From MFA to SEEA to SMM Material Sado-Masochism for Beginners Simon Upton Director OECD Environment Directorate
A story of industrial entropy Resource Stocks Reservoirs Atmosphere 49 Gt of GHG Increasing Saturation Water 62 Gt 22 Mt of P Terrestrial 12 Gt of Waste Increasing cost Source: OECD/IEA data, OECD Materials Report Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 2
Planetary accounting level Global Extraction Waste Used (GEU) = Global Extraction Global Material Consumption (GMC) Reusable Unused Global Extraction (UGE) • Mining overburden • Harvest residues • Fishery by-catch • Soil erosion from agriculture Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 3
62 Gt of material resources extracted in 2008 12.7 Gt 8.2 Gt 20.3 Gt 20.8 Gt 100% 10% 10% 90% 80% 50% 70% Unused 70% Extraction 60% 50% 90% 90% Used 40% Extraction 30% 50% 20% 30% 10% 0% Fossil Energy Metals Biomass Minerals Carriers Source: OECD Material Flow Analysis Data, SERI Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 4
National accounting level Domestic Extraction Used (DEU) Reusable / recycled Domestic Waste Extraction Unused Domestic Extraction (UDE) Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 5
But nations trade; from DEU to DMC Australia China Exports 0.4 Gt Exports 0.7 Gt Domestic Extraction Domestic Material Consumption (DMC) Used (DEU) 1 Gt 1.6 Gt Domestic Extraction Used (DEU) Domestic Material Consumption (DMC) Imports 0.08 Gt 17.8 Gt 17.1 Gt Imports 1.1 Gt Source: OECD computations based on UN COMTRADE data. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 6
Global bal mater erial ial resour urce ce extract action, ion, 1980-2008 2008 70 -29% Industrial 60 +19% minerals +133% Wood Billions of metric tonnes (Gt) 50 +60% Metals 40 +80% Fossil energy 30 carriers Construction 20 minerals +49% Biomass (food & 10 feed) 0 1980 1990 2000 2008 Source: OECD Material Flow database and SERI (Sustainable Europe Research Institute) Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 7
Regional shares – all have increased Metals 8.2 billion tonnes RoW Biomass 24% Biomass Metals 20.2 billion tonnes 16.3 billion tonnes 4.1 billion tonnes OECD 43% OECD RoW RoW 23% 35% 32% RoW OECD BRIICS OECD 33% 38% 29% 33% BRIICS 42% BRIICS BRIICS 39% 29% 1990 2008 1990 2008 Fossil fuels Minerals 12.7 billion tonnes 20.8 billion tonnes Minerals Fossil fuels 14.5 billion tonnes 9.2 billion tonnes RoW OECD RoW 18% RoW 30% 27% 14% OECD RoW BRIICS 24% 56% BRIICS 14% OECD 26% 41% OECD BRIICS BRIICS 72% 43% 35% Source: OECD Material Flow database and SERI (Sustainable Europe Research Institute) Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 8
Total material exports (direct flow s) Total material exports, Million tonnes 2 500 To ROW To BRIICS 2 000 To OECD 1 500 1 000 500 0 2000 2008 2009 2000 2008 2009 2000 2008 2009 From OECD From BRIICS From ROW Source: OECD Material Flow database and SERI (Sustainable Europe Research Institute) Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 9
The System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) – A framew ork for measuring interactions betw een the environment and the economy Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 10
SEEA Conceptual Framew ork Territory of reference Economy Instruments Actors -Financial/Monetary Activities -Enterprises -Taxes/subsidies -Production -Households -Financing -Consumption -Government -Resource rent -Accumulation -Non-profit institutions -Permits Analytical and Policy Frameworks Outside Outside territory of Land / territory of -Productivity analysis Emissions reference Resource use / -Natural resource management reference / waste -Climate change Ecosystems -Green Growth/Green Economy Environment Natural Resource flows Natural Resources (stocks) -Materials -Land -Energy -Water -Water -Ecosystems -Ecosystem services -Soil -Etc. -Etc. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 11
SEEA Conceptual Framew ork Challenges SEEA Central Framework was adopted as the international statistical standard in 2012; Efforts are needed to implement it to ensure consistency and comparability of measures. More and improved data are needed on... stocks and flows of non-energy minerals stocks and flows of waste Physical secondary raw materials side better data for MFA including trade subsidies Valuation regulatory instruments changes in key stocks and flows Policy tools land valuation social values of resources Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 12
Global distribution of phosphate rock reserves, 2010 USA Other countries 2% 5% Jordan South Africa 2% 2% Syria 3% Algeria 3% China 6% Morocco and Western Sahara 77% Source: U.S. Geological Survey. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 13
Global distribution of rare earth oxides by end-use, 2008 Other Phosphors 6% 7% Batteries 9% Catalysts 21% Magnets 20% Ceramics 6% Metal alloys Glass industry 9% 22% Source: Adapted from BGS (2010) and Goonan (2011). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 14
Copper mine grades and recoveries Source: Citigroup (2011) Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 15
Energy gy consumpt umption ion acros oss the convent entional ional milk product duction ion and consumpt umption ion system em Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 16
From MFA to SEEA to SMM Thank you
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