A nutrient mass balance of Fernan Lake, ID, and future directions - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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A nutrient mass balance of Fernan Lake, ID, and future directions - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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A nutrient mass balance of Fernan Lake, ID, and future directions Frank M. Wilhelm and Trea LaCroix Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow ID fwilhelm@uidaho.edu 208-885-7218 CDA tributaries WAG meeting, Nov 30,

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A nutrient mass balance of Fernan Lake, ID, and future directions

Frank M. Wilhelm and Trea LaCroix

Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow ID fwilhelm@uidaho.edu 208-885-7218 CDA tributaries WAG meeting, Nov 30, 2015, CDA, ID

Funded by:

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SLIDE 2

M.Pengilly

  • Coeur d’ Alene wastewater

treatment plant

  • IDEQ
  • FLCRA
  • Bill Miller
  • Marie Pengilly
  • Mike Webb
  • Susan Andrews

Funding provided by Idaho EPSCoR # IIA-1301792

  • F. Wilhelm

Acknowledgements

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SLIDE 3

Outline

  • Background
  • Fernan Lake intro
  • Mass balance
  • Internal loading
  • Future directions
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SLIDE 4

Trophic state

Oligo- Meso- Eutrophic

http://fitpacking.com/images/CLNP/CraterLakeAerial.jpg

Lake Classification

  • F. Wilhelm
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SLIDE 5
  • Eutrophication: presence of excess

nutrients that stimulate aquatic plant growth (Schindler et al. 2008)

  • Human activities

accelerate this process

ag, forestry, roads

Eutrophication

https://www.idahoecosystems.org/cda

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SLIDE 6

Carbon:Nitrogen:Phosphorus

N:P 7.2:1 (by mass) N:P = 7 = balanced

What causes blooms?

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SLIDE 7
  • Theoretically

N:P > 7 = P-limited - OK N:P < 7 = N-limited - problems

  • In reality

Cyanobacteria blooms and toxins when N:P 75:1 or less

TN:TP ratio (by mass)

T.Harris

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SLIDE 8

TN:TP

100 200 300 400 500 600 1100 1200

Total microcystin (μg/L)

50 100 150 200 500 600

Zurawell (unpublished) Ghadouani (unpublished) Graham et al. 2004 U.S. Lakes Survey 2007 Wilson (unpublished) Graham et al. 2006 Johnston & Jacoby 2003 Graham & Jones 2009 (W. CDN) n=40 (AUS) n=48 (Midwest USA) n=791 (USA) n=1253 (SE USA) n=702 (Midwest USA) n=254 (WA USA) n=59 (Midwest USA) n=1402 N=4549

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SLIDE 9

http://www.mncenter.org/issues/water

  • Dermatoxins

– Skin, rashes

  • Hepatotoxins

– Liver toxins

  • Neurotoxins

– Central nervous system

http://www.bubblews.com/news/529637-liver-lover

http://painprotherapeutics.com/conditions/neurological-pain/

Toxins

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SLIDE 10
  • Located in Kootenai County, near Coeur

D’Alene, Idaho

  • 154 ha
  • 5.1 m mean depth
  • 8.2 m max depth

Fernan Lake

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SLIDE 11

Day/yr Action

26-Jul- 2007 Bloom noted 05-Aug-2008 Bloom noted 01-Oct-2008 Bloom noted 11-Jul-2012 10 day advisory 28-Jun-2013 24 day advisory 08-Jul-2014 14 day advisory 09-Sep-2014 90+ day advisory 26-Jun-2015

  • ngoing

Bloom history

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SLIDE 12

Lake closures

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SLIDE 13
  • Establish detailed mass balance of

phosphorus and total residue

  • Sample in- and outflows for 1 year

Objectives

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SLIDE 14

Inflows and outflow

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SLIDE 15

Culvert locations

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SLIDE 16

Determine culvert load

  • F. Wilhelm
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SLIDE 17

Determine wetland load

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SLIDE 18

13-May-14 Dam in 01-Dec-14 Dam out 03-Mar-15 Dam in

Explore influence of the dam

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SLIDE 19
  • One sample/day

http://www.techrentals.com.au/ http://www.caeonline.com/listing/product/187711/isco-3700 http://w

ISCO automated samplers

  • F. Wilhelm
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SLIDE 20
  • Total residue (mg/L) was

measured using standard method 2450-B (Eaton et al. 2005)

  • Total phosphorus (μg/L) was

measured using method 4500-P

(Eaton et al. 2005)

  • H. Rajkovich

Sample analyses

  • T. LaCroix
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SLIDE 21
  • measured by traditional cross-section

and velocity

  • Concentration × discharge= load

Distance (m) Depth (m)

Discharge

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SLIDE 22

Stage(m) 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Discharge (m3/s) 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 y=1.50x2.48 R2=0.99

recorded stage @ 15 min intervals

http://www.onsetcomp.com/products/data-loggers/water-level

Made rating curves from bi- weekly visits

Discharge

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  • Used bathymetry data
  • Water level at the dam
  • Combined with wet and dry deposition rates to

calculate wet and dry deposition loads

Lake surface area and volume

  • F. Wilhelm
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SLIDE 24

M J J A S O N D J F M A Discharge (m

3·s-1)

1 2 3 4 5 6 6

Fernan Creek Hydrograph

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SLIDE 25

M J J A S O N D J F M A Discharge (m

3·s-1)

1 2 3 4 5 6 April 2014-April 2015 6

Fernan Creek Hydrograph

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SLIDE 26

M J J A S O N D J F M A

Discharge (m3·s-1)

1 2 3 4 5 6 Fernan Creek Outflow 6

Fernan Creek Hydrograph

~ 3 day delay

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SLIDE 27

M J J A S O N D J F M A Discharge (m

3·s-1)

1 2 3 4 5 6 April 2014-April 2015 December 1999-December 2000 6

Fernan Creek Hydrograph

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SLIDE 28

Precipitation Fernan Creek Dam Evaporation

  • 1.7x106 m3

Recharge to Aquifer

  • 2.0x106 m3

8.3x106 m3 1.3x106 m3

  • 8.8 x106 m3

Road Culverts 1.8x104 m3 Groundwater/ Aquifer Seepage 3.4x106 m3 Precipitation

Annual water budget

Net gain= 1.4x106 m3

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SLIDE 29
  • F. Wilhelm

11-Mar-14 14-Oct-14

  • T. LaCroix
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SLIDE 30

11-Mar-14

  • F. Wilhelm
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SLIDE 31

M J J A S O N D J F M A

Total phosphorus (kg·day-1)

10 20 30 40 Fernan Creek Outflow 40 Fernan Creek

Total Phosphorus Flux

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SLIDE 32

Input - Output = ΔStorage Inputs = 1.4 tonnes

  • Output = 0.3 tonnes

Δstorage = 1.1 tonnes (81%)

Total Phosphorus Storage

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SLIDE 33

Fernan Creek Dam 1125 kg Precipitation 145 kg

  • 264 kg

Road Culverts 1 kg Dry Deposition 99 kg Wetland 33 kg

Annual P budget

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SLIDE 34

Fernan Creek 80.2% Precipitation 10.2% Road Culverts 0.07% Dry Deposition 7.03% Wetland 2.4%

Inflow P percentages

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SLIDE 35

Input - Output = ΔStorage Inputs = 2298 tonnes

  • Output = 760 tonnes

Δstorage = 1538 tonnes (67%)

Total Residue (sediment)

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SLIDE 36

M J J A S O N D J F M A Discharge (m

3·s

  • 1)

1 2 3 4 5 6 April 2014-April 2015

93 % of TP load during spring Runoff

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SLIDE 37

M J J A S O N D J F M A Discharge (m

3·s

  • 1)

1 2 3 4 5 6 April 2014-April 2015 6

Problem is in the summer months

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SLIDE 38

Calculate summer internal load

in-out- Δin lake P= Linternal

(Welch and Jacoby 2001)

*This assumes that all external P is readily available

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SLIDE 39

Fernan Creek Dam 40 kg Precipitation 15 kg

  • 0.14 kg

Road Culverts 0.08 kg Dry Deposition 37 kg Wetland 20 kg Internal Loading 5-58 kg Precip

Summer P budget

ulv d C d

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SLIDE 40

Summer internal load In - out - Δin lake P = Linternal 93 - 0.14 - 88 +20 = 25 kg (21%) 93 - 0.14 - (88-15)+20 = 40 kg (30%) 93 - 0.14 - (88-15-38)+20 = 78 kg (46%)

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SLIDE 41

258 mg·m-2·yr-1

Internal loading 2014 2015

71 mg·m-2·yr-1 2015 30 sites 50 mg·m-2·yr-1

29 % lower than deep site

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SLIDE 42

183 mg·m-2·yr-1

Internal loading 2014 2015

50 mg·m-2·yr-1

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SLIDE 43

What is the source?

  • Internal loading via anoxia / redox

reactions

No O2

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SLIDE 44

What is the source?

  • Fernan is well mixed throughout the

year

No O2

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SLIDE 45

Wind induced mixing

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SLIDE 46

Biotic community recycling

PO4

3-

PO4

3-

PO4

3-

PO4

3- 3- 4

PO43- PO43- P PO43

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SLIDE 47

Literature data

  • 11 publications
  • rates ranged from

0.01 to 37 mg·m-2·day-1

  • 11 publications
  • rates ranged from

0.02 to 5.46 mg·m-2·day-1 01 to 37 mg·m-2·day-1 0.02 to 5.46 mg

0.8 to 3.3 mg·m-2·day-1

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SLIDE 48

Summary

  • Majority of P and sediment come in

during spring runoff

  • However this is not the problem time period
  • Internal loading contributes 21-46% of

the available P in summer

  • Investigate internal loading further
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SLIDE 49

Summary

  • Inter-annual variability in runoff and

loading

  • Wind mixing or biotic community
  • In-lake strategies in concert with

whole-watershed remediation

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SLIDE 50
  • Wetland function
  • Dry deposition
  • Internal loading
  • Restoration/remediation

Future directions

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Whole-watershed/external

  • Headwater to lake (sed. delivery)
  • Examine Fernan Creek

In-lake/internal

  • Dredging
  • Alum addition
  • Nitrogen addition

Remediation options

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SLIDE 52
  • Treat symptoms, not the source
  • Expensive – commitment

In-lake remediation

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SLIDE 53

Historic Fernan Creek

Photos from USGS

Fernan Creek changes

1954 1974 Today

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SLIDE 54
  • Precipitates P from the

water column

  • If alum is buried by

sediment, it becomes ineffective

Alum addition

  • Whole lake application for Fernan Lake

would cost between $22,500 - $560,000

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SLIDE 55
  • Remove P-rich seds
  • Need someplace for

removed sediment

Dredging

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SLIDE 56

Geotubes to dewater sediment

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SLIDE 57
  • Add N to re-balance

TN:TP ratio

  • Allows beneficial algae

to flourish

  • Reduces cyanobacteria

abundance and toxins

Nutrient rebalance

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SLIDE 58

Questions?

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