A Contemporary Approach to Thrombophilia Testing Gregory Piazza, - - PDF document

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A Contemporary Approach to Thrombophilia Testing Gregory Piazza, - - PDF document

BRIGHAM AND WOMENS HOSPITAL A Contemporary Approach to Thrombophilia Testing Gregory Piazza, MD, MS Associate Professor of Medicine Harvard Medical School Staff Physician, Cardiovascular Division HARVARD MEDICAL Brigham and Womens


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HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL TEACHING AFFILIATE

BRIGHAM AND WOMEN’S HOSPITAL

A Contemporary Approach to Thrombophilia Testing

Gregory Piazza, MD, MS

Associate Professor of Medicine Harvard Medical School Staff Physician, Cardiovascular Division Brigham and Women’s Hospital December 6, 2019

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Disclosures

  • BMS- grant/research support
  • Daiichi-Sankyo- grant/research

support

  • BSC/BTG- grant/research support
  • Janssen- grant/research support
  • Bayer- grant/research support
  • Portola- grant/research support

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Objectives

1. Review the epidemiology of thrombophilias 2. Highlight the implications of thrombophilia on venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk, women’s health, and disease recurrence 3. Discuss “when, why, and how” to perform thrombophilia testing

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What Would You Do?

  • A 21-year-old woman is referred from her college Health

Center for evaluation of possible OCP use.

  • The patient’s mother suffered PE during her first

pregnancy and her older sister had a DVT on an OCP.

  • The patient has never suffered a thrombotic event.
  • Her mother and sister were never tested for

thrombophilias because their physician felt “it would not assist with management of venous thromboembolism.”

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What Would You Do?

  • 1. Order thrombophilia testing initially

focused on the highest-yield tests

  • 2. Order every thrombophilia test available
  • 3. Just prescribe a combination OCP

because thrombophilia testing won’t impact your decision-making

  • 4. Tell her combination OCPs are

contraindicated based on family history alone

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Thrombophilia: Prevalence

Thrombophilia General Population (%) Patients with 1st VTE (%) Family History

  • f Thrombosis

(%) Factor V Leiden 3-7 20 50 Prothrombin Gene Mutation 1-3 6 18 Hyperhomocysteinemia 5-10 10-25 ? Antiphospholipid Antibodies 0-7 5-15 ? Protein C Deficiency 0.2-0.4 3 6-8 Antithrombin Deficiency 0.02 1 4-8 Protein S Deficiency ? 1-2 3-13 Rosendaal FR. Semin Hematol 1997;34:171

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Thrombophilia and Conventional Risk Factors: US DVT Registry

5% 95%

Goldhaber SZ and Tapson VF. Am J Cardiol 2004;93:259

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Thrombophilia Testing in the Real World: Lessons from RIETE

  • N = 21,367 consecutive patients

with symptomatic VTE.

  • Thrombophilia testing was

performed in 21%.

  • Thrombophilia was detected in

32%.

  • The rate of thrombophilia was

similar in patients with idiopathic VTE and those with provoked events. 36.3% 18.1% 19.8% 25.8%

Roldan V, et al. Thromb Res 2009;124:174

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Question No. 1

  • Thrombophilia testing is indicated in which of the

following clinical scenarios?

  • A. A 82-year-old man with left calf deep vein

thrombosis (DVT) after a fall complicated by a right hip fracture

  • B. A 56-year-old woman with pulmonary embolism

(PE) following right mastectomy for breast cancer

  • C. A 23-year-old non-smoking woman with right calf

DVT following initiation of a combination oral contraceptive pill

  • D. A 22-year-old collegiate baseball pitcher with right

upper extremity DVT following spring training sessions

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Question No. 1

  • Thrombophilia testing is indicated in which of the

following clinical scenarios?

  • A. A 82-year-old man with left calf deep vein

thrombosis (DVT) after a fall complicated by a right hip fracture

  • B. A 56-year-old woman with pulmonary embolism

(PE) following right mastectomy for breast cancer

  • C. A 23-year-old non-smoking woman with right calf

DVT following initiation of a combination oral contraceptive pill

  • D. A 22-year-old collegiate baseball pitcher with right

upper extremity DVT following spring training sessions

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Why Test for Thrombophilias?

Determine optimal agent or duration of anticoagulation

Predict risk of VTE recurrence

Determine optimal intensity of thromboprophylaxis

Assess VTE risk with pregnancy or hormonal contraception/replacement therapy

Identify at-risk family members

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A Philosophic Approach to Thrombophilia Testing

  • Run all available tests

“Kitchen Sink”

  • Obtain only tests that impact

therapy OR for which there is intellectual curiosity

Selective

  • Defer testing because will not

impact therapy

No Testing

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Thrombophilia: the “Big Three”

  • Activated protein C resistance
  • Genetic test

Factor V Leiden

  • Genetic test

Prothrombin Gene Mutation 20210

  • Anticardiolipin antibodies
  • Lupus anticoagulant
  • Anti-beta 2 glycoprotein-1 antibodies
  • Anti-prothrombin antibody

Antiphospholipid Antibodies

**Can be drawn in the setting of acute thrombosis or anticoagulation.

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Thrombophilias: High-Yield vs. Low-Yield

  • Factor V Leiden
  • Prothrombin Gene Mutation
  • Antiphospholipid Antibodies

High- Yield

  • Protein C, S, antithrombin
  • Homocysteine
  • Factors VIII, IX, and XI
  • Fibrinogen
  • PAI-1
  • MTHFR gene mutation

Low- Yield

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Classifying Major Thrombophilias

Piazza G. Circulation 2014; 130:283

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High-Risk Thrombophilias

  • Deficiency of antithrombin, protein C, or protein S
  • Homozygosity for factor V Leiden or prothrombin

gene mutation 20210

  • Compound heterozygosity for factor V Leiden and

prothrombin gene mutation

  • Elevated antiphospholipid antibodies

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Factor V Leiden

  • Guanine-to-adenine

substitution at nucleotide 1,691 results in a glutamine instead of arginine at amino acid residue 506.

  • Factor V becomes

resistant to cleavage by activated protein C.

ProC

Thrombin Thrombomodulin Ca++

APC FVa FVi ProC

Thrombin Thrombomodulin Ca++

APC FVa Normal Factor V Leiden FVa Resistant

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Distribution of Factor V Leiden Population Rate Caucasian 5.3% Hispanic 2.2% Native American 1.2% African American 1.2% Asian 0.4%

Ridker PM, et al. JAMA 1997;277:1305

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Age and Factor V Leiden: Physicians' Health Study

Age (years) VTE Rate Per 1,000 0.7 2.0 1.0 2.6 1.9 7.8

*

³

Ridker PM, et al. Ann Intern Med 1997;126:528

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Prothrombin Gene Mutation

  • Guanine-to-adenine substitution at

nucleotide 20210 in the 3' untranslated region of the prothrombin gene.

  • Heterozygous carriers have 30% higher

plasma prothrombin levels than normals.

  • Heterozygotes have a 4-fold increase in

the risk of VTE.

Emmerich J, et al. Thromb Haemost 2001;86:809

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Homocysteinemia and VTE

den Heijer M, et al. N Engl J Med 1996; 334:759

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Antiphospholipid Antibodies in Patients with VTE

Schulman S, et al. Am J Med 1998;104:332

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Antiphospholipid Antibodies in Patients with VTE

Schulman S, et al. Am J Med 1998;104:332

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Thrombophilia and 1st VTE

Thrombophilia RR of 1st VTE Factor V Leiden 2-10 Prothrombin Gene Mutation 2-6 Factor V Leiden/Prothrombin Gene Mutation (compound heterozygote) 20 Protein C Deficiency 6.5-31 Protein S Deficiency 2-36 Antithrombin Deficiency 5-40 Hyperhomocysteinemia 2-4 Antiphospholipid Antibodies 3-11

http://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/hematology

  • oncology/hypercoagulable-states/#t0010

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Contraception and Thrombophilia

  • Estrogen-based oral contraceptive pills

(OCPs) in patients with thrombophilia are associated with a 20-to-40-fold increase in the risk of VTE.

  • The increased risk of VTE appears to be

highest around the time of OCP initiation and within the first 6 months.

Vanderbroucke JP, et al. Lancet 1994;344:1453 Bloemenkamp KW, et al. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:49

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Vandenbroucke JP, et al. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1527

Interaction of OCPs and Factor V Leiden

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Considering VTE Risk When Choosing an OCP

  • 2nd generation OCPs with low-dose estrogen and

progestins such as levonorgestrel are the safest combination formulations.

  • Reducing the estrogen component from 50 mcg to 30-

40 mcg reduces VTE risk.

  • Estrogen dose reduction to 20-30 mcg decreases VTE

risk further.

  • “Morning after” pill: usually progesterone-only; no

increased VTE risk.

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Safe Alternatives to Combination OCPs

Progestin-Only Pill

  • “Mini-pill”
  • Has not been associated with VTE

Progestin-Coated IUD

  • Releases ~20 mcg of levonorgestrel daily
  • Has not been associated with VTE

Copper IUD

  • No hormonal component

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Miscarriage and Thrombophilia

Thrombophilia Early Late Homozygous factor V Leiden 3-fold 2-fold Heterozygous factor V Leiden 2-fold 2-fold Heterozygous prothrombin gene mutation 2-fold 3-fold Anticardiolipin antibody 3-fold 3-fold Lupus anticoagulant 3-fold 1-fold Antithrombin deficiency 1-fold 8-fold Protein C deficiency 2-fold 3-fold Protein S deficiency 4-fold 20-fold

Robertson L, et al. Br J Haematol 2006;132:171

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Pregnancy and Thrombophilia

Marik PE and Plante LA. N Engl J Med 2008;359:2025

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Risk of Pre-Eclampsia and Abruption in Women with Thrombophilia

Thrombophilia Pre-Eclampsia Abruption Homozygous factor V Leiden 2-fold 8-fold Heterozygous factor V Leiden 2-fold 5-fold Heterozygous prothrombin gene mutation 3-fold 8-fold Antithrombin deficiency 4-fold 1-fold Protein C deficiency 5-fold 6-fold Protein S deficiency 3-fold 2-fold

Robertson L, et al. Br J Haematol 2006;132:171

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Thrombophilia and Infertility

Hypercoagulability

Abnormal Trophoblast Differentiation Abnormal Placentation Implantation Failure

Bates SM, et al. CHEST 2012;141:e691s Ivanov P, et al. Am J Reprod Immunol 2012;68:189

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Inherited Thrombophilias and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: Meta-Analysis

Kovalevsky G, et al. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:558

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Prevalence of Thrombophilia in Infertile Women Undergoing IVF

Petukhova NL, et al. Gynecol Endocrinol 2014;30 Suppl 1:32

%

71

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Registry of Women with Recurrent Miscarriage and No Genetic or Structural Reason: FREYA*

27.5% 72.5% 15% 12.7% 7.4% 18.6%

*Unpublished data from 800-patient FREYA Registry

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Guidelines for Thrombophilia Evaluation

Check JH. Am J Reprod Immunol 2012;67:326

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Question No. 2

  • Which of the following factors increases

the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE)?

  • A. Factor V Leiden homozygosity
  • B. Prothrombin gene mutation heterozygosity
  • C. Compound heterozygosity for Factor V

Leiden and prothrombin gene mutation

  • D. Suffering an idiopathic (unprovoked) VTE

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Question No. 2

  • Which of the following factors increases

the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE)?

  • A. Factor V Leiden homozygosity
  • B. Prothrombin gene mutation heterozygosity
  • C. Compound heterozygosity for Factor V

Leiden and prothrombin gene mutation

  • D. Suffering an idiopathic (unprovoked) VTE

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Does Thrombophilia Predict VTE Recurrence?

  • Antiphospholipid Antibodies
  • Protein C, Protein S, or

Antithrombin Deficiency

Probably

  • Factor V Leiden
  • Prothrombin Gene

Mutation

Probably Not

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Recurrence Risk: Leiden Thrombophilia Study

  • N = 474 patients with 1st

VTE (average follow-up

  • f 7 years).
  • Extensive thrombophilia

testing performed:

– Factor V Leiden – Protein C, S, and antithrombin – Homocysteine – Fibrinogen – Factors VIII, IX, and XI

Cumulative Incidence of Recurrent VTE Christiansen SC, et al. JAMA 2005;293:2352

adjusted HR = 1.4 (95% CI 0.9-2.2)

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Recurrence Risk: Leiden Thrombophilia Study

Christiansen SC, et al. JAMA 2005;293:2352

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Recurrence Risk: Factor V Leiden and Prothrombin Gene Mutation

Lijfering WM, et al. Circulation 2010;121:1706

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STEP 1: When to Test?

Consider Testing

Unprovoked or recurrent VTE

VTE in young patients

VTE in unusual sites

Strong family history of VTE

Recurrent pregnancy loss

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STEP 2: Why to Test?

Test

Duration or intensity of anticoagulation

Choice of anticoagulant

Family screening

Risk of hormonal therapies (e.g. OCPs)

Patient request

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Question No. 3

  • Which of the following problems with

thrombophilia testing may occur during the acute diagnosis and treatment phase of a patient with PE?

  • A. A false positive result for prothrombin gene

mutation testing

  • B. A false negative result for factor V Leiden

mutation testing

  • C. A false positive result for protein C deficiency
  • D. A false negative result for antithrombin

deficiency

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Question No. 3

  • Which of the following problems with

thrombophilia testing may occur during the acute diagnosis and treatment phase of a patient with PE?

  • A. A false positive result for prothrombin gene

mutation testing

  • B. A false negative result for factor V Leiden

mutation testing

  • C. A false positive result for protein C deficiency
  • D. A false negative result for antithrombin

deficiency

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STEP 3: How to Test?

Secondary Evaluation

Protein C Deficiency Protein S Deficiency Antithrombin Deficiency

Initial Thrombophilia Evaluation**

Factor V Leiden Prothrombin Gene Mutation Antiphospholipid Antibodies

After completion of anticoagulation

**Can be drawn in the setting of acute thrombosis or anticoagulation.

Piazza G. Circulation 2014; 130:283

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Cost-effectiveness of Thrombophilia Testing for DVT: Markov Model

  • Thrombophilia testing followed by 24 months of anticoagulation in

DVT patients with a hypercoagulable condition was more cost- effective ($54,820; 23.76 QALYs) than usual care (6 months of anticoagulation without testing) ($55,260; 23.72 QALYs).

  • All thrombophilias tested were common enough and associated with

a sufficient recurrence risk to justify inclusion in a test panel.

  • 24 months of initial anticoagulation was preferred (<$50,000/QALY)

for most conditions, whereas lifetime anticoagulation was preferred for patients with antiphospholipid antibodies ($2928/QALY) or homozygous factor V Leiden ($3804/QALY).

Auerbach AD, et al. Am J Med 2004;116:816

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Thrombophilia Testing in the High-Risk: Meta-Analysis and Cost-Effectiveness

Wu O, et al. Br J Hematol 2005;131:80

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Thrombophilia and DOACs

  • Factor V Leiden

and prothrombin gene mutation were included in major RCTs.

  • Efficacy in

antiphospholipid antibody positive patients has not been clear.

Pengo V, et al. Blood. 2018;132:1365

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TRAPS RCT: Rivaroxaban

  • vs. Warfarin

Pengo V, et al. Blood. 2018;132:1365

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Tips for Thrombophilia Testing

  • Follow a stepwise strategy for thrombophilia testing that considers the when

to test, why to test, and how to test.

  • Focus on the highest yield thrombophilia tests first.
  • Defer testing for protein C, protein S, and antithrombin because low levels

do not necessarily indicate true thrombophilia in the setting of acute thrombosis and anticoagulation.

  • Remind patients that a negative thrombophilia evaluation does not exclude

thrombophilia since there are many hypercoagulable conditions that have yet to be identified and for which testing does not exist.

  • Defer thrombophilia testing to the outpatient visit when there will be more

time for discussion and when the patient will have recovered psychologically from the acute event. Piazza G. Circulation 2014; 130:283

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Patient Education

  • Cardiology

Patient Page (pdf FREE) at Circulation Online

http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/130/2/e9.long

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Take-Home Points

  • Although thrombophilia is frequently emphasized in the

literature, traditional VTE risk factors (such as cancer) are much more prevalent.

  • While thrombophilias have important implications for the

risk of an initial VTE event and for women’s health, their impact on VTE recurrence is limited.

  • The decision to test for thrombophilias must take into

account the clinical setting (“when to test”) and how management might be impacted (“why to test”).

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