠❺❸❇❡③❍❀❊✹✼❇♥❂❪✸✺✶✥✿♣➆✲✉❆❉✺❚✢✹✞❇❴✹❊❉❸❋✮✿❄✸✺●❅❀✼✿✲❇❴✽✴✶✬✽✯❉✺✹✼❞⑦✿✲❤❴❤⑨✿✲❝❍✸✖❇❴✿❍❞❬✹❃✽ Ð✮Õ❴×♠Ö❑❒ ❮✄Ï ✄→❒❬Õ✢à ☎✖❒❬❐❃á✝✆♠Ò✧✠ Ó❪Ñ✠❐❪Ò✄✃✒➱❥Ñ ☎♠✃✠Ó ß Ò✄❐❰ä❴Õ❴❐✛☛✒➮❑à✠➱ ❐❆❒❬Ù✼❒❍❐❪ä❍Õ✢Ó❃➮❑Ò♥à➐Ù❃✃✠×✆Ñ✠❒❬Õ♥æ✠❒❁❐❈Ö①Ò❥Ù❊Ù✡☎✆❐❆Ò♥×✆Õ❴×♠➮⑨Ö❑➮❑Ó✌☛ ß Ò♥❐❏Ó❃Ñ✆❒✷à✠❒❬Ó❊á ✠⑦Ò♥❐✛✚⑤Ù❃Ô❄❒❴à✒Õ✢❐❄➮①Ò✄ÙsÙ❃Ñ✠Ò★✠❨à✷➮⑨àØ➬❧➮①➱✄✃✆❐❪❒✛❮ ✏ ➑✖✸✴✸ ③❍❀❊✹✼❇♥❂❪✸✺✶✬✿④➆ ③❁❀✼✹✼❇♥❂❆✸✺✶✥✿s➔ ✶✖✸✺✿❄❲ ↔♠✻✑✿❃❋❅➆ ↔✆✻✑✿❃❋✪➔ r✠✿❄❉❦❂❄✻ ↔✆✻✑✿❃❋❅➆ ↔✆✻✑✿❪❋❘➔ r✠✿✲❉✴❂✲✻ ➓❬q ➓❄➓ ✯✲➔✔✯ ✭ ✭✦➇ ➆ ✹ ✿ ✹ ➔❄➔✦➔ ➆✲➆ ✭✔✯ ➆❀✹✲➒ ✿ ➓❬q ➓✲➇ ✯❄➓✲➒ ✭ ✿✲➓ ➆ ✹ ✿✦➒ ➆❀✿✲è ➆✲➆❪➒✔✯ ➆❀✹✲➒❁➔ ➓❬q✬➆✼➓ ✭✲➒❄è ✯❍➆✮✭ ➆❃è✲➓✦➓ ➆✼➒ ✯ ➆✲➆ ✿✲➔ ➆❀✹✲➒✦➓ ➓❬q✬➆❃➇ ✭ ✯ ✭ ✯✦➔❆è ➆❃è✲➓✦➓ ➆❀✭❴➆ ➆❪➔✦➔❆➓ ➆❀✹✲➒❴➆ ➓❬q❛➔❆➓ ✭❄è✲è ✯✦➇❄➒ ➆❃è✲➓❁➔ ➆❃➇✔✹ ➆❪➔✔✹ ✭ ➆❀✹✲➒ ✿ ➓❬q❛➔❄➇ ✭✔✹❄è ✯✔✭❍➆ ➆ ✹ ✿❁➇ ➆❀✹✲è ➆❪➔✔✭❄➓ ➆❀✹✔✿❁➇ ➓❬q ✹❄➓ ➇✲➇✲➔ ➒✲è ✹ ➆ ✹ ✿✲è ➆❃➔✔✹ ➆❪➔✔✭❬➆ ➆❀✹✲➒❁➇ ➓❬q ✹✲➇ ➇ ✹ ✯ ➒❁➇✲➇ ➆ ✹ ✿ ✹ ➆✼➓✦➓ ➆❪➔✲➒✲➇ ➆❀✹✲➒❁➇ ➓❬q è✲➓ ➇ ✭✦➔ ➒ ✹❍➆ ➆ ✹ ✿ ✹ ✿ ✹ ➆✮✹✦➓❄➓ ➆❀✹✔✿ ✹ ➓❬q è✦➇ è ✿✲➒ ➒ ✿✔✭ ➆ ✹ ✿✲è ✭❁➔ ➆✮✹ ✹❄➓ ➆❀✹✔✿❁➔ ➓❬q❛➇❆➓ è✲è ✭ ✿❁➇❆è ➆❃è✲➓✦➓ è✧✯ ➆✮✹✲è✔✹ ➆❀✹✔✿✦➓ ❋◗✶❛❉✺❚❨❉✡❋♦✿✪➍✢✿❃❋❘✽✕❞❴✶❛✸✺✹❃❀❊❉✺✹✼❞s❂❃❋✞❂❪❵⑦❤❑✸✺✿❄❳➄❉✴❚❴✹❘❀❊✹✼❇✦❉✺✹❊✸✞✿❆❤❥❉✺❚❴✹◗❇❴✹✼❉◆❋♦✿❆✸✺● ✽✴❝✢❀❦❚s❉✺❚♥❂❪❉✮❉✺❚✢✹❘✽✴✿✲❝❍✸✺❀✼✹✇❇❍✿❍❞❴✹✼✽✮❋✮✹❊✸✺✹✪❂❆❲✢✻✑✹❘❉✺✿❅❚❴✹❃❂❄✸✞✹✼❂✲❀❭❚❯✿❆❉✺❚✢✹❊✸✮❲✢❝❴❉ ❉✺❚✢✹✾✽✺✶✥❇❴●⑩❇✢✿❬❞❍✹✼✽❨❋✞✹❊✸❦✹✾✿✦❝❍❉❯✿❆❤✪✸❦❂❄❇❴❫✲✹❣✿❆❤✎❂✲✻✑✻❧❲✢❝❬❉s❉✺❚✢✹✾✽✺✿✲❝❴✸✺❀❊✹❣✿❄❤ ❉✺❚✢✹❊✶✑✸❅➍❴✿❆❋✎q✾r✞❚❴✹❯❞❍✶✥✽✯❉❦❂❄❇❴❀✼✹s❲✄✹❊❉❸❋✮✹✼✹✼❇❏❉✯❚✢✹s❇✢✿❬❞❍✹✼✽✎❋♦❂✲✽❅✽✴❝❴❀❭❚❩❉✺❚✢❂❄❉ ❉✺❚✢✹❡✿✦❜❍❉✺✶✥❳s❂❆✻✘✸❦❂❪❉✺✹❯❂❄✻✑✿✦❇❍❫❣✹❃❂✲❀❦❚t➍✢✿❪❋➊❋✞❂✲✽⑦➔✦❻④❲✢❜❍✽❃✉♠❂❆❇♥❞❩❉✺❚❴✹❡✸❦❂❄❉✴✹ ❂❄❇❴❇✢✿❄❝✢❇✢❀❊✹❃❞⑦✶✑❇❅❉✺❚✢✹✞❽✖r❧③✪❋❧❂❆✽✖❂❄✻✑❋♦❂✼❵❍✽✞➆❪❻④❲✢❜❴✽✼q✆❺✡❇❨③❬❀✼✹✼❇♥❂❪✸✺✶✬✿✇➔❍✉❆❉✺❚❴✹ ❇✢✹❭❉❸❋✞✿❆✸✺●s❋♦❂✲✽♦✽✴✶✥❳❨✶✑✻✥❂❄✸❧✹❊➃❬❀✼✹❃❜❬❉♦❉✺❚✢✹✎❞❬✶✑✸✺✹✼❀❊❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❢✿✲❤✆✿✦❇❍✹✪✿✲❤✒❉✺❚✢✹✇➍✢✿❃❋❧✽ ❋♦❂❄✽❧✸✺✹❊❱✲✹❊✸❦✽✴✹❃❞❥q✖❺❸❇④❲✄✿❆❉✺❚④✽✺❀✼✹✼❇✢❂❆✸✺✶✑✿✦✽✼✉❍❉✺❚✢✹✇✸✺✹❃✽✴✹❭✸✺❱❄❂❆❉✺✶✥✿❄❇❣✽✴❝✢❲❍❚✢✹✼❂✲❞❴✹❭✸✺✽ ❤❑✸✺✿❄❳ P✇✿❬❞❍✹✵✹★❅ ✽✎❜✢❂❄❀❦●✲✹✼❉✺✽✇❋♦✹❭✸✺✹❡❀✼✿✲✸✴✸✺❝❍❜❴❉✺✹✼❞⑧❋◗✶❛❉✺❚t❱❆❂❄✸✴❵❬✶✑❇❴❫④❜❴✸✺✿❄❲♥❂❪▲ ❲✢✶✑✻✑✶✑❉✡❵❁✉✘✽✺✿t✶❛❉♣❋❧❂❄✽❨✹❭➃❴❜✢✹✼❀✼❉✴✹❪❞✛❉✺❚✢❂❆❉s↔✆✻✥✿❪❋ ➆✾❋✮✿✲❝✢✻✥❞❈✹❊➃❬❜✄✹❊✸✺✶✥✹✼❇❍❀❃✹④❂ ❞❴✹❊❀❊✸✺✹❃❂✲✽✴✹✪✶✥❇④❜✄✹❭✸✴❤❑✿✲✸✺❳s❂❆❇✢❀✼✹❘❋❘✶❛❉✺❚④❂✲❇④✶✑❇✢❀❭✸✺✹❃❂❄✽✺✹✪✶✑❇✾❉✺❚❴✹✎❜❍✸✺✿✲❲✢❂✲❲❍✶✥✻✥✶❛❉✡❵ ✿❄❤✖✻✑✿❄✽❦✽✼q r✞❚✢✹❣✸✺✹✼✽✺❝❍✻✥❉✺✽❯✿❄❤❅❲✄✿❆❉✺❚✩✹✼➃❬❜✄✹❊✸✺✶✑❳❨✹❃❇✦❉✺✽❢❂❄✸✺✹⑥✽✴❚❴✿❃❋❘❇Ø✶✬❇✩r✆❂✲❲❍✻✬✹✛➆❄q ➑✘❂✲❀❭❚♣✸✺✿❆❋⑤✸✺✹✼❜❴✸✺✹❊✽✴✹❃❇✦❉✺✽✘❉✺❚❴✹◗❳❡✹❃❂❄✽✺❝❬✸✺✹❃❞❡❉✺❚❴✸✺✿❄❝✢❫✲❚❴❜❴❝❍❉✇■⑨✶✑❇✵✸✪❲❴❜✢✽❭❙✠❤❑✿✲✸ ❉✺❚✢✹⑦❜❴✸✺✿❄❲♥❂❆❲✢✶✑✻✬✶❛❉✡❵❣✿✲❤✘✻✥✿✲✽✺✽✇✽✴❚❴✿❪❋◗❇⑧✶✑❇⑥❉✺❚❴✹♣✻✥✹❭❤❑❉✺❳❨✿✲✽✯❉✇❀❃✿✲✻✑❝✢❳❡❇✒q✎❖◗✽✪❂ ❲♥❂❆✽✴✶✬✽✎✿❄❤✞❀❃✿✲❳❡❜♥❂❆✸✺✶✑✽✺✿✲❇➙✉✒❉✺❚❴✹❨❳❨✹❃❂❄✽✴❝❴✸✺✹❃❞⑧❉✺❚❍✸❦✿✲❝❴❫✲❚❴❜❴❝❍❉✎❤⑨✿❄✸⑦❖◗❽❘↔➀✶✑❇ ③❍❀❊✹✼❇♥❂❪✸✺✶✥✿❨➆♦❋♦❂❄✽✮➇✔✯✔✭✛✸✎❲✢❜❍✽✘❤⑨✿❆✸✞↔✆✻✑✿❃❋➹➆◗❂✲❇✢❞❯➇ ✯✲➔ ✸✇❲✢❜✢✽✖❤❑✿❄✸✮↔✆✻✥✿❃❋➀➔❁✉ ❂❄❇✢❞⑥✶✬❇t③❁❀❃✹✼❇✢❂❆✸✺✶✥✿④➔s✶✑❉✇❋♦❂❄✽✎➔✔✯✲➒✛✸✎❲✢❜❍✽✇❤❑✿✲✸✪↔♠✻✥✿❃❋❿➆❡❂❄❇✢❞⑧➒✔✭ ✯ ✸✎❲✢❜❍✽ ❤⑨✿❆✸✎↔✆✻✥✿❪❋➊➔❬q❅r✞❚❴✹❡❞❍✶✑✐❥✹❭✸✺✹❃❇❴❀✼✹♣✶✑❇⑧❉✺❚❴✹⑦❉✺❚❍✸✺✿✲❝❴❫✲❚✢❜❍❝❴❉✺✽✇❲♥✹✼❉✡❋✞✹✼✹✼❇⑥❉✺❚❴✹ ➍♥✿❃❋❧✽✖✶✑❇s③❬❀✼✹✼❇♥❂❪✸✺✶✬✿✎➔◗✶✥✽✖❞❴❝❍✹✞❉✺✿✪❜❍✸✺✿✲❲❴✻✥✹✼❳❨✽✆❋◗✶❛❉✺❚♣❤❷❂❆✶❛✸✺❇✢✹✼✽✴✽✖✶✑❇❨➒✦➓✲➔❍q✑➆✲➆ ➅ ➔✔✹❆➈◆qØ↔❴✿✲✸❯③❍❀✼✹✼❇✢❂❆✸✺✶✑✿Ø➆❄✉✮❉✺❚❍✹❊✸❦✹④✶✑✽s✿✲❇❴✻❛❵⑤❂❩❳❨✿❍❞❬✹❊✸❭❂❆❉✺✹✾✶✥❳❡❜♥❂❄❀✼❉❨✿✲❇ ❜✄✹❊✸✴❤⑨✿❆✸✺❳s❂❄❇❴❀✼✹✲q➄❖✮❉❣➇ ✤ ✻✥✿✲✽✴✽✾❉✺❚❍✹❊✸✺✹❩✶✑✽✾✿✦❇❍✻✑❵✷❂ ✹ ✤ ❞❬✹❃❀❊✸✺✹❃❂❆✽❦✹⑧✶✑❇ ❜✄✹❊✸✴❤⑨✿❆✸✺❳s❂❄❇❴❀✼✹✲✉❬❂❄❇✢❞❡❉✴❚❴✹◗❞❴✹✼❀✼✻✑✶✥❇❴✹❧✽✯❉❦❂❃❵❬✽✕❲✄✹❊✻✥✿❪❋➹➆❃➓ ✤→❲✄✹❊❵✦✿✲❇♥❞❡❂✪✻✬✿❄✽✴✽ ✿❄❤❯➆❆➇ ✤❢q➄é✇✿❃❋♦✹✼❱❄✹❊✸❃✉❘✶✬❇➹③❁❀❃✹✼❇❴❂❄✸✺✶✑✿✩➔❏❋✮✹t✽✴✹✼✹t❂⑩✻✥❂❄✸✺❫✲✹❊✸④✶✑❳❨❜♥❂❆❀❊❉❃✉ ✽✯❉❦❂❄✸✴❉✺✶✑❇✢❫❡❂❆❉❧❂♣❞❴✹✼❀❊✻✬✶✑❇✢✹❘✿✲❤✮➆❊è ✤➐❂❆❉❧❂❨➇ ✤➊✻✬✿❄✽✴✽❃✉❴✶✑❇❴❀❊✸✺✹❃❂❄✽✺✶✑❇✢❫⑦✸❦❂❄❜❴✶✬❞❍✻❛❵ ❉✺✿✷✹❄➒ ✤❹❂❪❉✘❂◗✻✥✿✲✽✴✽♠✿❄❤✒➆❆➇ ✤❢q✖r✞❚❬❝❍✽❪✉❄✶❛❉♠✶✥✽✆✹✼❱❬✶✥❞❴✹✼❇❁❉✆❉✺❚❴❂❄❉♠✽✴✶✑❉✺❝✢❂❆❉✺✶✥✿❄❇✢✽♠✶✑❇ ❋◗❚❴✶✥❀❦❚✾✸✺✹❃✽✴✹❊✸✺❱❆❂❄❉✺✶✑✿✲❇④✽✴❝✢❲✢❚❍✹❪❂✲❞❍✹❊✸✺✽◗❂❄✸✺✹✎✻✑✿✦✽✯❉❧❤⑨✿❄✸◗❇❴✿❴❞❬✹✼✽❧❉✺❚✢❂❆❉✇❂❪✸✺✹❅✿✲❇ ❉✺❚✢✹♣✸✺✹✼❀✼✹❃✶✑❱❁✶✬❇❍❫❣✹✼❇✢❞t✿❆❤❧❂❢➍✢✿❪❋➐❂❪✸❭✹❡❳❨✿❄✸✺✹s✽✴✹✼❇❴✽✴✶❛❉✺✶✬❱❄✹❡❉✺✿④❉✺❚❴❂❄❉❅✻✑✿✦✽✴✽✼✉ ❳❨✿❄✽✺❉❯✻✥✶✑●✲✹✼✻✑❵⑤❲✄✹✼❀❃❂❆❝✢✽✴✹❣❉✺❚✢✹④✽❦✹❊❇♥❞❬✹❊✸❢✿✲❇✩❉✺❚❴❂❄❉s➍♥✿❃❋ ✶✑✽❯✽❦❝❍❲ ✛✴✹✼❀❊❉s❉✺✿ ✸✺✹✼❜✄✹❃❂❆❉✺✹❃❞❨❲♥❂❆❀❭●❄✿✲✐✾❋◗❚❍✹✼❇❯✶❛❉✺✽✮❽✖r❧③ ❅ ✽✮❂❆✸✺✹◗✶✥❫✲❇✢✿❄✸✺✹✼❞❡❋❘✶❛❉✺❚s✶✥❇❴❀❭✸✺✹❪❂❄✽✴✶✥❇❴❫ ❜❴✸✺✿❄❲♥❂❆❲✢✶✑✻✬✶❛❉✡❵✦q

6.2 Slow Changing Channel Conditions

r✠✿❩✿✲❲❴✽✴✹❊✸✺❱✦✹❯❉✺❚❴✹✾❜♥✹✼✸✴❤❑✿✲✸✺❳❨❂❄❇✢❀❊✹✾✿❆❤❘❉✺❚❴✹✾❜❬✸✺✿✲❉✺✿❁❀✼✿✦✻✑✽❨❝❍❇♥❞❍✹❊✸❨❀❊✿✲❇♥❞❍✶❛▲ ❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❍✽◗❋❧❚❴✹✼❇④❉✺❚❍✹⑦❀❦❚❴❂✲❇❴❇❴✹✼✻➙❀❃✿✲❇♥❞❬✶✑❉✺✶✥✿❄❇✢✽◗❂❄✸✺✹✎✽✯❉❦❂❄❉✯✶✬❀✎✿❆✸❘✽✺✻✑✿❃❋→❀❦❚♥❂❆❇✢❫❆▲ ✶✑❇✢❫❍✉❁❋✞✹❘❂✲❫✦❂✲✶✑❇s✽✺✶✑❳♣❝❴✻✥❂❆❉✺✹❃❞❨❉✺❚❍✹❘❇❴✹❊❉❸❋✮✿✲✸✺●❡✶✑❇✾❼✮✿✲❇ ② ❫✲❝❍✸❦❂❆❉✺✶✥✿✲❇❣➆✦✉✦❲✢❝❴❉ ❉✺❚✢✹♦❳❡✿✲❲✢✶✑✻✑✹❧❇❴✿❍❞❬✹♦❋♦❂❄✽✘❳❨✿❪❱✲✹✼❞❡✶✑❇❯➇❆❳ ✶✥❇❴❀❭✸❭✹❊❳❨✹✼❇✦❉✺✽✖✿❄❱❄✹❊✸✖❉✺❚✢✹✞✸❦❂❆❇✢❫✲✹ ✿❄❤✖❳❡✿✦❲❴✶✥✻✑✶❛❉❸❵t■❷➓❄❳ ▲ ✹❄➓✦➓❄❳❯❙❦✉✄❂❄❇✢❞④❚✢✹❊✻✬❞ ② ➃❬✹❃❞④❤①✿❄✸✇❂✵✭✲➓❄✽❧❉✴✸❦❂❄❇❴✽✴❳❨✶✥✽✯▲ ✽✴✶✥✿✲❇❯✿❄❤✆❼✞❾✞❽➀❞✢❂❪❉❦❂⑦✿❪❱✦✹❭✸♦❂✎✽✺✶✥❇❴❫✲✻✑✹✇❶ ✖✫✶✛❀✼✿✲❇✢❇❍✹✼❀✼❉✴✶✥✿✲❇✒q✆é✇✹❊✸✺✹✲✉❍❞❴❂❆❉❦❂ ❋♦❂❄✽❢❫✲✹✼❇✢✹❊✸❦❂❪❉✺✹❃❞✷❂❄❉✾❂❏✸❦❂❪❉✺✹⑥✿✲❤❅➒❁❻④❲❴❜✢✽❢❂✲❇❴❞✩✽✴✹❃❇✦❉❢✶✬❇→➆❊è ✭✦➓✛❲✦❵❬❉✴✹ ❜♥❂❆❀❭●✲✹❊❉✺✽✼q

SLIDE 11

50 100 150 200 250 300

Distance (m)

1000 2000 3000 4000

Mean Throughput (Kbps)

ARF QAM256 (8Mbps) QAM64 (6Mbps) QAM16 (4Mbps) QPSK (2Mbps) BPSK (1Mbps)

➬❧➮①➱❥✃✒❐❆❒➹❮✄❮♥Ï ✗❘❒❬❐ ß Ò♥❐✦å❩Õ♥à✆Ô✲❒ØÒ ß ✂ Ý❢➬ ß Ò✄❐❏Õ✰Ù❃➮⑨à✠➱✄Ö❑❒ ✂⑦Û❡Ý Ô✦Ò♥à✆à✠❒❍Ô✲Ó❃➮❑Ò✄àØ×✘❒❬Ó✌✠❅❒❍❒❬àØÓ ✠❅Ò⑩à✠Ò✒æ✠❒❬Ù❨Õ❴Ó✣✍✑✏❥❒❍æ✷æ✆➮❑Ù✼Ó✼Õ✢à♠Ô✲❒❬Ù✲ç

50 100 150 200 250 300

Distance (m)

1000 2000 3000 4000

Mean Throughput (Kbps)

RBAR QAM256 (8Mbps) QAM64 (6Mbps) QAM16 (4Mbps) QPSK (2Mbps) BPSK (1Mbps)

➬❧➮①➱❥✃✒❐❆❒✛❮✳❥Ï✟✗❘❒❁❐ ß Ò✢❐✲å❩Õ♥à✆Ô✲❒⑥Ò ß Ý❯Û ✂ Ý ß Ò✢❐❢ÕtÙ❃➮⑨à✠➱✄Ö❑❒✡✂⑦Û❡Ý Ô✦Ò♥à✆à✠❒❍Ô✲Ó❃➮❑Ò✄àØ×✘❒❬Ó✌✠❅❒❍❒❬àØÓ ✠❅Ò⑩à✠Ò✒æ✠❒❬Ù❨Õ❴Ó✣✍✑✏❥❒❍æ✷æ✆➮❑Ù✼Ó✼Õ✢à♠Ô✲❒❬Ù✲ç r♦❚❴✹⑦✸✺✹❃✽✴❝❴✻✑❉✺✽✪✿❆❤✮❉✺❚❍✹✼✽✺✹❡✹❊➃❍❜♥✹❊✸❦✶✑❳❨✹✼❇❁❉✴✽❅❂❪✸✺✹❡✽✴❚❴✿❪❋◗❇⑧✶✥❇t↔♠✶✑❫✲❝❍✸✺✹✾➆❄➆ ❤❑✿❄✸♠❖◗❽◗↔④❂✲❇✢❞✎↔✆✶✬❫❄❝❴✸✺✹❧➆❪➔✞❤❑✿✲✸✠❽❘❾♦❖❧❽❅q❪❖❘✻✑✽✴✿◗✽✴❚✢✿❃❋❧❇⑦❂❆✸✺✹✕❉✯❚✢✹✖✸✺✹✼✽✺❝❴✻✑❉✺✽ ❋◗❚❍✹❃❇Ø❉✺❚❴✹ ② ➃❬✹❪❞⑤✸❦❂❆❉✺✹✼✽❢❂❄✸✺✹⑥❝✢✽✴✹❃❞❥q→P◗✿✲❉✺✶✑❀✼✹❣❉✺❚✢❂❆❉✾❖❘❽◗↔ ❤⑨❂✲✶✑✻✑✽❢❉✯✿ ❜✄✹❭✸✴❤⑨✿❄✸✺❳ ❂❄✽⑦❋✞✹❃✻✑✻♦❂❄✽⑦❉✺❚✢✹ ② ➃❍✹❃❞❏✸❦❂❆❉✴✹❃✽❨❂❪❉❡✹❪❂❆❀❭❚❈❞❍✶✥✽✴❉✺❂❄❇❴❀❃✹❯✹❊➃❍❀✼✹✼❜❍❉ ❲✄✹❭❵❁✿✲❇✢❞✩❉✺❚✢❂❄❉❢❋❧❚✢✶✑❀❦❚➀✶✑✽④✿✲❜❍❉✺✶✑❳s❂✲✻❘❤❑✿❄✸④❉✯❚✢✹⑧❚✢✶✑❫✦❚❴✹✼✽✯❉✾✸❦❂❆❉✴✹✦q➄r♦❚❴✶✥✽ ✶✥✽❡❲✄✹❊❀❃❂✲❝❍✽❦✹✾❖❘❽◗↔→❜✄✹❭✸✺✶✥✿❍❞❬✶✬❀✼❂❄✻✥✻✑❵❏❉✴✸✺✶✥✹❊✽❡❉✺✿t✽✴✹❊❇♥❞❈❞❴❂❆❉❦❂⑧❜✢❂❄❀❦●✦✹❊❉✺✽s❂❪❉ ❉✺❚❴✹✾❇❴✹❊➃❬❉❨❚❍✶✬❫❄❚✢✹✼✽✯❉♣✸❦❂❄❉✺✹❢✶✥❇⑤❂❆❇Ø❂❆❉✴❉✴✹❃❳❨❜❬❉❡❉✺✿❩❫✦❂✲❝❍❫✦✹❯❉✺❚✢✹❢❀❭❚✢❂❄❇✢❇❍✹❃✻ ❀❊✿✦❇♥❞❬✶✥❉✯✶✬✿❄❇✢✽✼q✖❺❸❇❯✽✴✶❛❉✺❝♥❂❪❉✺✶✑✿✦❇✢✽✘❋❘❚❍✹✼✸✺✹❧❉✺❚✢✹✇❀❊✿✲❇♥❞❬✶✑❉✺✶✥✿❄❇✢✽♦❂❪✸✺✹✇✽✴❝❴❀❭❚s❉✺❚♥❂❪❉ ❉✺❚❴✿✲✽✺✹❢❜♥❂❄❀❦●✲✹✼❉✯✽s❂❆✸✺✹✾✻✥✿❄✽✴❉❡❋❧✶✑❉✴❚❈❚✢✶✑❫✦❚⑩❜❴✸✺✿✲❲✢❂✲❲❍✶✥✻✥✶❛❉✡❵✦✉✕❉✯❚✢✹✼❇⑩❉✺❚✢✹❭✸✺✹✾✶✥✽ ✸✺✹❃❜✢✹❃❂❄❉✺✹❃❞s❜❴❂✲❀❭●❄✹❊❉✞✻✑✿✦✽✴✽✘✸❦✹✼✽✴❝✢✻❛❉✺✶✑❇✢❫❅✶✥❇❨❉✺❚✢✹◗❀✼✿✦❇❍✽❦✶✑✽✯❉✺✹✼❇❁❉✮❜♥✹✼✸✴❤❑✿❆✸✺❳s❂✲❇✢❀❊✹ ❞❍✹✼❫✲✸❦❂❄❞✢❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇✾✽✴❚✢✿❃❋◗❇④✶✑❇✾❉✺❚❴✹✪✸✺✹✼✽✴❝✢✻❛❉✺✽✼q ❽❘❾✞❖❘❽✎✉✆✿❄❇❏❉✺❚✢✹s✿❆❉✺❚✢✹❊✸⑦❚✢❂❄❇♥❞❥✉♠❫✲✹❊❇✢✹❊✸❦❂✲✻✑✻❛❵t❜✄✹❊✸✴❤❑✿✲✸✺❳❡✽⑦❲✄✹❭❉✴❉✺✹❊✸❨❂❪❉ ❂❄✻✥✻✒❞❴✶✑✽✯❉❦❂✲❇❍❀✼✹❃✽❧✹❊➃❬❀✼✹❃❜❬❉◗❀✼✻✑✿✦✽✴✹✎✶✑❇✒✉❍❋❧❚✢✹❊✸✺✹❅❖◗❽◗↔❈✹❭➃❴❀❊✹✼✻✑✽❪q✘r♦❚❴✶✥✽❧✶✑✽❧❲✄✹❊▲ ❀✼❂✲❝✢✽✴✹❅✿❄❤♠❉✺❚❴✹✎✶✬❇❍❀❊✸❦✹❃❂❆✽✴✹❪❞④✶✑❳❨❜♥❂❆❀❊❉✇✿❆❤♠❉✺❚✢✹✎✸✺✹✼✽✴✹❊✸✺❱❄❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇④✽✴❝✢❲❍❚✢✹❃❂✦❞❬✹❊✸❪q ❽◗✹✼❀❃❂❄✻✥✻❥❉✺❚♥❂❪❉❧❉✺❚❴✹✪✸✺✹❃✽✴✹❊✸✺❱❆❂❄❉✺✶✑✿❄❇❣✽✴❝✢❲❍❚✢✹❃❂✲❞❍✹✼✸❧❚✢❂✲✽♦❉✺✿❨❲✄✹✎✽✴✹✼❇❁❉◗❂❄❉◗✿✲❇❴✹ ✿❄❤➙❉✺❚❍✹◗❲♥❂❄✽✺✶✑❀❧✸❦❂❆❉✺✹✼✽❘■⑨✶✥❇s❉✴❚❴✶✑✽✮✶✥❇❴✽✴❉✺❂✲❇❴❀✼✹✲✉♥➆❪❻④❲✢❜✢✽❭❙❦q♠r❧❚❁❝❴✽✼✉❍❂❆❉✮❚❴✶✥❫✲❚❴✹❊✸ ❞❴❂❆❉❦❂✎✸❦❂❆❉✺✹✼✽✕❉✺❚❴✹❘✿❆❱❄✹❊✸✺❚✢✹✼❂✦❞s✿❄❤➙❉✴❚✢✹◗✽✺❝❴❲❴❚✢✹❃❂❄❞❴✹❊✸✮❲✄✹✼❀✼✿✦❳❨✹❊✽✮❳❨✿✲✸✺✹◗✽✺✶✑❫❄▲ ❇❴✶ ② ❀❃❂✲❇✦❉❃q✛➎✇❇❍✹❢❋❧❂✼❵t❉✺✿⑧✸✺✹✼❞❴❝✢❀❊✹❢❉✺❚❍✶✬✽♣✿❪❱✲✹✼✸✺❚❍✹❃❂✦❞✛✶✥✽♣❉✺✿⑧✹✼❳❨❜❴✻✥✿❃❵✛❂ ❳❡✹✼❀❭❚✢❂✲❇❍✶✬✽✴❳❿❉✺❚✢❂❆❉◗❜❴✸✺✹❃❞❍✶✑❀❊❉✺✽◗❉✺❚❍✹❅❲✄✹✼✽✯❉❘❞✢❂❪❉❦❂❡✸❦❂❆❉✺✹✎❤❑✿✲✸❧❉✺❚❍✹❅❀❭❚✢❂❄❇✢❇❍✹❃✻ ❀❊✿✦❇♥❞❬✶✥❉✯✶✬✿❄❇✢✽✼q✕➎✇❇✢✹✇✽✴❝✢❀❦❚✾❉✺✹✼❀❦❚❴❇❴✶✥➌❬❝❴✹✪✶✑✽♦❉✴✿❨✽✴✶✑❳❨❜✢✻❛❵❢❀❃❂✲❀❦❚❍✹✪❉✴❚✢✹✪❳❡✿✦✽✯❉

50 100 150 200 250 300

Distance (m)

1000 2000 3000 4000

Mean Throughput (Kbps)

RBAR-P QAM256 (8Mbps) QAM64 (6Mbps) QAM16 (4Mbps) QPSK (2Mbps) BPSK (1Mbps)

➬❧➮①➱✄✃✆❐❪❒➊❮✑➙Ï✙✗◗❒❍❐ ß Ò♥❐✲åtÕ♥à✆Ô❄❒❹Ò ß Ý✾Û ✂ Ý ✠sÑ✠❒❍à Õ Ù❃➮❷å✆☎✆Ö❑❒ Ñ✠❒❍✃✠❐❆➮⑨Ù✼Ó❃➮⑨ÔØ➮❑Ù✛✃✆Ù✼❒❬æ➄× ☛ Ó❃Ñ✒❒✰Ù❊❒❍à✆æ✠❒❬❐⑩Ó✼Ò→Ó❃❐ ☛ Õ✢à✆æ ☎✆❐❆❒❬æ✆➮⑨Ô✲Ó Ó❃Ñ✆❒✾×✕❒❬Ù✼Ó❡æ✠Õ✢Ó✼Õ❩❐❪Õ✢Ó✼❒ ß Ò♥❐sÓ✼Ñ✠❒⑥Ô✲Ò❥à✆æ✠➮①Ó❪➮①Ò❥à✆Ù✔✓✆➮❑à⑤Õ✢àØ❒ ☎✕Ò♥❐❪Ó❡Ó✼Ò ❐❆❒❬æ✆✃✆Ô✦❒❨Ó❃Ñ✆❒ ß ❐❪❒✁✒✃✒❒❬à✆Ô ☛⑥Ò ß Ó❪Ñ✠❒sà✠❒❍Ô✲❒❍Ù✼Ù❃➮❑Ó✌☛ ß Ò♥❐❅❐❆❒❍Ù✼❒❁❐❆ä❬Õ✢Ó❪➮①Ò❥à Ù❃✃✠×♠Ñ✒❒❍Õ✢æ✠❒❬❐❆Ù✲ç ✸✺✹✼❀✼✹❃❇✦❉♦✸❦❂❪❉✺✹✼✽◗❂❄✽✞❉✺❚❴✹❊❵❢❂❄✸✺✹✎❞❬✶✬✽✴❀❊✿❆❱✲✹❊✸✺✹❃❞➙q✘↔✆✶✥❫✲❝❍✸✺✹❡➆✮✹⑦✽✺❚❴✿❪❋❧✽✞❉✺❚✢✹✇✸✺✹❭▲ ✽✴❝✢✻❛❉✺✽❅❋◗❚❴✹❃❇✛✽✴❝❴❀❭❚✛❂⑥❉✯✹❃❀❭❚❍❇✢✶✥➌❁❝❴✹❯✶✥✽♣✹❊❳❨❜✢✻✑✿❃❵❁✹❃❞✄q❩❼✞✻✑✹❃❂❄✸✺✻❛❵t❉✺❚❴✹❊✸✺✹❯✶✑✽ ❂④✽✴✶✥❫✲❇❴✶ ② ❀❃❂❄❇❁❉❅✶✥❳❨❜❬✸✺✿❄❱❄✹✼❳❨✹✼❇❁❉❅✶✥❇t❉✺❚❍✹s✶✥❇❴✽✯❉❦❂✲❇❍❀✼✹s✽✴❚✢✿❃❋◗❇❏❚❴✹❊✸✺✹✲✉♠❞❍❝❴✹ ❉✺✿❣❉✺❚❍✹❢❚❍✶✥❫✲❚✛❜❍✸✺✹❃❞❴✶✑❀❊❉❦❂❆❲✢✶✑✻✬✶❛❉✡❵❏✿❆❤♦❉✺❚✢✹s❀❦❚♥❂❄❇❴❇❴✹❃✻⑨q④é❘✿❪❋✞✹✼❱❄✹✼✸❃✉♠❲✄✹❊❉✴❉✴✹✼✸ ❉✺✹✼❀❦❚✢❇❍✶①➌✦❝❴✹✼✽♦✽✴❝✢❀❦❚✾❂❄✽✮❉✺❚❴✿✲✽✺✹✇❜❍✸✺✿✲❜✄✿✲✽✺✹❃❞❯✶✑❇t➅ ✹❄➈❥❳❨❂❪❵❯❂❄✻✥✽✴✿⑦❋✞✿✲✸✺●♣❋♦✹✼✻✑✻ ❤⑨✿❆✸❘❽◗❾♦❖❧❽⑦q✢r✞❚✢✶✑✽❧✶✑✽◗❂♣❉✺✿✲❜❴✶✥❀✎✿❄❤✆❤❑❝❍❉✺❝❍✸✺✹✎✽✯❉✺❝✢❞❍❵✦q

6.3 Fast Changing Channel Conditions

❺❸❇❣❂❨❽✇❂✼❵❬✻✥✹✼✶✑❫✦❚④❤⑨❂✲❞❴✶✑❇✢❫s❀❦❚✢❂❄❇❴❇❴✹✼✻⑨✉✄❱❆❂❆✸✺✶✬❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❍✽❘✶✥❇④❉✺❚❍✹❅❋◗✶❛✸✺✹✼✻✥✹✼✽✴✽◗✽✴✶✬❫❆▲ ❇♥❂❆✻♥❂❪✸✺✹♦✶✬❇❴❞❴❝❴❀✼✹❃❞❨❂❪❉✮❂◗✸❦❂❄❉✺✹✞❉✺❚✢❂❆❉✮❞❬✹❃❜♥✹✼❇✢❞❴✽✼✉✲✶✬❇♣❜♥❂❆✸✺❉✼✉✦✿✲❇❡❉✺❚❍✹❧✽✴❜✄✹✼✹❃❞ ❂❄✻✥✿✲❇❴❫✾❉✺❚❍✹❨✻✑✶✑❇✢✹❊▲◆✿❄❤①▲❷✽❦✶✑❫❄❚❬❉✪❲✄✹❊❉❸❋✮✹✼✹❃❇❩❉✯❚✢✹❡❉✴✸❦❂❆❇✢✽✴❳❨✶❛❉✴❉✺✹❊✸⑦❂❆❇♥❞⑥❉✺❚❴✹❡✸✺✹❭▲ ❀✼✹✼✶✥❱✲✹❭✸❃q✰↔✢✿❄✸❢❂❩❀❃✿✲❇❁❱✦✹❊❇❬❉✯✶✬✿❄❇♥❂❄✻◗✻✑✿❁❀❪❂❄✻◗❂❄✸✺✹❃❂❩❇✢✹❊❉✡❋✞✿❆✸❭●✛❋❧✶✑❉✺❚⑤❇✢✿❍❞❍✹❊✽ ❳❨✿❪❱❬✶✑❇✢❫✪❂❪❉♠❋♦❂✲✻✑●❬✶✑❇✢❫❘✽✴❜✄✹✼✹❃❞❴✽♦■⑨✹❄q ❫❴q✥✉❄❇✢✿❬❞❍✹✞✽✴❜✄✹✼✹❃❞ ☞⑤➔❘❳❯➏❪✽♠❀✼✿✦❳❨❳❅❝❍▲ ❇✢✶✑❀❃❂❆❉✴✶✬❇❍❫◗❂❆❉✆➔✦❻④❲✢❜❴✽✒✿❪❱✦✹❭✸✆❂◗➔❬q è ❊ é❘✈✖❀❭❚✢❂❄❇✢❇❍✹✼✻❑❙❦✉❪❀❭❚✢❂❄❇❴❫✲✹✼✽✒❫✲✹✼❇❴✹❊✸❦❂❄✻✥✻❛❵ ✿❬❀✼❀✼❝❍✸♦✽✴✻✬✿❃❋◗✻❛❵❯✹✼❇✢✿❄❝✢❫❄❚✾❉✴❚✢❂❄❉✞❉✺❚✢✹❘❀❭❚✢❂❄❇❴❇✢✹✼✻❥✶✑✽♦✹❊✐❥✹✼❀❊❉✺✶✑❱✦✹❊✻✑❵❯❀❃✿❄❇✢✽✯❉❦❂❆❇❬❉ ❤⑨✿❆✸♦❉✺❚✢✹✎❞❍❝❴✸❦❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇✾✿❄❤✖❂⑦❜♥❂❆❀❭●✦✹❭❉❧✹❊➃❍❀❭❚✢❂❄❇✢❫❄✹❨■❑❉✺❚✢✹✇❀✼✿✦❚❍✹✼✸✺✹✼❇❴❀❃✹❘❉✺✶✥❳❡✹❆❙❦q é✇✿❃❋✮✹✼❱✦✹❊✸❃✉➙❂❆✽❘❉✺❚✢✹⑦✽✴❜✄✹✼✹❃❞❣✶✥❇❍❀✼✸✺✹❃❂❄✽✴✹❃✽✼✉✄❀❦❚♥❂❄❇❴❫✦✹❊✽✇✿❁❀✼❀❃❝❬✸✪❳⑦❝✢❀❦❚⑥❳❨✿❄✸✺✹ ✸❦❂✲❜❍✶①❞❬✻✑❵✦✉❥❞❴✹❊❀❊✸✺✹❃❂✲✽✴✶✑❇✢❫s❉✺❚❍✹♣❜❍✸✺✹❃❞❬✶✬❀❊❉❦❂❆❲✢✶✑✻✥✶✑❉✡❵❣✿❆❤✘❉✺❚❴✹❅❀❭❚✢❂❄❇✢❇❴✹✼✻⑨q❘r❧❚❁❝❴✽✼✉ ❲❁❵❣✽✴✶✑❳⑦❝✢✻✥❂❆❉✺✶✥❇❴❫❢❂❨❤⑨❂✲❞❴✶✑❇✢❫s❀❦❚♥❂❆❇✢❇✢✹❊✻♠❂❄❇✢❞❣❱❄❂❪✸✴❵❍✶✥❇❴❫s❉✺❚❴✹⑦❳❨✹❃❂✲❇⑥❇❍✿❍❞❍✹ ✽✴❜✄✹✼✹❪❞✄✉❴❋✮✹✎❀❃❂✲❇✾✹✼❱❆❂✲✻✑❝♥❂❆❉✺✹✪❉✺❚❍✹❅❂✦❞❍❂✲❜❬❉❦❂❄❲✢✶✑✻✥✶❛❉❸❵❢✿❄❤✆❉✺❚❴✹✎❜❍✸✺✿❄❉✺✿❁❀✼✿✦✻✑✽✼q r✠✿✪✿✲❲❴✽✴✹❊✸✺❱✦✹✮❉✺❚❴✶✑✽✘✶✑❳❨❜✢❂❄❀❊❉❃✉❄❋✞✹♦❜✄✹❊✸✴❤①✿✲✸✺❳❨✹❃❞⑦✹❊➃❍❜♥✹✼✸✺✶✑❳❨✹✼❇❁❉✴✽♠❤⑨✿❆✸ ② ❱✲✹ ❞❴✶❛✐❥✹❊✸✺✹❊❇❬❉✞✽✴❜✄✹✼✹❪❞❍✽❃✉✢➔❬✉❍è✢✉✳✭❬✉✢➒❬✉♥❂❆❇♥❞⑥➆❃➓⑦❳❯➏❄✽✼✉❬❤❑✿✲✸❧❼♦✿❄❇ ② ❫✲❝❴✸❦❂❪❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❩➆❄q ❽◗✹✼✽✴❝✢✻❛❉✺✽✖❋✞✹❊✸✺✹❧❫✲✹❊❇✢✹❊✸❦❂❄❉✺✹✼❞♣❤❑✿✲✸✕❂✪❶ ✖✫✶t❀✼✿✲❇❴❇❴✹✼❀❊❉✺✶✥✿✲❇❨❀❃❂❆✸✴✸✴❵❬✶✬❇❍❫⑦❼♦❾✮❽ ❉✴✸❦❂❆➋❨❀❢❉✺❚✢❂❆❉❡❋✞❂✲✽❡❫❄✹✼❇✢✹❭✸❦❂❄❉✴✹❪❞⑩❂❆❉❨❂❣✸❦❂❄❉✺✹✾✿❆❤❘➒❁❻④❲✢❜❍✽❨❂✲❇✢❞✛✽✴✹✼❇❁❉❨✶✑❇ ➆✼è ✭✲➓⑧❲✦❵❍❉✺✹❢❜♥❂❆❀❭●✲✹❊❉✺✽✼q⑩r♦❚❍✹❃✽✴✹❢✸✺✹✼✽✺❝❍✻✥❉✺✽❡❂❆✸✺✹✾✽✴❚✢✿❃❋◗❇⑩✶✬❇⑤↔✆✶✑❫✲❝❍✸✺✹t➆✼è❍q ❖❘✻✑✽✴✿♣✶✥❇❴❀✼✻✑❝♥❞❬✹❪❞s✶✬❇s❉✺❚✢✹ ② ❫❄❝❴✸✺✹✪❂❪✸✺✹❘✸✺✹✼✽✺❝❍✻✥❉✺✽✕❤❑✿✲✸✞❉✺❚❍✹ ② ➃❍✹❃❞❨✸❦❂❄❉✺✹✼✽✪■❷❂❆✽ ❂❡❲✢❂❄✽✴✶✥✽◗✿❆❤♠❀✼✿✦❳❡❜✢❂❄✸✺✶✑✽✴✿✦❇♥❙❦q✘P❘✿❄❉✺✶✥❀❊✹✪❉✺❚✢❂❄❉✮✪

❽❘❾♦❖❧❽➄✿✦❝❴❉✴❜✄✹❭✸✴❤⑨✿❄✸✺❳❨✹✼❞✛❖◗❽❘↔✩❤⑨✿❆✸❡❂❆✻✬✻✘❳❨✹❃❂❆❇❏❇❴✿❴❞❬✹s✽✴❜✄✹✼✹❃❞❍✽✼✉

❋❧✶✥❉✺❚❏❉✺❚❍✹❯❜✄✹❊✸✴❤⑨✿❆✸✺❳s❂❄❇❴❀✼✹❯✶✥❳❡❜❴✸✺✿❪❱✦✹✼❳❨✹❊❇❬❉❅✸❦❂✲❇❍❫✦✶✑❇✢❫❣❤✬✸✺✿✦❳ ✭ ✤ ■✯➆❃➓❡❳❯➏❆✽❭❙✘❉✺✿❯➔✲➓ ✤ ■⑨➔♣❳❯➏❄✽❭❙❦q

❖◗❇❯✶✑❇✢❀❊✸✺✹✼❂✲✽✴✹❘✶✑❇❯❳❨✹❃❂❆❇❯❇✢✿❬❞❴✹◗✽✴❜✄✹✼✹❃❞❨✸✺✹✼✽✴❝❴✻❛❉✺✹❃❞s✶✥❇❯❂⑦❞❬✹✼❀✼✸✺✹❃❂❄✽✴✹

✶✥❇④❜✄✹❊✸✴❤❑✿✲✸✺❳❨❂❄❇✢❀❊✹✲q✞❖❧✽◗✹❊➃❬❜✄✹✼❀❊❉✺✹❃❞❥✉❴❉✺❚❴✹✎✶✑❇✢❀❊✸✺✹❃❂❄✽✴✹✎✶✬❇✾❱✲❂❪✸✺✶✬❂❄❲❴✶✥✻❛▲ ✶✑❉✡❵s✿❄❤➙❉✺❚✢✹◗✽✴✶✥❫✲❇♥❂❆✻♥✸✺✹✼✽✴❝✢✻❛❉✺✹❃❞s✶✥❇❢❂⑦❞❍✹✼❀❊✸✺✹❪❂❆✽✴✹✇✶✑❇❯❜✄✹❊✸✴❤⑨✿❄✸✺❳❨❂❄❇✢❀❊✹✲q ❖◗✻✥✽✴✿❧❇❴✿✲❉✯✶✬❀✼✹♠❉✺❚✢❂❆❉➙❉✺❚✢✹✖❜✄✹❊✸✴❤❑✿❄✸✺❳s❂❄❇❴❀✼✹✖✶✥❳❡❜❴✸✺✿❪❱✦✹✼❳❨✹❊❇❬❉➙❤❑✿❆✸✆❽◗❾✞❖◗❽ ❂❄✻✥✽✴✿s❞❍✹❊❀❊✸❦✹❃❂❄✽✴✹❪❞❢❂✲✽✞❉✺❚✢✹✇❳❨✹❃❂✲❇✾❇❴✿❍❞❴✹✇✽✴❜✄✹✼✹❃❞✾✶✥❇❍❀❊✸✺✹❃❂✲✽✴✹❃❞❥q✖❽❘✹❭▲

SLIDE 12

5 10

Mean Node Speed (m/s)

500 1000

Mean Throughput (Kbps)

RBAR ARF QAM256 (8Mbps) QAM64 (6Mbps) QAM16 (4Mbps) QPSK (2Mbps) BPSK (1Mbps)

➬❧➮①➱❥✃✒❐❆❒❢❮ ✫✠Ï ✗◗❒❍❐ ß Ò✄❐❄åtÕ♥à✆Ô❄❒ ß Ò♥❐✟✂♣Û♣Ý➐Ó❃❐❪Õ✁⑩Ô❅Ò❍ä♥❒❬❐✇Õ❯Ù❃➮①à✆➱✄Ö①❒ ✕ ✞✘✗ Ô✲Ò♥à✆à✆❒❬Ô✲Ó❪➮①Ò❥àØ➮⑨àØÕ✛ÝsÕ✧☛➙Ö❑❒❬➮❑➱✄Ñ ß Õ♥æ✆➮①à✆➱✛Ô❆Ñ✠Õ♥à✆à✒❒❴Ö❸ç ❀❃❂✲✻✑✻♥❉✺❚✢❂❆❉✞❉✺❚❴✹✇✽✴✶✥❳❨❜❴✻✥✹✇❀❦❚♥❂❆❇✢❇❍✹❃✻❥➌❁❝✢❂✲✻✑✶❛❉❸❵❯❜❬✸✺✹❪❞❬✶✬❀❊❉✺✶✑✿❄❇✾❳❨✹❊❀❭❚✢❂❆▲ ❇✢✶✑✽✴❳❿❝❴✽✴✹❃❞❯✶✥❇✾❽◗❾♦❖◗❽➀❤⑨✿❆✸✞❉✺❚✢✹✼✽✴✹❘✸✺✹✼✽✺❝❴✻✑❉✴✽✞❋♦✿❆✸✺●❍✽✮❲✄✹✼✽✴❉✞❋❧❚✢✹✼❇ ❉✺❚✢✹❏❀❭❚❴❂✲❇❍❇✢✹✼✻❅❀✼✿✦❚❍✹❊✸✺✹❃❇❍❀✼✹❏❉✺✶✥❳❨✹❏✶✥✽⑥✻✥❂❆✸✺❫✦✹❭✸⑥❉✺❚✢❂✲❇✰❉✺❚✢✹❩❉✺✶✬❳❡✹ ✶❛❉s❉✺❂✲●❄✹✼✽❨❉✺✿❩❉✴✸❦❂❄❇❴✽✺❳❨✶❛❉❨❉✺❚❴✹⑥❼♦r❧③❈❜✢❂❄❀❦●✲✹❊❉❢❂❆❇♥❞⑩❉✴❚✢✹ ✖✇❖✖r✆❖ ❜♥❂❆❀❭●✲✹❊❉❃q✘↔❴✿✲✸❧➔❅❳❯➏❆✽✼✉❍❉✺❚❍✹✪❀✼✿❄❚✢✹❊✸✺✹❊❇✢❀✼✹◗❉✺✶✬❳❨✹◗❋♦❂✲✽✮✽✴❝❴➋s❀✼✶✑✹❃❇✦❉✺✻❛❵ ✻✥❂❄✸✺❫✲✹✎❉✺❚✢❂❆❉❧❉✺❚✢✶✑✽❧❋❧❂❄✽❧❉✴✸✺❝❴✹✎❤⑨✿❆✸✇❜❴❂✲❀❦●✲✹❊❉✺✽❧❉✴✸❦❂❄❇❴✽✴❳❨✶✑❉✴❉✴✹❪❞❣❂❆❉✇❂❄✻✥✻ ❞✢❂❪❉❦❂♣✸❦❂❆❉✺✹❊✽✼q✕é◗✿❃❋♦✹✼❱❄✹❊✸❃✉♥❂❆✽♦❉✺❚❴✹✎❇❍✿❍❞❍✹✎✽✴❜✄✹✼✹✼❞✾✶✑❇✢❀❊✸✺✹✼❂✲✽✴✹❃❞➙✉❬❉✺❚❴✹ ❀✼✿✦❚❍✹❊✸❦✹✼❇❍❀✼✹⑥❉✺✶✑❳❨✹⑧✽✴❚✢✿❄✸✴❉✺✹❊❇✢✹❃❞✷❂❄❇✢❞Ø❉✺❚❴✹⑧❚❴✶✥❫✲❚❴✹❊✸✾❞✢❂❆❉❦❂❏✸❦❂❆❉✴✹❃✽ ❋✞✹✼✸✺✹❈❂❆✻✬✽✴✿✷❂❄✐✄✹❃❀❊❉✺✹❃❞✄✉⑦✸✺✹✼✽✴❝✢✻❛❉✺✶✑❇✢❫✷✶✥❇➉❂➀❞❍✹✼❀✼✻✑✶✑❇✢✹⑩✶✥❇→❜✄✹❊✸✴❤❑✿❄✸✴▲ ❳s❂✲❇❍❀✼✹✲q✪❖◗✽❘❳❨✹❃❇✦❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❍✹❃❞⑥❜❴✸✺✹✼❱❁✶✥✿✲❝❴✽✴✻✑❵❁✉✢❋♦✹♣✹❭➃❬❜✄✹✼❀❊❉✇❉✺❚✢❂❆❉❘❉✺❚❴✶✥✽ ❞❴✹❊❀✼✻✑✶✬❇❍✹✞❀❃❂✲❇⑦❲✄✹✮✶✥❳❨❜❬✸✺✿❄❱❄✹❃❞❅✽❦✶✑❫❄❇✢✶ ② ❀❃❂❄❇✦❉✺✻✑❵✎❋◗✶❛❉✺❚⑦❲✄✹❊❉✴❉✺✹❊✸✖❀❦❚✢❂✲❇❬▲ ❇✢✹❊✻✠➌✦❝✢❂❄✻✥✶✑❉✡❵❢❜❴✸✺✹❃❞❍✶✥❀❭❉✺✶✥✿✲❇✾❉✺✹✼❀❦❚✢❇❍✶①➌✦❝❴✹✼✽✼q r♦❚❴✹❅❂❄❞✢❂❆❜❴❉❦❂❄❲❴✶✑✻✥✶✑❉◆❵✾✿❆❤♠❽❘❾✞❖❘❽➀❉✺✿❡❉✺❚❍✹✪✸❦❂❄❜❴✶✬❞❍✻❛❵✾❀❦❚❴❂✲❇✢❫❄✶✥❇❴❫❨❀❦❚✢❂✲❇❬▲ ❇❴✹✼✻➙❀❃✿✲❇♥❞❬✶✑❉✴✶✬✿❄❇✢✽❧❀❃❂✲❇✾❲✄✹✎❳❨✿❄✸✺✹❅❀✼✻✑✹❃❂❆✸✺✻✑❵❢✽✺✹✼✹✼❇④✶✥❇❣↔✆✶✥❫❄❝❴✸✺✹❨➆❆➇❁q✮❼♦✿❄❳❡▲ ❜✢❂❆✸✺✹❪❞❣❉✴✿❯❉✺❚✢✹⑦✽✴✶✬❳❡✶✥✻✥❂❄✸ ② ❫❄❝❴✸✺✹❅❤⑨✿❄✸✪❖❘❽◗↔✞✉✄✶❛❉✎✶✑✽✇❀❃✻✑✹❃❂❆✸✇❉✺❚✢❂❄❉✇❽◗❾♦❖◗❽ ✶✥✽✮❳⑦❝✢❀❦❚❯❲✄✹❊❉✴❉✺✹❊✸✞❂❄❉✮✸✺✹❃❂❆❀✼❉✴✶✥❇❴❫♣❂✲❇❴❞❢❂✲❞❴❂✲❜❬❉✺✶✥❇❴❫❅❉✺✿⑦❉✺❚❍✹✇❀❦❚❴❂✲❇✢❇❍✹✼✻✄❀✼✿✦❇❬▲ ❞❍✶❛❉✺✶✬✿❄❇✢✽✼q

5 10

Mean Node Speed (m/s)

200 400 600 800

Mean Throughput (Kbps)

RBAR ARF QAM256 (8Mbps) QAM64 (6Mbps) QAM16 (4Mbps) QPSK (2Mbps) BPSK (1Mbps)

➬❧➮①➱❥✃✒❐❆❒❣❮ ✍➙Ï ✗❘❒❬❐ ß Ò✄❐❄åtÕ✢à✆Ô✲❒ ß Ò♥❐⑦➬♦Ð✥✗→Ó❊❐❄Õ✂❈Ô♣Ò❍ä♥❒❁❐❅Õ④Ù❃➮①à✆➱✄Ö①❒ Ð✣✂✥✗ Ô✲Ò♥à✆à✠❒❍Ô✲Ó❪➮①Ò✄à✩➮❑à✩ÕtÝ❢Õ ☛✒Ö①❒❍➮❑➱✄Ñ ß Õ♥æ♠➮①à✠➱⑩Ô❆Ñ✠Õ♥à✆à✒❒❴Ö◆ç ✵✛✹❏❂❄✻✑✽✺✿Ø✽✴✶✥❳❅❝✢✻✥❂❄❉✺✹❃❞✰❂⑤✽✴✶✥❇❴❫✲✻✥✹✛r❧❼ ✶ ❀✼✿✲❇❴❇✢✹✼❀❭❉✺✶✥✿✲❇➹❝❴❇✢❞❍✹❊✸❣❉✺❚❴✹ ✽❦❂❆❳❨✹✇❀❃✿❄❇♥❞❬✶✥❉✴✶✥✿✲❇❴✽✼q✘r♦❚❴✹✼✽✺✹◗✸✺✹✼✽✺❝❴✻✑❉✴✽❧❂❆✸✺✹✇✽✴❚✢✿❃❋❧❇✾✶✥❇✾↔✆✶✥❫❄❝❴✸✺✹⑦➆ ✭❍q✖P❘✿❄▲ ❉✺✶✑❀✼✹♣❉✺❚❴❂❄❉❘❉✴❚✢✹⑦❜✄✹❊✸✴❤⑨✿❆✸✺❳s❂✲❇❍❀✼✹❡✶✑❳❨❜❍✸✺✿❆❱❄✹❃❳❨✹✼❇✦❉✇✶✬✽❘❳❨✿❄✸✺✹♣✽✴✶✥❫✲❇❴✶ ② ❀❪❂❆❇✦❉❃✉ ❋◗❚❴✶✥❀❦❚④❀❪❂❄❇④❲✄✹❅❂❆❉✴❉✴✸✺✶✑❲✢❝❍❉✺✹❃❞✾❉✴✿❯r❧❼ ✶ ❅ ✽❧✽✴✹✼❇❴✽✴✶✥❉✺✶✑❱❁✶✑❉❸❵❯❉✺✿s❜✢❂❄❀❭●❄✹❊❉◗✻✬✿❄✽✴✽ ❞❴❝❍✹✪❉✺✿❡❋◗✶❛✸✺✹✼✻✑✹❃✽✴✽❧✹❊✸✴✸✺✿❄✸✺✽❃q

6.4 Impact of Variable Traffic Sources

10 20 30

Mean Burst Length (ms)

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Delivery Ratio (Pkts Rx / Pkts Tx)

RBAR ARF

➬❧➮①➱✄✃✆❐❪❒ ❮ ✱✄Ï ✗✪❐❆Ò♥Ó✼Ò✒Ô✲Ò✄Ö➹❒✄✛Ô❁➮①❒❍à✆Ô✔☛ ß Ò♥❐➁Õ♥à✆☎sã ✆✝☎❨➬❧➬ ✗❘Õ❴❐❪❒❍Ó❊Ò Ù✼Ò✄✃✠❐❆Ô✦❒➉➱♥❒❍à✠❒❬❐❪Õ✢Ó❪➮①à✠➱❰Ó❃❐❪Õ✁⑩Ô❹Ò❥à↕Õ➐Ù❃➮❑à✠➱♥Ö❑❒ ✕ ✞ ✗ Ô✲Ò❥à✆à✒❒❬Ô✦Ó❃➮❑Ò✄à✩➮⑨à⑤Õ❏ÝsÕ✧☛✒Ö①❒❍➮①➱✄Ñ ß Õ♥æ✆➮①à✆➱✛Ô❆Ñ✠Õ♥à✆à✒❒❴Ö◆ç❅Ð❅Ñ✆❒⑧åt❒❬Õ♥à ☎s➬♦➬➉Ó❪➮⑨åt❒✟✞ ❮❁Ù✲ç ❺❸❇✎❉✺❚✢✶✑✽♠✽✴✹✼❀❊❉✺✶✥✿✲❇➙✉❄❋✮✹✮✽✯❉✺❝✢❞❍❵✪❉✺❚❴✹✮✶✥❳❨❜✢❂❄❀❊❉♠✿❄❤✢❲✢❝❬✸✺✽✴❉✡❵⑦❞❴❂❆❉❦❂❘✽✴✿❄❝❴✸✺❀✼✹❊✽ ✿✲❇⑧❉✴❚❴✹❡❜♥✹✼✸✴❤①✿✲✸✺❳s❂❄❇❴❀✼✹⑦✿✲❤✕❉✯❚✢✹❡❽◗❾♦❖❧❽➊❂✲❇❴❞❩❖◗❽◗↔✩❜❴✸✺✿❆❉✺✿❁❀❃✿✲✻✑✽❃q✎↔✢✿✲✸ ❉✺❚✢✶✑✽♣✽✯❉✺❝♥❞❍❵✲✉✘❋✮✹✾❜✄✹❭✸✴❤❑✿✲✸✺❳❨✹✼❞⑤❂⑥✽✴✹❊✸✺✶✥✹✼✽♣✿❄❤❘✹❊➃❬❜✄✹❊✸✺✶✥❳❨✹✼❇✦❉✺✽❡❝❴✽✴✶✬❇❍❫t❂❄❇ ➎✇P✇➏✦➎✪↔♠↔❿❉✴✸❦❂❆➋s❀❈✽✴✿✲❝❍✸✺❀✼✹✲✉⑦❋❧✶❛❉✺❚➊➎✇P ■✡✠ ☛ ✡ ✳ ❙❣❂✲❇✢❞➉➎✪↔♠↔ ■☞✠ ☛ ✡✡✌✍✌❬❙ ❉✺✶✑❳❨✹✼✽⑥❞❬✸❦❂✼❋❘❇➀❤❑✸✺✿❄❳ ❂ ✶♠❂❆✸✺✹❊❉✺✿Ø❞❴✶✑✽✴❉✴✸✺✶✑❲✢❝❬❉✺✶✑✿✦❇✒q ✖✇❝❍✸❦✶✑❇✢❫Ø❂❄❇❹➎✇P ❜✄✹❊✸✺✶✑✿❍❞➙✉❘❞✢❂❪❉❦❂✛❋❧❂❄✽✾❫✲✹✼❇❴✹❊✸❦❂❄❉✴✹❪❞➀❂❪❉❣❂✛✸❦❂❄❉✺✹⑧✿✲❤♣➒✦❻④❲❴❜✢✽④❂❄❇♥❞✷✽✴✹❊❇❬❉ ✶✑❇⑤➆❊è ✭✦➓❯❲✦❵❬❉✺✹❨❞❍❂❄❉❦❂❯❜✢❂✲❀❦●✲✹❭❉✺✽✼✉➙✸✺✹❊✽✴❝✢✻❛❉✺✶✬❇❍❫❢✶✬❇⑧❳❨✹❃❂❆❇t❜❴❂✲❀❦●✲✹❊❉✪❲❴❝❍✸✺✽✯❉✺✽ ✸❦❂✲❇❍❫✦✶✑❇✢❫✪❤❑✸✺✿❄❳ ✌→➆✘✚④➔✪❜❴❂✲❀❭●❄✹❊❉✺✽✇■☞✠ ☛ ✡ ✳ ✎→➆✬✂ ➇✍✎✮✠❪❙✆❉✺✿ ✌➹➔❆➓✎❜♥❂❄❀❦●✲✹❭❉✺✽ ■✡✠ ☛ ✡ ✳ ✎ ✹❄➓✏✎ ✠❆❙❦q◗r✒✸❦❂❪➋s❀✎❋❧❂❄✽◗❫✦✹✼❇❴✹❊✸❦❂❆❉✺✹✼❞④❤❑✿✲✸✇❂❨✽✴✶✬❇❍❫✦✻✑✹❅❶ ✖✫✶Ø❀✼✿✲❇❍▲ ❇✢✹❊❀❊❉✺✶✑✿✦❇✛❂❆❀✼✸✺✿✲✽✴✽⑦❂④❽❘❂❃❵❍✻✑✹✼✶✥❫✲❚❩❤❷❂✲❞❍✶✥❇❴❫❣❀❦❚♥❂❄❇❴❇❴✹❃✻⑨q✾r✞❚✢✹s❳❡✹❃❂❄❇✛❇❍✿❍❞❍✹ ✽✴❜✄✹✼✹❪❞❯❋♦❂❄✽❘➔♣❳s➏❄✽✼✉♥❂❆❇♥❞❯❋♦✹✪❝✢✽✴✹❪❞④❼✮✿✦❇ ② ❫✲❝❍✸❦❂❆❉✺✶✥✿✲❇❩➆✦q r✞❚✢✹t✸✺✹❊✽✴❝✢✻❛❉✺✽❣✿❄❤⑦❉✺❚❍✹❃✽✴✹❏✹❊➃❬❜✄✹❊✸✺✶✥❳❨✹✼❇✦❉✺✽❣❂❆✸✺✹❏❜❬✸❦✹✼✽✴✹✼❇❁❉✺✹❃❞➀✶✑❇➹↔✆✶✬❫❆▲ ❝❴✸✺✹❊✽✾➆ ✯⑥❂✲❇❴❞✩➆❪➒❬✉✘❤①✿✲✸♣❳❨✹❃❂✲❇⑤➎✪↔♠↔✰❉✺✶✥❳❡✹✼✽❡✿❆❤⑦➆✼✽❨❂❄❇✢❞❈➇❄➓✦➓❆❳❨✽♣✸✺✹❭▲ ✽✴❜✄✹✼❀❊❉✺✶✥❱✲✹❊✻✥❵✦✉➙❋◗❚✢✶✑❀❦❚❏✽✴❚✢✿❃❋➊❉✺❚❍✹❯❂❪❱❄✹✼✸❦❂❄❫❄✹❯❞❍✹❃✻✑✶✑❱✦✹❊✸✴❵⑧✸❦❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦✽✪❤❑✿❄✸❅✹❪❂❄❀❦❚ ❜❴✸✺✿❆❉✺✿❬❀✼✿✲✻⑨✉✄❋◗❚❴✹✼✸✺✹❅❉✺❚❍✹❡❞❍✹✼✻✬✶✑❱❄✹❊✸✴❵❣✸❦❂❆❉✺✶✥✿❯✶✑✽✪❞❴✹ ② ❇✢✹✼❞⑥❂✲✽❘❉✺❚❍✹❡❇❁❝❴❳♣❲♥✹✼✸ ✿❄❤✮❞✢❂❪❉❦❂s❜♥❂❄❀❦●✦✹❊❉✺✽❘✽✴❝✢❀✼❀❊✹✼✽✺✽✯❤❑❝✢✻✑✻✑❵④✸✺✹✼❀❃✹❊✶✥❱❄✹❪❞❣✿❄❱❄✹❊✸✇❉✺❚❴✹⑦❉✺✿❆❉❦❂❄✻♠❇❁❝❴❳♣❲♥✹✼✸ ✿❄❤✘❞❍❂❄❉✺❂♣❜♥❂✲❀❦●✲✹❊❉✺✽❧✽✴✹✼❇❁❉❃q P❘✿✲❉✺✹❘❉✺❚♥❂❆❉✮✪

❽❘❾♦❖❧❽✷✿✦❝❬❉✺❜✄✹❊✸✴❤⑨✿❆✸✺❳❨✽✞❖❧❽❘↔❩✶✑❇❯❂✲✻✑✻✢❉✯✸❭❂❪➋s❀❧❀✼✿✦❇❴❞❴✶❛❉✺✶✬✿❄❇✢✽✼✉✦❋◗✶❛❉✺❚

✶✥❳❡❜❴✸✺✿❪❱✦✹✼❳❨✹❊❇✦❉✺✽❧✸❦❂❄❇❴❫✦✶✑❇❴❫❡❤①✸✺✿✦❳ ➔✔✭ ✤➐❉✴✿✵✯✲➓ ✤❢q

❽❘❾♦❖❧❽✩✽✺❚❍✿❃❋❘✽✖❉✴❚❴✹◗❫❆✸✺✹❃❂❄❉✴✹❃✽✯❉✘✶✑❳❨❜❍✸✺✿❆❱✲✹✼❳❨✹✼❇❁❉✖❋❧❚✢✹✼❇♣❉✺❚✢✹✞❉✴✸❦❂❄❤✬▲

② ❀❧✶✑✽✕❉✺❚✢✹❧✻✑✶✥❫✲❚❁❉✺✹✼✽✯❉❃✉❬❂✲❇❴❞❡❉✺❚✢✹❧✻✥✹❃❂❄✽✴❉✕✶✑❳❨❜❴✸✺✿❪❱✦✹✼❳❡✹✼❇✦❉✮❋❧❚❴✹✼❇❨❉✺❚❴✹ ❉✴✸❦❂❆➋s❀✎✶✑✽❧❚✢✹❃❂❃❱❁❵✦q

6.5 Multi-Hop Performance

❺❸❇❈❉✺❚✢✶✑✽s✽✴✹✼❀✼❉✯✶✬✿❄❇Ø❋✞✹④❜❍✸✺✹❃✽✴✹✼❇❁❉❨✸✺✹❊✽❦❝❍✻✑❉✺✽❨❤❑✿❄✸✾❼✞✿❄❇ ② ❫✦❝❍✸❦❂❆❉✺✶✥✿❄❇➀➔ ✪❩➔❄➓ ❇✢✿❬❞❍✹✼✽✞✶✑❇❯❀✼✿✦❇✦❉✺✶✑❇❬❝❴✿✲❝✢✽✮❳❡✿✲❉✴✶✥✿✲❇s❋◗✶✑❉✺❚❍✶✥❇✾❂❨➆❆➇❆➓✦➓❆➃✳✹❄➓✲➓❅❳❨✹❊❉✺✹❊✸❧❂❪✸✺✹✼❇♥❂❬q é✇✹❭✸✺✹✲✉❄❋✮✹✞✽✴✶✑❳♣❝❴✻✥❂❄❉✴✹❪❞⑦❂◗✽✺✶✑❇✢❫❄✻✥✹♦❼✞❾✞❽⑩✽❦✿❄❝❴✸✺❀✼✹✕❫✦✹✼❇❴✹❊✸❦❂❆❉✺✶✑❇✢❫◗❉✴✸❦❂❆➋s❀✮✿✲❇

SLIDE 13

30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 Time (s) 5 10 15 20 25 30 SNR (dB)

BPSK (1 Mbps) QPSK (2 Mbps) QAM16 (4 Mbps) QAM64 (6 Mbps) QAM256 (8 Mbps)

30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 Time (s) 2 4 6 8 Rate (Mbps)

➬❧➮①➱❥✃✒❐❆❒ ❮ ❥Ï ✗❘❒❬❐ ß Ò♥❐✲å❩Õ✢à♠Ô✲❒➀Ò ß Ý❢Û ✂ Ý ß Ò♥❐❈Õ➉Ù❃➮⑨à✠➱♥Ö❑❒✦✂♣Û❡Ý Ô✲Ò❥à✆à✒❒❬Ô✦Ó❃➮❑Ò✄à❰×✘❒❁Ó ✠❅❒❬❒❍à❰Ó✌✠⑦Ò➉à✠Ò✠æ✒❒❴Ù⑩➮①à❰Õ➉ÝsÕ✧☛✠Ö✬❒❴➮✬➱❥Ñ ß Õ✢æ✆➮❑à✠➱ Ô❆Ñ✠Õ✢à✆à✆❒❬Ö❸ç ☎④❒❬❐❪❒✢✓✠Ó❪Ñ✒❒❣Ù✼❒❬à✆æ✆❒❁❐s➮⑨Ù✫✍✑✏➙❒❍æ❈Õ✢à✆æ❈Ó❪Ñ✠❒④❐❪❒❍Ô✲❒❍➮①ä✄❒❁❐s➮⑨Ù♣åtÒ❍ä✒➮⑨à✒➱tÕ❴Ó♣Õ❩Ù ☎✘❒❬❒❬æ⑤Ò ß ❩å ✆❍Ù♣Õ✧✠❅Õ ☛ ß ❐❪Ò❥å Ó❃Ñ✠❒④Ù✼❒❴à✠æ✠❒❬❐❬ç✪Ð♣Ñ✒❒ Ö❑Ò★✠❅❒❬❐s➱♥❐❄Õ✳☎♠Ñ✩Ù❃Ñ✒Ò✳✠❡Ù❡Ó❪Ñ✠❒❣Ó❪➮⑨å❩❒❣Õ✢Ó✁✠❡Ñ♠➮❑Ô❆Ñ ☎✆Õ✢Ô ✚✢❒❬Ó❃Ù✥✠⑦❒❬❐❪❒⑥Ó✼❐❆Õ♥à✆Ù❪å❩➮❑Ó✼Ó❃❒❬æ ✓♠Õ✢à✆æØÓ✼Ñ✆❒⑧åtÒ➙æ✆✃♠Ö①Õ❴Ó❃➮❑Ò✄àØ❐❆Õ✢Ó❊❒⑧Ô❆Ñ✆Ò♥Ù✼❒❬àØ×☞☛ ✂ Ý❯➬ ß Ò♥❐ ❒❬Õ✢Ô❄Ñ ☎✆Õ✢Ô ✚✢❒❬Ó✲ç✪Ð♣Ñ✒❒④Ó❃➮⑨Ô ✚⑩åtÕ❴❐✛✚✒Ù❅Õ♥Ö❑Ò✄à✒➱❩Ó❪Ñ✒❒④Ó✼Ò ☎ØÙ✼Ñ✆Ò✧✠➂Ó❪Ñ✠❒④Ó✼➮❷å❩❒④Õ❴Ó✥✠❡Ñ♠➮❑Ô❆Ñ ☎✠Õ♥Ô✛✚✢❒❬Ó❃Ù✥✠❅❒❁❐❆❒❣æ✠❐❪Ò✢☎✝☎✖❒❍æ⑩× ☛✛Ó✼Ñ✠❒④❐❪❒❍Ô✲❒❍➮①ä✄❒❁❐sæ✆✃✒❒ Ó❃Ò❈❒❬❐❪❐❄Ò✢❐❄Ù✲ç④Ð⑦Ñ✠❒✛✃ ☎ ☎✘❒❬❐❣➱✢❐❆Õ✳☎♠Ñ➹Ù❃Ñ✠Ò✧✠sÙ❢Ó❪Ñ✒❒❈â✒ã❣Ý Õ✢Ó❢Ó❃Ñ✠❒t❐❄❒❬Ô✲❒❍➮❑ä♥❒❁❐ ß Ò♥❐④Ó❃Ñ✠❒✎☎✠Õ♥Ô✛✚✢❒❬Ó❃Ù✾➮⑨à➀Ó❪Ñ✠❒tÖ❑Ò★✠⑦❒❬❐✾➱✄❐❆Õ✳☎♠Ñ✕ç ✂ Ö⑨Ù✼Ò⑤Ù❃Ñ✠Ò★✠sà Õ❴❐❄❒tÓ❃Ñ✠❐❆❒❍Ù✼Ñ✆Ò✄Ö❑æ✆Ù❢❐❪❒★☎✠❐❄❒❬Ù✼❒❍à✄Ó❪➮❑à✠➱⑤Ó❪Ñ✠❒❈â➙ã❣Ý ä❍Õ♥Ö❑✃✠❒❍Ù❯Õ✢×✘Ò❴ä✢❒✎✠sÑ✆➮⑨Ô❆Ñ➀Ó❪Ñ✠❒✛à✒❒★✏❥Ó✾Ñ♠➮①➱✄Ñ✠❒❬❐⑧å❩Ò✠æ✆✃✠Ö①Õ✢Ó❪➮①Ò♥à➹❐❆Õ✢Ó✼❒❏Ñ✠Õ♥Ù❢Õ❈Ó❃Ñ✠❒❬Ò♥❐❪❒❬Ó❃➮⑨Ô✲Õ♥Ö å❩❒❍Õ✢à ✞✠✟☛✡ ☞ ➆❪➓ ✲ ✴ ç ✂ Ó♣Ó❪Ñ✠❒⑧Ù✼Ó✼Õ✢❐❆Ó✔✓♠×✘Ò♥Ó❃Ñ✩à✠Ò➙æ✠❒❍Ù✣✠♣❒❁❐❆❒⑥Õ✢Ó♣Ó❪Ñ✠❒⑧Ù✼Õ✄å⑧❒⑧Ö❑Ò➙Ô✦Õ✢Ó❃➮❑Ò✄à ✓✖Ù✼Ò❏Ó❪Ñ✠❒⑧Ö✬❒ ß Ó❪åtÒ♥Ù✼Ó❨❒❬æ✆➱♥❒❬Ù❨❐❪❒✧☎✆❐❪❒❴Ù✼❒❬à❥Ó❨Ó❃Ñ✒❒ ☎✘Ò✄➮⑨à✄Ós➮⑨à⑤Ó❪➮⑨åt❒⑥Õ✢Ó✣✠sÑ✆➮❑Ô❆Ñ✩Ó❃Ñ✠❒⑥Ó✌✠⑦Ò✛à✠Ò✒æ✠❒❍Ù✣✠⑦❒❁❐❄❒✎✍ ✏♥å Õ ☎✠Õ✢❐❆Ó✲ç

10 20 30

Mean Burst Length (ms)

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Delivery Ratio (Pkts Rx / Pkts Tx)

RBAR ARF

➬❧➮①➱❥✃✒❐❆❒ ❮ ✯➙Ï ✗✪❐❄Ò♥Ó❊Ò✠Ô✲Ò♥Ö❹❒ ❈Ô✦➮①❒❍à✆Ô ☛ ß Ò✄❐➣Õ✢à ☎❨ã ✆✝☎s➬♦➬ ✗◗Õ✢❐❆❒❁Ó❃Ò❿Ù✼Ò✄✃✒❐✲Ô✲❒→➱✄❒❬à✠❒❬❐❆Õ❴Ó❪➮❑à✠➱❿Ó❊❐❄Õ✂⑩Ô→Ò✄à Õ❰Ù❃➮①à✠➱❥Ö①❒ ✕ ✞ ✗ Ô✦Ò♥à✆à✠❒❍Ô✲Ó❃➮❑Ò✄àØ➮⑨àØÕtÝ❢Õ ☛✒Ö①❒❍➮①➱❥Ñ ß Õ✢æ✆➮⑨à✠➱✛Ô❆Ñ✠Õ✢à✆à✠❒❍Ö✡ç❅Ð⑦Ñ✠❒⑧åt❒❬Õ✢à ☎s➬♦➬➉Ó❪➮⑨åt❒✟✞

✏✄å❏Ù❆ç ❂❢✽✴✶✬❇❍❫✦✻✑✹❡❶ ✖✫✶➀❀✼✿✦❇❍❇✢✹✼❀❭❉✺✶✬✿❄❇t❲✄✹❊❉✡❋✞✹✼✹❊❇❩❉✡❋✞✿④❇❴✿❬❞❴✹✼✽✎✶✑❇⑧❉✺❚❴✹❨❂✲❞❍▲◆❚❍✿❬❀ ❇❴✹❊❉❸❋✮✿✲✸✺●♥q✘r✞❚✢✹◗✸✺✹✼✽✺❝❴✻✑❉✴✽♦❂❆✸✺✹✇✽✴❚✢✿❃❋◗❇❯✶✑❇④↔✆✶✑❫✦❝❬✸✺✹♣➆ ✿⑦❂❄❇✢❞❯↔✆✶✬❫❄❝❴✸✺✹✎➔❆➓❴q P❘✿❄❉✺✶✑❀❃✹✇❉✺❚✢❂❆❉◗❽◗❾♦❖◗❽➹❀❃✿✲❇❴✽✴✶✥✽✴❉✴✹❃❇✦❉✺✻❛❵❢✿✦❝❬❉✺❜✄✹❊✸✴❤⑨✿❆✸✺❳❨✽◗❖❘❽◗↔✮q ③❍✶✑❳❨✶✑✻✬❂❆✸♦✸✺✹✼✽✺❝❍✻✥❉✺✽❧❂❪✸✺✹✪✽✺❚❴✿❪❋❧❇④✶✑❇④↔✆✶✥❫✲❝❍✸✺✹⑦➔❁➆✇❤⑨✿❆✸◗❂✲❇④↔♠r✺✶❈✽✴✿✦❝❴✸✺❀❊✹ ❫✲✹✼❇✢✹❊✸❦❂❪❉✺✶✑❇✢❫❨❉✴✸❦❂❄➋s❀❅✿❪❱✦✹❊✸✇❂sr◗❼ ✶✷❀✼✿✲❇❴❇❴✹❃❀❭❉✺✶✥✿❄❇✒q❘❼✮✻✥✹❃❂❆✸✺✻✑❵✦✉❴❉✺❚✢✹❅❜✄✹❊✸✴▲ ❤❑✿❄✸✺❳s❂✲❇❍❀✼✹❧❫✦❂❆✶✬❇❍✽✘✿✲❲✢✽✴✹❭✸✺❱✦✹❃❞❡✹❃❂❪✸✺✻✬✶✑✹❊✸✕❂❄✸✺✹❧❂❆✻✬✽✴✿✪❂✲❜❴❜❴✻✑✶✬❀❃❂❆❲✢✻✑✹♦❉✴✿❅❂✇❳⑦❝✢✻❛▲ ❉✺✶✥❚❍✿✦❜④✽✴❀❃✹✼❇❴❂❄✸✺✶✑✿❴q✘✵t✹✎❲✄✹✼✻✑✶✬✹✼❱❄✹✪❉✺❚♥❂❪❉✇❖◗❽◗↔✖❅ ✽❧✶✑❇✢❀❊✸✺✹✼❂❄✽✺✹✎✶✑❇④❉✴❚❴✸✺✿✲❝❴❫✦❚❬▲

5 10

Mean Node Speed (m/s)

100 200 300 400

Mean Throughput (Kbps)

RBAR ARF

➬❧➮①➱✄✃✆❐❪❒➁❮ ➙Ï ✗❘❒❬❐ ß Ò✄❐✲å❩Õ♥à✆Ô✲❒ Ô✲Ò➙å ☎✆Õ✢❐❄➮❑Ù✼Ò❥à ß Ò♥❐➄Õ➁Ù❃➮❑à✠➱♥Ö❑❒ ✂♣Û♣Ý Ô❄Ò✄à✆à✠❒❍Ô✲Ó❪➮①Ò♥à✷➮❑à✩Õ❏å❩✃✠Ö①Ó❪➮❑Ñ✠Ò✢☎✩à✠❒❬Ó ✠❅Ò♥❐ ✚✖ç ❜✢❝❬❉◗❋❧✶✥❉✺❚❣✶✑❇❴❀❊✸✺✹❃❂✲✽✴✹❃❞❣✽✴❜✄✹❊✹❃❞④✶✥✽✇❞❬❝✢✹✎❉✺✿s✶❛❉✺✽❘❜✄✿❬✿❆✸✪❂❆❲✢✶✑✻✑✶✥❉◆❵④❉✺✿s✽✴✹✼✻✑✹❃❀❊❉ ❉✺❚✢✹s❀❃✿❆✸✴✸✺✹✼❀❊❉⑦✸❦❂❆❉✺✹s❋❧❚✢✹❊❇✛❇✢✿❍❞❬✹✼✽❡❂❆✸✺✹❯❤❑❂❆✸❡❂❄❜✢❂❄✸✴❉✼✉♠✸✺✹✼✽✴❝❴✻✑❉✺✶✥❇❍❫⑥✶✬❇❏✸✺✹❭▲ ❜✄✹❃❂❪❉✺✹❃❞❩❲✢❂❄❀❦●✦✿❄✐✛❲❬❵⑥r❘❼ ✶✰✹❃❂❪✸✺✻✥❵⑧✶✑❇⑧❉✺❚❴✹❨✽✴✶✑❳⑦❝✢✻✥❂❄❉✴✶✥✿✲❇❴✽✼q⑦é✇✿❃❋♦✹✼❱❄✹❊✸❃✉ ❋◗✶❛❉✺❚✩✶✑❇✢❀❊✸✺✹✼❂✲✽✴✹❃❞Ø✽✴❜✄✹❊✹❃❞Ø✶✑❉❯❳s❂✼❵⑤✿❍❀❊❀✼❝❴✸s❉✺❚✢❂❆❉s❉✺❚✢✹④❀✼✿✦❇❍❇✢✹✼❀❊❉✺✶✥✿✲❇Ø✶✑✽ ✹✼✽✴❉✺❂✲❲❍✻✥✶✥✽✴❚❴✹❃❞t✽✺✿❁✿✦❇❍✹❊✸♣❞❴❝❍✹❨❉✺✿④❉✺❚❍✹s✽✴❜✄✹✼✹❃❞t❂❄❉✎❋◗❚❴✶✥❀❭❚t❇❴✿❍❞❍✹✼✽✎✶✬❇❩❉✺❚❴✹ ✽✴❜♥❂❪✸✺✽✺✹✎✽✯❉❦❂❆✸✴❉✺✶✑❇✢❫s❂❆✻✬✶✑❫❄❇✢❳❨✹✼❇❁❉◗❂❄✸✺✹✇❲❴✸✺✿✦❝❍❫✦❚✦❉◗✶✑❇✦❉✺✿❡✸❦❂✲❇❍❫✦✹✲q

7. FUTURE WORK

✵✛✹❘✶✬❇✦❉✺✹❊❇♥❞s❉✺✿❡✹❊➃❍❜❍✻✬✿❆✸✺✹✪✽✴✹✼❱✦✹❊✸❦❂❆✻✄❉✺✿✲❜✢✶✑❀✼✽♦✿❄❤✠❤❑❝❍❉✺❝❍✸✺✹❘❋✞✿✲✸✺●s❲✢❂❄✽✴✹❃❞❢✿✲❇ ✿✲❝❍✸♦❋✞✿❆✸✺●s✶✬❇❯❉✺❚❴✶✥✽✞❜✢❂❄❜✄✹❊✸❃q✕➎✇❇❴✹✇✶✬❞❍✹❃❂⑦✶✬✽✕❉✺✿❡✹❊➃❬❉✺✹✼❇❴❞❢❽❘❾✞❖◗❽✰❉✺✿♣✽✴✶❛❉✴▲

SLIDE 14

5 10 15 20 25 30 Scenario Number 500 1000 1500 2000 Mean Tput (Kbps) RBAR ARF

■❷❂❁❙✮❳❨✹❃❂❆❇④✽✺❜✄✹✼✹❃❞✠✎ ➔❄❳❯➏❆✽

5 10 15 20 25 30 Scenario Number 500 1000 1500 2000 Mean Tput (Kbps) RBAR ARF

■⑨❲♥❙✞❳❡✹❃❂❄❇❣✽✴❜✄✹❊✹❃❞ ✎➉è✲❳s➏❆✽

5 10 15 20 25 30 Scenario Number 500 1000 1500 2000 Mean Tput (Kbps) RBAR ARF

■⑨❀❆❙✕❳❡✹❪❂❄❇④✽✺❜♥✹❃✹✼❞ ✎➉➒✲❳❯➏❪✽

5 10 15 20 25 30 Scenario Number 500 1000 1500 2000 Mean Tput (Kbps) RBAR ARF

■⑨❞✄❙✮❳❨✹✼❂❄❇④✽✺❜♥✹❃✹✼❞ ✎➐➆❪➓❆❳❯➏❄✽ ➬❧➮①➱❥✃✒❐❆❒✦ ✏➙Ï ✗❘❒❬❐ ß Ò✢❐✦åtÕ✢à✆Ô✲❒✰Ô✦Ò❥å✆☎✆Õ✢❐❆➮⑨Ù✼Ò✄à❰Õ✢Ô✲❐❪Ò❥Ù✼Ù❈å⑥✃✆Ö❑Ó❃➮❆☎♠Ö❑❒✰Ñ✒Ò ☎♠Ù✲ç â✒Ñ✠Ò★✠sà➐Ñ✆❒❁❐❄❒➀Õ❴❐❆❒✰Ó❃Ñ✒❒➀❐❄❒❍Ù✼✃♠Ö①Ó✼Ù ß Ò♥❐❈Ó❪Ñ✠❒✰➮⑨à✠æ✆➮❑ä➙➮⑨æ✆✃✠Õ♥Ö Ù❃Ô❄❒❴à✒Õ✢❐❄➮①Ò✄Ù✔✓✖Ù✼Ò♥❐❆Ó✼❒❍æØÕ✢Ô❁Ô✲Ò♥❐❄æ✆➮❑à✠➱❏Ó❃Ò❏Ó❪Ñ✠❒⑧➮❑à✠Ô✦❐❆❒❬Õ✢Ù❃➮❑à✠➱✛Ó❃Ñ✆❐❪Ò✄✃✒➱❥Ñ ☎♠✃✠Ó❨Ò ß ✂ Ý❯➬✪ç

5 10

Mean Node Speed (m/s)

50 100 150 200 250

Mean Throughput (Kbps)

RBAR ARF

➬❧➮①➱❥✃✒❐❆❒✥➙❮✢Ï ✗❘❒❁❐ ß Ò♥❐❄åtÕ✢à✆Ô✲❒⑦Ô✦Ò❥å ☎♠Õ✢❐❆➮⑨Ù❊Ò❥à ß Ò♥❐◗Õ❨Ù❃➮⑨à✠➱✄Ö❑❒❅➬❧Ð✟✗ Ô✦Ò♥à✆à✠❒❍Ô✲Ó❃➮❑Ò✄àØÕ♥Ô✲❐❪Ò❥Ù❃Ù❡Õ❏å❩✃✠Ö①Ó❪➮❑Ñ✠Ò ☎✷à✠❒❬Ó ✠❅Ò♥❐ ✚✆ç ❝✢❂❆❉✺✶✥✿✲❇❴✽❘❋❧❚✢✹❭✸✺✹⑦❉✺❚❍✹♣❽✖r◗③❍➏✦❼✞r◗③④❜❴✸✺✿❆❉✺✿❁❀✼✿✦✻✆✶✑✽✇❇❴✿❄❉✇❝❴✽✺✹❃❞④❤①✿✲✸✪✹✼❱❄✹❊✸✴❵ ❜✢❂❄❀❦●✦✹❊❉❃✉✲✽✴❝✢❀❦❚s❂❄✽✖✶✥❇♣❉✺❚✢✹❧❾♦❂❆✽✴✶✬❀❧❖❧❀✼❀❃✹✼✽✴✽✖❳❨✿❍❞❍✹♦✶✥❇❨➒✲➓❁➔❁q✥➆✲➆✲✉✦❲❁❵⑦❝✢✽✴✶✥❇❍❫ ❂❘❚❬❵❬❲❍✸✺✶✥❞❡✽✴❀❭❚❴✹✼❳❨✹✮❋◗❚❴✹❊✸✺✹✞❉✴❚✢✹♦❽✖r❧③❴➏✲❼♦r❧③♣✶✑✽✖❝✢✽✴✹❃❞⑦✿✦❇❍✻✥❵❅❋❧❚✢✹❊❇❡✽✺✹✼❱✦▲ ✹❭✸❊❂❆✻✄❖❧❼ ✸✪✽✞❂❆✸✺✹◗✻✥✿✲✽✯❉❃✉❬✿❆✸♦❂✪✻✥✹✼❇✢❫❆❉✺❚s✿❄❤❥❉✺✶✥❳❨✹❧❚♥❂❄✽✕✹❊➃❍❜❴✶✑✸✺✹❃❞❨✽✴✶✥❇❴❀❃✹♦❉✺❚❴✹ ✻✬❂❄✽✯❉❧❜✢❂❄❀❦●✲✹✼❉✞❋✞❂✲✽✞❉✴✸❦❂❄❇❴✽✴❳❨✶❛❉✴❉✺✹❃❞➙q✘❖◗❇❴✿❄❉✺❚❴✹❊✸❧✶✥❞❍✹❃❂♣✶✥✽✞❉✺✿❡✶✑❇✢❀❊✿❄✸✺❜✄✿❄✸❦❂❆❉✺✹ ❉✺❚❴✹✪❜♥❂❆❀❭●✲✹❊❉❧✽✴✶✑✈✼✹✎✶✑❇✦❉✺✿❡❉✺❚❴✹❘✸❊❂❪❉✺✹✪✽✴✹✼✻✥✹✼❀❊❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❥✉✢✽✴✶✑❇❴❀✼✹✪✽✺❳s❂❄✻✑✻✥✹❊✸❧❜♥❂❆❀❭●✲✹❊❉✺✽ ❚✢❂❃❱✦✹✘❂❧✻✥✿❃❋✞✹❊✸✠❜❴✸✺✿❄❲♥❂❄❲❴✶✑✻✬✶❛❉❸❵✇✿❄❤❍✹❊✸✴✸✺✿✲✸➙❉✺❚♥❂❆❇❅✻✬❂❪✸✺❫✦✹❊✸✠❜✢❂✲❀❦●✲✹❭❉✺✽✼q♠↔✆✶✥❇✢❂✲✻✑✻❛❵❁✉ ❋✞✹❧❂❄✸✺✹♦❀✼❝❴✸✴✸✺✹❊❇❬❉✺✻❛❵♣✻✑✿❍✿❄●❬✶✥❇❴❫❅❂❆❉✖✸✺✿✦❝❬❉✺✶✬❇❍❫✪❉✺✹✼❀❦❚✢❇❍✶①➌✦❝❴✹✼✽✖❉✺❚✢❂❄❉✖❋◗✶✑✻✑✻❴❉❦❂❄●✲✹ ❂✲❞❍❱❄❂❄❇❁❉✺❂✲❫❄✹❘✿❄❤➙❉✺❚❴✹✇❂❆❝❴❉✺✿❆✸❦❂❄❉✴✹✇❀✼❂❄❜♥❂❆❲✢✶✑✻✥✶✑❉✺✶✑✹✼✽✕✿✲❤➙❽✇❾✮❖❘❽✎✉❬❲✦❵s❜❬✸✺✿✦❲❴✶✥❇❍❫ ❤❑✿❄✸❡✸✺✿❄❝❴❉✺✹✼✽⑦❉✺❚♥❂❪❉❨✽✺❂❆❉✺✶✥✽✯❤①❵✛❀✼✹❊✸✴❉❦❂❄✶✥❇❈➌❁❝✢❂❄✻✥✶❛❉✡❵✛❀❦❚♥❂❆✸❦❂❄❀❊❉✺✹❊✸✺✶✑✽✴❉✺✶✥❀❊✽✼✉✕✽✺❝❍❀❭❚ ❂❄✽❧❉✯❚✢✹✎❚✢✶✑❫❄❚✢✹✼✽✯❉◗❀❃❂❆❜♥❂❄❀❃✶❛❉✡❵✾✿❆✸❧❉✺❚❴✹✎❳❨✿❄✽✴❉❧✽✺❉✴❂✲❲❴✻✥✹✲q

8. CONCLUSION

❺✡❇⑥❉✺❚✢✶✑✽✪❜♥❂❆❜✄✹❊✸❃✉❥❋✞✹❡❂✲❞✢❞❬✸✺✹✼✽✴✽✴✹❪❞❣❉✺❚❴✹⑦❉✺✿✲❜❴✶✥❀♣✿✲❤✕✿✲❜❴❉✺✶✑❳❨✶✑✈✼✶✥❇❍❫✾❜✄✹❊✸✴❤❑✿❄✸✴▲ ❳❨❂✲❇❴❀❃✹♦✶✥❇❡❋❧✶✑✸✺✹✼✻✑✹✼✽✺✽✖✻✬✿❁❀❃❂❄✻♥❂❆✸✺✹✼❂✪❇✢✹❊❉✡❋✞✿✲✸✺●❁✽✘❝✢✽✴✶✑❇✢❫✪✸❦❂❪❉✺✹◗❂✲❞✢❂❆❜❴❉❦❂❪❉✺✶✥✿✲❇✒q ✵❏✹❧❜❴✸✺✹✼✽✴✹✼❇❁❉✺✹❃❞s❂✪❇❴✹❊❋➀❂❆❜✢❜❬✸✺✿❁❂❄❀❦❚❨❉✺✿✪✸❦❂❄❉✺✹◗❂✲❞❴❂❄❜❍❉❦❂❆❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❥✉❁❋❧❚✢✶✑❀❭❚❯❞❬✶✑❤①▲ ❤❑✹❊✸✺✽♦❤①✸✺✿✦❳❿❜❍✸✺✹✼❱❁✶✥✿✲❝✢✽❧❂❄❜✢❜❬✸✺✿❁❂❄❀❦❚✢✹✼✽❧✶✑❇✾❉✺❚❴❂❄❉❧✶❛❉◗❝❴✽✺✹✼✽♦❉✴❚❴✹✎❽✖r❧③✢➏❄❼❧r❧③ ❜❍✸✺✿❄❉✺✿❬❀✼✿❄✻✇❉✺✿❈✹✼❇♥❂❆❲✢✻✑✹❩✸✺✹❊❀❃✹✼✶✑❱✦✹❊✸✴▲❷❲♥❂❆✽✺✹❃❞✩✸❦❂❄❉✴✹t❂✦❞❍❂✲❜❍❉❦❂❆❉✺✶✥✿❄❇✒q➐❶❘✽✴✶✥❇❍❫ ❉✺❚❴✶✑✽✮❂✲❜❍❜❴✸✺✿✲❂✲❀❦❚➙✉❬❂✪❜❍✸✺✿❄❉✺✿❬❀✼✿❄✻✢❲♥❂❆✽✺✹❃❞❡✿✦❇❡❉✺❚❴✹♦❜✄✿✦❜❍❝✢✻✥❂❄✸✘❺✯➑✘➑✮➑✛➒❄➓✦➔❍q✑➆❄➆ ✽✴❉✺❂❄❇♥❞❍❂❄✸❦❞⑦❋✞❂❄✽✖❜❴✸✺✹✼✽✴✹❊❇❬❉✺✹✼❞❥✉✲❀❃❂✲✻✑✻✑✹❃❞⑦❉✺❚❴✹ ✓ ➫ ✻❦➫❭➨❆✽❄➫❭➼✌✟❑➪❘➵ ê ➫✴➸✪➛◗➲❍➢◆➥ ✓ ➵✲➢✡➫ ■⑨❽❘❾✞❖◗❽✪❙✪❜❴✸✺✿❆❉✺✿❁❀❃✿✲✻⑨qt③❁✶✬❳❅❝✢✻✥❂❄❉✺✶✑✿❄❇✛✸✺✹✼✽✴❝✢✻❛❉✺✽♣❋✮✹❊✸✺✹s❉✺❚✢✹✼❇❏❜❴✸✺✹✼✽✴✹❃❇✦❉✺✹❃❞ ❀❊✿✦❳❨❜♥❂❪✸✺✶✑❇✢❫❘❉✺❚❍✹✞❜✄✹❊✸✴❤❑✿❄✸✺❳s❂❆❇✢❀✼✹✞✿❆❤✢❉✺❚❴✹✞❜❍✸✺✿✲❜✄✿✲✽✴✹❃❞⑦❜❍✸✺✿✲❉✺✿❁❀❊✿✦✻❍❂❄❫✦❂❄✶✥❇❴✽✯❉ ❉✺❚❴✹✾❜✄✹❭✸✴❤⑨✿❄✸✺❳s❂❄❇❴❀❃✹❢✿✲❤❘❂✲❇❈✹❊➃❍✶✑✽✯❉✺✶✬❇❍❫❏➒❄➓❁➔❬q✥➆✲➆✾❜❬✸❭✿❆❉✺✿❁❀✼✿✦✻✞❤①✿❄✸s❳❨✿❄❲✢✶✑✻✥✹ ❇❴✿❍❞❍✹✼✽✆❂❄❀✼✸✺✿✲✽✴✽✠❽✇❂✼❵❬✻✥✹✼✶✑❫✦❚✎❤⑨❂✦❞❬✶✬❇❍❫◗❀❭❚✢❂❄❇✢❇❍✹❃✻✑✽✼q♠r♦❚❍✹❃✽✴✹✘✸✺✹❃✽✴❝❴✻✑❉✺✽✒✽✺❚❴✿❪❋✞✹❃❞ ❉✺❚✢❂❆❉◗❽◗❾♦❖◗❽➹❀✼✿✦❇❴✽✴✶✑✽✯❉✺✹✼❇❁❉✺✻✑❵❢❜✄✹❊✸✴❤❑✿❄✸✺❳❨✹❃❞❢❋✞✹✼✻✑✻❷q

9. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

r♦❚❴✹❧❂❆❝❴❉✺❚❍✿✲✸✺✽✆❋◗✶✑✽✴❚♣❉✺✿✇❉✺❚✢❂❄❇✢●✟✸❡q❄P✪❂❪✸❦❂✼❵❬❂❄❇✢❂❄❇♣❤❑✿❄✸♠❉✺❚✢✹✮❳s❂✲❇✦❵⑦❚✢✹✼✻✑❜❍▲ ❤⑨❝❍✻❍❞❴✶✑✽✴❀❃❝❴✽✺✽✴✶✑✿✦❇❍✽♠✿✲❇♣❳❨✿❬❞❴❝❴✻✬❂❪❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❡❂❄❇✢❞✎❤❷❂✲❞❍✶✑❇✢❫❴✉✲❂✲❇✢❞❅❤①✿✲✸✆❉✺❚✢✹✮✶✥❇❁❱❄❂❄✻✑❝❍▲ ❂❄❲❴✻✑✹❣❚✢✹✼✻✥❜⑤✿✲❇Ø❉✺❚❍✹❣❽❘❂✼❵❬✻✬✹✼✶✑❫✦❚❈❤⑨❂✲❞❍✶✥❇❴❫❏✽✴✶✥❳⑦❝✢✻✥❂❪❉✺✿✲✸❃✉✞✶✑❇✢❀❊✻✬❝❴❞❴✶✑❇✢❫❩❉✺❚❴✹ ❀✼✿✦❇✦❉✴✸✺✶✑❲❴❝❴❉✺✶✑✿✲❇⑥✿❆❤✖❀✼✿❍❞❍✹❅✶✑❳❨❜✢✻✑✹❃❳❨✹❊❇✦❉✺✶✥❇❴❫ ❁❂❄●❄✹❃✽❀❅♥❳❨✹❊❉✺❚❍✿❍❞➙q✞r❧❚❍✹⑦❂❄❝❍▲ ❉✺❚✢✿❆✸✺✽✕❋✮✿✲❝✢✻✥❞❯❂❄✻✑✽✺✿✎✻✥✶✥●❄✹◗❉✺✿✎❉✴❚✢❂✲❇❍●♣❉✺❚✢✹♦✸✺✹✼❱❬✶✑✹❊❋♦✹❭✸✺✽✕❤❑✿❆✸✮❉✺❚❍✹❃✶❛✸✮❚❴✹✼✻✬❜❬❤⑨❝❍✻ ❀✼✿✦❳❡❳❨✹✼❇✦❉✺✽✼q

10. REFERENCES

➅✑➆❊➈✎❖❘✶❛✸✺✿✲❇❴✹❊❉❃q✁ ➜✄✂✆☎❬➘✲➘✞✝ ê ➫✼➼✠✟✮➲❍➨⑨➸❁➫ ✉✒➆❀✿ ✿✲➒❍q ❚✦❉✴❉✺❜ ✪ ➏✦➏❪❋♦❋❧❋✎q ❂❄✶❛✸✺✿✦❇❴✹❊❉❃q ❀✼✿✲❳❯➏❆✽✴❝✢❜❍❜✄✿✲✸✴❉❭➏❪❤✬❉✺❜✄➏❬q ➅ ➔❪➈❅③❥q♥❻tq♥❖❧✻①❂❆❳❨✿✦❝❬❉✺✶✠❂❆❇♥❞④③❥q✳✸❅❂❄✻✑✻✬✹❊✻❷q✢❖✇❞❍❂✲❜❬❉✺✶✬❱❄✹✪❉✴✸✺✹✼✻✑✻✑✶✬✽✯▲◆❀✼✿❬❞❍✹❃❞ ❳♣❝❍✻✥❉✺✶✑❜❴✻✥✹❭▲✡❜❍❚♥❂❆✽✺✹❊▲◆✽✴❚❴✶✑❤①❉◗●✲✹❭❵❴✶✑❇❴❫❡❤❑✿✲✸♦✸❦❂❃❵❬✻✑✹❃✶✑❫✲❚④❤❑❂✲❞❴✶✑❇❴❫ ❀❭❚✢❂❄❇✢❇❍✹✼✻✥✽✼q ➟✯➠✘➠✘➠☛✡❴➼✺➵❄➡ ê ➵ ✻❃➢❑➨❷➥❄➡ ê ➥❄➡❈➜✘➥❄➭♣➭♣➲❬➡✢➨ ✻✺➵✦➢❑➨❷➥❄➡ ê ✉ è❁➔★✪ ➔ ✹✲➓✦➇✌☞❬➔ ✹❴➆❊è✢✉ ❄❝✢❇❍✹❨➆✮✿ ✿❆è✢q ➅ ✹❆➈✷✸❨q♥❾✞❂❆✻①❂❆❀❭❚✢❂❄❇✢❞❬✸❭❂❄❇➙✉✢③❥q❴❽⑦q✳✸✎❂✦❞❍❂✲❲❴❂❴✉♥❂❆❇♥❞④③❥q❴P✇❂✲❇❴❞✢❂❬q ❼✮❚♥❂❄❇❴❇✢✹✼✻✒➌✦❝♥❂❆✻✬✶❛❉✡❵✾✹❊✽✯❉✺✶✬❳s❂❪❉✺✶✑✿✦❇❣❂❆❇♥❞❢✸❦❂❆❉✴✹❅❂✦❞❍❂✲❜❍❉✺✶✥✿✲❇❢❤⑨✿❄✸ ❀✼✹✼✻✥✻✥❝❴✻✥❂❆✸◗❳❨✿✲❲❴✶✑✻✬✹✇✸❦❂✲❞❍✶✥✿❴q ➟✯➠✕➠✘➠✎✍❬➥✲➲❬➼❦➡✄➵✦➩✒➥❄➡ ✕ ➫✼➩✑➫ ✻✼➢✡➫✺➸❡➛◗➼✺➫✴➵ ê ➨①➡❈➜✘➥❄➭❡➭♣➲❬➡✢➨ ✻❦➵✲➢❑➨❷➥❆➡ ê ✉✒➆✮✯❍■❄✯❁❙ ✪✥➆❪➔❆è✲è✏☞♥➆❪➔✦➇✛✭❍✉ ✦❝❴✻✑❵⑧➆✮✿ ✿ ✿❴q ➅ è❄➈ ❂♣q❴❾✞❚✢❂❆✸✺❫✲❚♥❂❃❱❆❂✲❇❥q✄❻⑥❖❧❼✞❖✒✵ ✪♥❖➹❳❨✹❃❞❴✶✥❂❨❂❄❀✼❀✼✹✼✽✴✽❧❜❴✸✺✿❆❉✺✿❁❀❃✿✲✻❥❤❑✿✲✸ ❋❧✶✥✸✺✹✼✻✑✹✼✽✺✽◗▼✠❖❧P✥❅ ✽✼q❴❺❸❇✑ ➼✺➥✮✻❦➫❦➫✴➸❄➨❑➡❬➳ ê ➥✯➦ ✕ ➟✏✟✪➜♦➚✕➝④➝✰➶ ✒✓✂ ✉ ▼✒✿✲❇✢❞❴✿❄❇✒✉➙➆✮✿✔✿❄è❴q ➅ ➇❪➈ ❴q♥❾✮✸✺✿❁❀❦❚✒✉✑✖❡q❴❖⑦q♥❻❣❂✲✻❛❉✺✈✲✉✑✖❡q✢❾❘q ❄✿✦❚❴❇❴✽✴✿✦❇❥✉✆✔♣q✢é◗❝✒✉✢❂❄❇✢❞ ❴q ✦✹❭❉✺❀❭❚❍✹❃❱❆❂❍q✢❖❹❜✄✹❊✸✴❤⑨✿❆✸✺❳s❂✲❇❍❀✼✹✎❀✼✿✦❳❡❜✢❂❄✸✺✶✑✽✴✿✦❇✾✿✲❤♠❳❅❝✢✻❛❉✺✶✑▲❷❚✢✿❄❜ ❋❧✶✥✸✺✹✼✻✑✹✼✽✺✽◗❂✲❞❢❚✢✿❁❀✎❇❴✹❊❉❸❋✮✿❄✸✺●❯✸✺✿✲❝❴❉✺✶✑❇❴❫❨❜❍✸✺✿❄❉✺✿❁❀✼✿✦✻✑✽✼q✢❺✡❇ ➛⑦➜✠➝❢➞❍➟❸➠✘➠✕➠✰➟✴➡✄➢◆➤✮➜✘➥❄➡❃➦❃➤♠➥❄➡❣➝⑧➥❁➧❊➨❑➩✥➫❯➜✘➥❆➭❘➯✄➲❍➢❑➨❑➡❁➳✾➵❄➡♥➸ ➺ ➫❊➢⑨➻✕➥❄➼✴➽❆➨❑➡❬➳ ✉❴❜♥❂❆❫✦✹✼✽◗➒✦➇✌☞ ✿ ✯❍✉♥➎✇❀❊❉❃q❥➆ ✿ ✿✦➒❍q ➅ ✭❆➈❅❻tq♥➑♠❵❍❝✢❫✲✿❄❫✦✻✑❝✒✉♥❼❘q♥↔❴✿❄✸✺❇✢✹❭❵✦✉ ✶✆q✑✖✪✿✲❇❴❫❴✉✢❂❄❇✢❞ ❊ q♥▼➙✿✲❇❴❫❴q ❖✇❞❬❱❄❂❄❇❴❀❃✹❃❞❢❳❨✿❍❞❍❝❴✻✥❂❄❉✴✶✥✿✲❇✾❉✺✹❃❀❦❚❍❇✢✶✥➌❁❝❴✹❃✽✞❤⑨✿❆✸◗❱♥q ❤❑❂✲✽✯❉❃q✢❺◆❇ ➠✞➲❬➼❃➤ ✡❴➼✴➵✲➡ ê ➤✕✡✄➫❊➩✥➫✼✻❦➥❄➭❡➭⑦➲❬➡➙➤ ✉❴❱✲✿✲✻✥❝❴❳❨✹✎è❴✉❴❜♥❂❆❫✲✹❃✽◗➔❄è✔✹✏☞❍➔❄➇✔✭❍✉ ❻❣❂❪❵❁▲ ✲❝❴❇❴✹❨➆ ✿ ✿✔✹❴q ➅ ✯❪➈✷✸❨q♥↔❴❂✲✻✑✻✠❂❆❇♥❞❂✸❨q ❂✘❂❄✸❦❂✲❞❍❚✢❂❄❇➙q❴❇✢✽✎➺ ➥✲➢◆➫ ê ➵✲➡✄➸ ✝⑦➥✮✻❊➲❍➭s➫❊➡♥➢❷➵❄➢❷➨❑➥✲➡ q✢▼✠❾✮P✇▼✘✉✢❖◗❝❴❫✲❝❴✽✯❉⑦➆❀✿✔✿✦➒❬q ❚✦❉✴❉✺❜ ✪ ➏✦➏❪❋♦❋❧❋♦▲◆❳s❂❆✽❦❚❥q ❀✼✽✼q ❲✄✹❊✸✺●✦✹✼✻✑✹❊❵❁q ✹❃❞❍❝♥➏❄❇❍✽❭➏❬q ➅ ➒❆➈❅❼❘q♥▼✖q♥↔✢❝❴✻✑✻✥❳❡✹❊✸❘❂❄❇♥❞ ✢q ❍q ❊ ❂❄✸✺❀❊✶✬❂❆▲◆▼✒❝✢❇✢❂❆▲✡❖❧❀✼✹❃❱✲✹✼✽✼q♥③❍✿❄✻✬❝❬❉✺✶✥✿✲❇✢✽ ❉✺✿❨❚❴✶✬❞❍❞❴✹✼❇④❉✯✹✼✸✺❳❨✶✑❇♥❂❄✻➙❜❴✸✺✿❄❲✢✻✑✹✼❳❨✽❧✶✑❇④❋❧✶❛✸✺✹❃✻✑✹✼✽✴✽❧❇✢✹❊❉✡❋✞✿✲✸✺●❁✽✼q❴❺❸❇ ➛⑦➜✠➝ ✕ ➟✏✟✪➜♦➚✕➝❣➝ ➶ ✒✗✖ ✉✢❜❴❂✲❫❄✹✼✽✎➆❃è✏☞✢➆❪➒❍✉♥❼♦❂❄❇✢❇❍✹✼✽❃✉✢↔❍✸❦❂✲❇❍❀❃✹✲✉ ③❍✹✼❜❬❉✺✹✼❳⑦❲✄✹❊✸❅➆✮✿ ✿✔✯❬q ➅ ✿❆➈ ❴q✢é⑦q ❊ ❂❆✽✺✽✼✉✄❻tq✢❾✇q ✶✖❝❴✸✺✽✴✻✑✹❊❵✲✉✢é⑦q♥❾❘q❴❽◗❝❴✽✺✽✴✹✼✻✥✻⑨✉✢❽✎q ✢q ③❴❂❄❝❴✻✑✶✑❉✺✶✥✽✼✉♥❼❘q✄③✄q❴✵➀✶✑✻✑●❬✶✑❇✢✽✼✉✢❂❄❇♥❞ ✢q✄③♥q❍✵✷❵❍✽✴✿❍❀✼❂❆✸✺✽✴●❬✶⑨q ❖✇❞❍❂✲❜❍❉✺✶✑❱✦✹✪❉❸✸❦❂✲❇✢✽✴❳❨✶✑✽✴✽✺✶✑✿✲❇❣❜❬✸✺✿✲❉✺✿❁❀✼✿✲✻✥✽♦❤①✿✲✸♦❤❑✸✺✹❃➌❁❝❍✹✼❇✢❀❊❵❬▲❷❚❴✿✲❜ ✸❦❂✲❞❴✶✑✿❨❇❴✹❊❉❸❋✮✿✲✸✺●❁✽✼q❴❺❸❇✘ ➼✺➥✮✻❦➫❦➫✺➸❆➨❑➡❬➳ ê ➥❸➦❅➢ ✒ ➫♣➴✙✒✚✒✙☎❨➟✯➠✘➠✕➠ ➝⑧➨❑➩ ➨①➢✡➵❆➼ ë ➜✘➥❄➭♣➭❡➲❬➡✢➨❆✻❭➵❄➢❑➨❷➥❄➡ ê ➜✘➥❄➡❃➦❃➫❭➼✺➫❭➡✢✻❦➫ ✉✢❱❄✿✲✻✥❝❴❳❨✹⑦➔❬✉❴❜✢❂✲❫✲✹❊✽ ➔❄➒❁➔✛☞❴➔❄➒ ✭❴✉✄➎◗❀❊❉✺✿✦❲✄✹❊✸✎➆ ✿ ✿✦➒❍q

SLIDE 15 ➅✑➆❃➓❪➈ ✖❡q✢▼✘q ❊ ✿❁✹❃❀❭●❄✹✼✻⑨q♥❖❘❞✢❂❆❜❴❉✺✶✑❱✲✹✎❀✼✿❍❞❬✶✬❇❍❫❡❤⑨✿❆✸❧❉✺✶✥❳❡✹❊▲◆❱❄❂❆✸✴❵❬✶✥❇❴❫ ❀❦❚♥❂❄❇❴❇✢✹✼✻✑✽❧❝✢✽✴✶✑❇❴❫❨✿✲❝❍❉❦❞❴❂❄❉✺✹✼❞❢❤❷❂❄❞❴✶✑❇✢❫❨✹❊✽✯❉✺✶✥❳❨❂❄❉✺✹✼✽✼q ➟❸➠✮➠✘➠ ✡❴➼✺➵❆➡ ê ➵ ✻❃➢❑➨❷➥❄➡ ê ➥❄➡❈➜✘➥❄➭⑦➭❡➲❬➡♥➨ ✻✺➵✦➢❑➨❷➥❆➡ ê ✉✢è ✯❍■ ✭❁❙✌✪ ➒✲è❄è ☞❬➒✲➇✦➇❬✉ ✦❝❍❇✢✹❨➆✮✿ ✿ ✿❍q ➅✑➆✲➆❭➈❅❖⑦q ❊ ✿✲✻✬❞❬✽❦❳❡✶✑❉✺❚④❂❄❇✢❞❣③❥q ❊ q♥❼♦❚❁❝✢❂❍q✢❖✇❞❍❂✲❜❬❉✺✶✬❱❄✹✎❀✼✿❬❞❴✹❃❞ ❳❨✿❍❞❬❝✢✻✥❂❄❉✺✶✑✿✲❇❢❤❑✿✲✸♦❤❑❂✦❞❍✶✥❇❍❫❨❀❭❚❴❂✲❇❍❇✢✹✼✻✑✽❃q ➟❸➠✮➠✘➠ ✡❍➼✺➵❄➡ ê ➵ ✻✼➢❑➨❷➥❆➡ ê ➥❄➡ ➜✘➥❄➭♣➭❡➲❬➡✢➨ ✻✺➵✲➢⑨➨❑➥❄➡ ê ✉✢è✔✭★✪ ➇ ✿❁➇✛☞✧✭✦➓✲➔❍✉♥❻❣❂❃❵⑧➆ ✿ ✿✦➒❍q ➅✑➆❪➔❃➈✎❺✯➑✘➑✘➑✷❼✞✿✲❳❨❜❴❝❍❉✺✹❭✸✪③❬✿❁❀✼✶✥✹❊❉❸❵✦q ☎❬➘ ✍ ➤❑➴✦➴ ✁✄✂ ➨①➼✺➫❊➩✑➫ ê❦ê✆☎ ➛ ➺ ➝❏➫✴➸❄➨❑➲❬➭❰➛✺✻ ✻❦➫ ê❦ê ➜✘➥❄➡♥➢❑➼✴➥✲➩✘➾❑➝❣➛⑦➜❥➷❨➵❄➡✄➸

ë❄ê ➨ ✻❦➵✲➩ ☎ ➵ ë ➫✼➼ ➾

☎✄✝✄➷

✕ ➯✢➫✼✻❊➨ ✂ ✻✺➵✦➢❑➨❷➥❆➡ ê ✉ ✦❝❍❇✢✹❨➆❀✿ ✿ ✯❁q ➅✑➆✮✹❪➈✎❺✯➑✘➑✘➑✷❼✞✿✲❳❨❜❴❝❍❉✺✹❭✸✪③❬✿❁❀✼✶✥✹❊❉❸❵✦q ☎❬➘ ✍ ➤❑➴✦➴ ✁✄✂ ➨①➼✺➫❊➩✑➫ ê❦ê✆☎ ➛ ➺ ➝❏➫✴➸❄➨❑➲❬➭❰➛✺✻ ✻❦➫ ê❦ê ➜✘➥❄➡♥➢❑➼✴➥✲➩✘➾❑➝❣➛⑦➜❥➷❨➵❄➡✄➸

ë❄ê ➨ ✻❦➵✲➩ ☎ ➵ ë ➫✼➼ ➾

☎✄✝✄➷

✕ ➯✢➫✼✻❊➨ ✂ ✻✺➵✦➢❑➨❷➥❆➡ ê ✁ ☎✇➨✥➳ ✒ ✕ ➯❴➫✺➫❦➸

ë❄ê ➨ ✻✺➵✲➩ ☎ ➵ ë ➫❭➼✎➨❑➡ ➢ ✒ ➫✟✞✑✟ ☎✡✠✪➪❘➵✲➡♥➸ ✉♥③❬✹❃❜❬❉✺✹✼❳⑦❲✄✹❊✸❅➆✮✿ ✿ ✿❍q ➅✑➆✼è❆➈✪✵➉q♥❼❘q ❁❂❆●✦✹✼✽✼✉❴✹❃❞❴✶❛❉✺✿❆✸❃q ➝⑧➨ ✻❊➼✴➥✲➻✕➵ ✽❄➫✪➝❩➥✦➧❊➨⑨➩✑➫ ➜✘➥❄➭♣➭❡➲❬➡✢➨ ✻✺➵✲➢⑨➨❑➥❄➡ ê q✢❺✡➑✮➑✘➑ ✶♠✸✺✹✼✽✺✽✼✉➙➆✮✿ ✿❆è❴q ➅✑➆❪➇❃➈❅❖⑦q✳✸✎❂✲❳❡✹❊✸✺❳s❂❄❇❣❂❄❇♥❞✾▼✘q♥❻④✿✦❇✦❉✺✹✼❲✢❂❄❇✒q❍✵❏❂❆❱❄✹❃▼✠❖◗P◗▲◆❺✴❺ ✪❴❖ ❚✢✶✑❫✦❚❬▲◆❜✄✹❊✸✴❤❑✿❄✸✺❳s❂❄❇❴❀✼✹✪❋❧✶❛✸✺✹❃✻✥✹❊✽✴✽❘▼✒❖❘P➹❤⑨✿❄✸❧❉✴❚❴✹✎❝✢❇❍✻✬✶✑❀✼✹✼❇❴✽✴✹❃❞ ❲♥❂❆❇♥❞❥q ➪❘➫❃➩✬➩ ☎ ➵❁➧ ê ✡✄➫✼✻ ✒ ➡✢➨❆✻❭➵✲➩ ✍❬➥❄➲❍➼❭➡♥➵✲➩ ✉❴❜✢❂✲❫❄✹✼✽✎➆✦➆❃➒✓☞✄➆✮✹✔✹❍✉ ③❍❝❍❳❨❳❨✹✼✸✎➆✮✿✔✿ ✯❬q ➅✑➆✮✭❪➈✟✶✆q ✸❅❂❪✸✺❇✒q♥❻❣❖◗❼✞❖ ☞❢❂❡❇❴✹❊❋➹❀❭❚✢❂❄❇❴❇❴✹❃✻✒❂❄❀✼❀❊✹✼✽✺✽◗❳❡✹❊❉✺❚❴✿❍❞❯❤❑✿✲✸ ❜♥❂❆❀❭●✲✹❊❉♦✸❦❂✦❞❬✶✬✿❍q✢❺✡❇ ➛ ✓ ✓ ☎ ➞✠➜ ✓ ✓ ☎ ➛◗➭❡➵✲➢✡➫❭➲❬➼ ✓ ➵✦➸✲➨❑➥ ✒❄➢ ✒ ➜✘➥❄➭❘➯♥➲❍➢❸➫❭➼ ➺ ➫❊➢⑨➻✕➥❄➼✺➽❆➨①➡❬➳⑧➜✘➥❆➡❃➦❃➫❭➼✴➫✼➡ ✻❦➫ ✉✢❜✢❂❄❫✦✹✼✽✎➆❀✹✲è✏☞✢➆❃è✦➓❴q ❖❘❽❧❽❘▼✘✉➙➆✮✿ ✿✦➓❍q ➅✑➆ ✯❃➈⑦❻❏q❴❾✇q ✶✖❝❴✸✺✽✴✻✑✹✼❵✾❂❄❇✢❞❣❼❘q♥③❥q❍✵➀✶✑✻✬●❁✶✑❇✢✽✼q✢❖✇❞❴❂❄❜❍❉✴✶✬❱❄✹ ❉✴✸❦❂❄❇❴✽✴❳❨✶✥✽✴✽✴✶✬✿❄❇✾❤⑨✿❆✸✇❞❬✶✑✸✺✹✼❀❊❉✴▲◆✽✴✹❃➌❁❝❴✹❊❇✢❀✼✹✎✽✴❜❍✸✺✹❃❂✲❞❬▲✡✽✴❜✄✹❊❀❊❉✴✸✺❝✢❳ ❀✼✿✦❳❡❳♣❝❍❇✢✶✑❀❃❂❄❉✺✶✑✿❄❇✢✽❧✿❪❱✦✹❊✸❧❳⑦❝✢✻❛❉✺✶✑❜♥❂❆❉✺❚④❀❭❚❴❂✲❇❍❇✢✹✼✻✑✽❃q ➟❦➡♥➢◆➫❊➼❦➡✄➵✲➢⑨➨❑➥❄➡❥➵✲➩ ✍❬➥❄➲❬➼❊➡♥➵✲➩✠➥❸➦ ✂ ➨❑➼✴➫❊➩✥➫ ê❦ê ➟❦➡❃➦✼➥❄➼❦➭s➵❄➢❑➨❷➥❄➡ ➺ ➫❊➢❷➻✕➥❄➼✴➽ ê ✉✢✯❬■◆➔❁❙✌✪ ✭✔✿✏☞✧✯✔✯❍✉♥➔❄➓✦➓❄➓❍q ➅✑➆❃➒❪➈☞☛♣q ✬❘✶✥❝❣❂❆❇♥❞❂✸❨q♥❼✮❚♥❂✼❋◗✻✥❂❴q✢➎✇❇✾❉✺❚❴✹✎❜✄✹❊✸✴❤❑✿✲✸✺❳❨❂❄❇✢❀❊✹✎✿❄❤ ❂✦❞❍❂✲❜❬❉✺✶✥❱✲✹✎❳❨✿❬❞❴❝❍✻①❂❪❉✺✶✑✿✦❇④✶✑❇❣❀✼✹❊✻✥✻✥❝❍✻①❂❪✸❘✽✯❵❬✽✴❉✺✹✼❳❡✽✼q ➟✯➠✘➠✕➠ ✡❴➼✺➵❆➡ ê ➵ ✻❃➢❑➨❷➥❄➡ ê ➥❄➡❈➜✘➥❄➭⑦➭❡➲❬➡♥➨ ✻✺➵✦➢❑➨❷➥❆➡ ê ✉✢è ✯❍■ ✭❁❙✌✪ ➒✦➒❆è ☞❬➒ ✿❁➇❬✉ ✦❝❍❇✢✹❨➆✮✿ ✿ ✿❍q ➅✑➆✮✿❪➈✎❽❅q✢❽◗❂✲❳s❂❆❇♥❂❪❉✺❚✢❂✲❇④❂✲❇❴❞❣❻❏q✄③✦❉✺✹✼✹❃❇❍✽✴❉✯✸✺❝✢❜➙q é✇✶✑✹❊✸❦❂❆✸✺❀❭❚❍✶✬❀✼❂❄✻✥✻✑❵❁▲◆✿❆✸✺❫❁❂❄❇❴✶✥✈❊✹❪❞❥✉❴❳♣❝❴✻❛❉✺✶✥❚❴✿✲❜✾❳❨✿✦❲✢✶✑✻✑✹✪❋❧✶✑✸✺✹✼✻✑✹✼✽✺✽ ❇✢✹❭❉❸❋✞✿❆✸✺●❬✽❧❤①✿✲✸◗➌❁❝♥❂❆✻✥✶✑❉◆❵❍▲❷✿❄❤①▲◆✽✴✹❊✸✺❱❬✶✑❀✼✹✎✽✴❝✢❜❴❜✄✿❄✸✴❉❃q ➝t➥✦➧❊➨⑨➩✑➫ ➺ ➫❊➢❷➻✕➥❄➼✴➽ ê ➵❄➡♥➸❨➛✮➯✦➯✄➩ ➨❆✻❦➵✦➢❑➨⑨➥❄➡ ê ✉ ✹✢■✯➆❆❙✌✪✑➆❪➓❬➆ ☞✄➆❄➆✮✿❴✉ ✲❝✢❇❴✹❡➆ ✿ ✿✦➒❍q ➅ ➔❄➓❪➈❅r✪q✄③♥q❴❽✇❂❆❜✢❜❴❂✲❜✄✿❄✸✴❉❃q ✂ ➨❑➼✺➫✼➩✑➫ ê✺ê ➜✘➥❄➭♣➭♣➲❬➡♥➨❆✻❦➵✦➢❑➨⑨➥❄➡ ê ✁

➼❊➨①➡

✻❊➨ ➯✄➩✥➫ ê ➵❆➡✄➸

➼✯➵

✻✼➢❑➨ ✻❦➫ q ✶✖✸✺✹✼❇✦❉✺✶✬❀❊✹✪é✪❂❆✻✬✻⑨✉➙➆✮✿ ✿ ✭❴q ➅ ➔❬➆❭➈❅↔✮q✢❖⑦q✢r✠✿✲❲✢❂❄❫✦✶✒❂❄❇✢❞④▼✘q✳✸✎✻✑✹✼✶✑❇❴✸✺✿❬❀❦●♥q ✶♠❂✲❀❦●✲✹❭❉❘✽✯❋❧✶✑❉✺❀❦❚❴✶✥❇❴❫❡✶✬❇ ✸❦❂✦❞❬✶✬✿❡❀❭❚❴❂✲❇❍❇✢✹✼✻✑✽✮✪ ✶♠❂❄✸✴❉❧✶✥✶❥▲✘❉✺❚❍✹✎❚✢✶✥❞✢❞❬✹✼❇④❉✺✹❊✸✺❳❡✶✥❇✢❂❄✻➙❜❴✸✺✿❄❲✢✻✑✹✼❳ ✶✑❇❣❀❃❂❪✸✴✸✺✶✬✹❊✸❧✽✺✹✼❇❴✽✴✹✎❳❅❝✢✻❛❉✺✶✬❜❍✻✥✹❊▲◆❂✲❀✼❀✼✹❊✽❦✽♦❳❡✿❴❞❍✹✼✽◗❂❄❇✢❞❢❉✺❚✢✹ ❲✢❝❍✽✴❵❁▲❷❉✺✿✲❇✢✹✎✽✴✿❄✻✬❝❬❉✺✶✑✿✦❇✒q ➟✯➠✘➠✕➠ ✡❍➼✴➵❄➡ ê ➵ ✻✼➢⑨➨❑➥❄➡ ê ➥✲➡ ➜✘➥❄➭♣➭❡➲❬➡✢➨ ✻✺➵✲➢⑨➨❑➥❄➡ ê ✉✄❼♦➎✎❻✾▲❸➔✛✹✢■✯➆❪➔✲❙✌✪✬➆❊è❴➆✛✯✛☞✄➆✼è✔✹ ✹❍✉➙➆✮✿ ✯❄➇❍q ➅ ➔✲➔❃➈❅r✪q✢❶◗✹✲✉♥③❥q♥③❍❂❄❳❨❜✄✹✼✶⑨✉✢P⑦q✄❻④✿❆✸✺✶✬❇❴❂✲❫✲❂❴✉♥❂❆❇♥❞ ✸❨q❴é✇❂❄❳s❂❄❫✲❝✢❀❦❚✢✶⑨q ③❬❵❬❳⑦❲✄✿✲✻❥✸❦❂❄❉✺✹✎❂❄❇✢❞④❳❡✿❬❞❴❝✢✻✥❂❪❉✺✶✥✿✲❇④✻✑✹❃❱✲✹✼✻✑▲❷❀✼✿✦❇✦❉✴✸✺✿❄✻✬✻✑✹❃❞④❂✲❞✢❂❆❜❴❉✺✶✑❱✲✹ ❳❨✿❍❞❬❝✢✻✥❂❄❉✺✶✑✿✲❇♥➏❄r✗✖✎❻⑥❖❘➏✲r✄✖ ✖➉✽✴❵❬✽✯❉✺✹✼❳❿❤①✿✲✸❧❚✢✶✑❫✦❚❍▲❷❲✢✶❛❉✴▲❷✸❦❂❆❉✺✹ ❋◗✶❛✸✺✹✼✻✑✹❃✽✴✽❘❞❍❂❄❉❦❂♣❉✴✸❦❂❆❇✢✽✴❳❨✶✑✽✺✽✴✶✑✿✦❇❥q ➟✯➠✘➠✕➠ ✡❴➼✺➵❄➡ ê ➵ ✻✼➢❑➨⑨➥❄➡ ê ➥❆➡ ❁ ➫ ✒ ➨ ✻✼➲❍➩❛➵✲➼ ✡✄➫ ✻ ✒ ➡♥➥✦➩❛➥✺➳ ë ✉❴è ✯❴■⑨è❁❙✌✪✑➆✦➆✮✹❆è ☞♥➆✦➆❊è ✯❍✉❴P◗✿❆❱✲✹✼❳♣❲✄✹❭✸ ➆ ✿ ✿✲➒❴q ➅ ➔ ✹❪➈✎P♣q ❂✘❂❄✶✬❞❬❵❁❂❨❂❄❇✢❞✘✶✆q♥❾✮❂✲❚❴✻❷q❴↔♥❂✲✶❛✸◗✽✴❀❭❚❍✹❪❞❬❝✢✻✑✶✬❇❍❫❨✶✥❇④❲❍✸✺✿✦❂✲❞❍❀❃❂✲✽✯❉ ✹✼❇❬❱❁✶✑✸✺✿✲❇✢❳❡✹✼❇✦❉✺✽❃q♥r✠✹❊❀❭❚❍❇✢✶✑❀❪❂❄✻➙❽❧✹❃❜♥✿✲✸✴❉❘❻⑧③❁❽◗▲◆r♦❽♦▲ ✿✔✿❄▲❄✭❴➆❄✉ ❻❣✶✑❀❊✸✺✿✲✽✺✿❄❤①❉❧❽❘✹✼✽✴✹✼❂❄✸✺❀❭❚❥✉➙➆ ✿✔✿ ✿❴q ➅ ➔❆è❆➈✪✵➉q✢r✇q❴✵❏✹✼❲✢❲④❂❄❇✢❞✾❽❅q✄③✦❉✺✹✼✹❃✻✑✹✲q ❂✕❂❆✸✺✶✬❂❆❲✢✻✑✹✪✸❦❂❄❉✴✹ ✬✪❖✇❻↕❤⑨✿❄✸ ❳❨✿✦❲❍✶✥✻✥✹✪✸❦❂❄❞❴✶✑✿❴q ➟✯➠✘➠✕➠☛✡❍➼✺➵❄➡ ê ➵ ✻✼➢⑨➨⑨➥❆➡ ê ➥❄➡❈➜✘➥❄➭♣➭❡➲❬➡✢➨❆✻❭➵❄➢❑➨❷➥❄➡ ê ✉ è ✹✧✪ ➔✲➔✲➔ ✹✌☞❍➔✦➔✛✹✲➓❴✉ ✲❝✢✻❛❵⑧➆ ✿ ✿❁➇❬q