[PDF] - 2009 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela 521114S PDF Document

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1 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

2009 521114S Wireless Measurements

4,0 credits

Esko Alasaarela, Dr Tech

Docent University of Oulu

Department of Electrical and Information Engineering Oulu, Finland

2 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Course plan

A. 25 hours lectures
B. 10 hours seminars on temporary themes

a) 1-2 student groups, 20 min presentation + discussion b) Themes will be given on lectures

C. Material: Lecture slides + article copies + seminars
D. Recommended to take course ‘Sensors and measurement

methods’ first (There are many references in these slides to the lecture notes of that course)

E. Exam

a) 60-80 exam questions given in advance

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3 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Content of the course

A. Introduction
B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies
C. Wireless standards and sensor networks
Wireless standard IEEE1451.5
Wireless sensor networks
D. Industrial applications
E. Traffic and logistics applications
F. Environmental applications
G. Healthcare applications

4 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

A. Introduction
A. Course description

a) Period 4 b) Lectures and seminars 25+10 hours c) Credits 4,0 units d) Lecturer: Docent Esko Alasaarela e) Objectives:

To acquire basic knowledge and understanding how to apply wireless

technologies in measurement needs and, especially, in industrial, traffic, environmental and healthcare applications

f) Contents:

Basics of wireless measurements and technologies, Wireless standards and

networks, Industrial, traffic and logistics, environmental and healthcare applications

g) Implementation: Lectures, seminars and exam h) Text book: No text book available, the lecture material will be announced on lectures

B. Motivation

In future, everything can be measured and monitored via 6LowPAN – technology, which will bring sensors and actuators everywhere with individual IP-addresses.

A. Introduction

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5 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

By the way …

Even habits of animals can be monitored vie wireless sensors An example of sensor nodes attached to cattle: (a) Accelerometer for movement (b) Magnetometer for orientation (c) GPS for location

Source: Tim Wark et al, “Transforming Agriculture through Pervasive Wireless Sensor Networks”, IEEE Pervasive Computing, April- June, 2007, p. 50-57

A. Introduction

6 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Seminars

A. Contemporary themes

a) Will be given on lectures b) Something interesting like the cattle monitoring

B. Material

a) At least 3 sources b) Journal and conference (e.g. IEEE) papers, company reports, white papers etc.

C. Report (in Finnish or in English)

a) Slide series of 10 – 20 slides (ppt and pdf)

Introduction, Problem, Solution, Experiments, Discussion, Conclusion

b) Copies of source material (pdf if possible)

D. Presentation

a) 20 minutes presentation per student b) Everybody have to listen and discuss on 5 other students presentation

A. Introduction

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7 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Seminar themes 2009

A. Bluetooth in wireless measurement applications
B. Zigbee in wireless measurement applications
C. Comparison of Bluetooth and Zigbee
D. Wireless human health monitoring
E. Location, location, location (traffic)
F. Etc.
A. Introduction

8 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

B. Basics of wireless measurement

technologies

A. Sensing principles and variables

a) Principles: Capacitive, inductive, resistive, electromagnetic, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, optical, electrochemical, etc. b) Variables: Distance, angle, velocity, angular velocity, flow, acceleration, force, pressure, torsion, mass, density, temperature, luminance, moisture etc.

B. Performance of the sensors

a) Static, dynamic, environmental, electric, mechanical, chemical/biological etc.

C. Design parameters of wireless transducers

a) Requirements for measurement b) Requirements for signal processing c) Engineering criteria d) Ambivalence of measurement

D. Phenomena which can be measured wirelessly

a) Mechanical variables (displacement, location, movement, velocity, acceleration, force, weigh, torsion, etc.), surface height etc. b) Temperature, pressure, liquid and gas flow, humidity and water content etc. c) Sound and noise, light and optical phenomena, nuclear phenomena etc.

E. Wireless technologies

a) Radio waves (RF, 2,4 GHz, Bluetooth, Zigbee, UWB) b) Other (infrared, ultrasound, optical)

B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies

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9 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Sensing principles and variables

Sensing principles

A. Capacitive
B. Inductive
C. Reluctive
D. Electromagnetic
E. Piezoelectric
F. Potentiometric
G. Strain gauge
H. Photoconductive

I. Photovoltaic J. Thermoelectric

K. Ionization

L. Pyroelectric

M. Galvanic current (bioelectric)

Pages 10 – 17 in Sensors and measurement methods Variables

A. Distance
B. Angle
C. Velocity, angular velocity
D. Flow
E. Acceleration
F. Force
G. Pressure
H. Torsion

I. Mass, density J. Temperature

K. Luminance

L. Moisture

M. Biosignals
N. Electromagnetic fields

Etc.

B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies

10 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Performance of the transducers

A. Common properties

a) Direct sensing a variable derived measurements of other variables b) Range and span

B. Static properties

a) Resolution, threshold, creep, hysteresis, friction error, repeatability, linearity, sensitivity, zero-measured output, sensitivity shift, zero sift etc.

C. Dynamic properties

a) Frequency response, transient response, natural frequency, damping, overshoot, ringing frequency etc.

D. Environmental properties

a) Operating environmental effects, operating temperature range, thermal effects, acceleration properties, vibration effects, ambient pressure effects, mounting error etc.

E. Electrical properties

a) Excitation, isolation, grounding, source impedance, load impedance, input impedance, output impedance, insulation resistance, breakdown voltage rating, gain instability, output, end points, ripple, harmonic content, noise, loading error

F. Mechanical properties

a) Configuration, dimensions, mountings, connections, case material, materials in contact with measured fluids, case sealing identification

G. Chemical/biological properties

a) Chemical tolerance, environmental tolerance, biocompatibility, toxicity, chemical stability

See Sensors and measurement methods p. 21 - 30

B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies

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11 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Design parameters of wireless sensing systems

A. Requirements for measuring

a) Why? Need to measure b) What? Variable or quantity to be measured c) When? Timing, sampling and frequency needs d) Where? Mechanical (stability, vibration, shock) and assembling (fixed or moving) needs and environmental (climate, chemical and biological) needs e) How? Wired or wireless, range, resolution, accuracy, stability, reliability

B. Requirements for signal processing

a) Wireless or wired? Channel capacity and transmission costs b) Analog or digital? Need to go digital c) Local processing needs (e. g. Wireless sensor networks) d) Need to compensate systematic errors e) Automatic control of measuring parameters (range, resolution, sampling etc.)

B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies

12 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Design parameters of wireless sensing systems cont.

A. Engineering criteria

a) Standards, size, construction, user-friendliness, life-cycle,

perating principle, output specs, fault tolerance etc.

b) Special for wireless: Energy source, energy consumption, size, robustness against changing environment, possibility to communicate by radio waves (or other means)

B. Ambivalence of measurement

a) Incomplete information about the object, inadequate mathematical model, measurement disturbs the object b) Data handling problems c) Non-ideal process, noise, sensitivity to disturbances from environment etc.

B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies

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13 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Phenomena which can be measured wirelessly

A. Phenomena which can be measured wirelessly

a) Mechanical variables (displacement, location, movement, velocity, acceleration, force, weigh, torsion, etc.) b) Surface height c) Pressure d) Liquid and gas flow e) Humidity and water content f) Sound and noise g) Temperature h) Light and optical phenomena i) Nuclear phenomena j) Bioelectric signals k) Biomagnetic signals

See Sensors and measurement methods from page 36 -

B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies

14 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

By the way …

http://www.wisensys.com

B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies

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15 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Wireless sensor components

http://www.wisensys.com

B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies

16 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Wireless sensors and technologies

A. Special properties of wireless

a) No galvanic b) Local energy source c) Freeness to move d) Reliability of the wireless link e) Small size is typical f) Multiple networked sensors

B. Wireless communication by radio waves

a) RF, 2,4 GHz b) RFID c) WLAN d) Bluetooth e) Zigbee f) UWB

C. Other communication means

a) Infrared b) Ultrasound c) Optical

B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies

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17 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Many technologies available now

Sensors RF-communication Networking User interfaces

B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies

18 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Wireless uses and functions in healthcare

For vital signals

(ECG, HR, RR, BP, SaO2, T, EMG, Activity)

For implanted devices

(Stimulators)

For tracking

(Location, position, fall-detection)

For alarming

(Alarm button, call button)

Etc.

B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies

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19 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Wireless technologies

A. RFID

a) Short range, reader/tags for identification and tracking b) The most common frequencies are

low-frequency (around 125 KHz),
high-frequency (13.56 MHz),
UHF-frequency (860-960 MHz) and
microwave (2.45 GHz)

B. Bluetooth

a) Up to 100 m range, up to 760 kB/s, 1+7 applications in each network, 2.4 GHz

C. WLAN/Wi-Fi

a) Up to 100 m range, up to 54 MB/s, limited number of applications at the same time, 2.4 GHz, 5.2 GHz

D. Zigbee

a) Up to 100 m range, up to 250 kB/s, up to 254 mesh networks, 2.4 GHz

E. WMTS

a) Wireless Medical Telemetry Services

WMTS 1 = 608 to 614 MHz
WMTS 2 = 1395 to 1400 MHz
WMTS 3 = 1429 to 1432 MHz

F. UWB

a) Short range (up to 10 m), up to GB/s level, usually P2P b) Bluetooth 3.0 will use UWB radio c) 3.1 – 10.5 GHz

B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies

20 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Many ways of communicating

Architectures and protocols Topologies

Ad hoc vs. fixed

Routing principles In-network data processing Security issues Standards

802.11a-s, 802.15.1-4 WAN, MAN, WLAN, WPAN, WBAN, BSN

6LoWPAN

B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies

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21 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Many kind of user interfaces

Outputs

Alarm buzz, signal light, vibration elements Number/character displays Image/video displays (PDA, Tablet PC, Laptop)

Inputs

Alarm/call buttons RFID and Bar Code readers Microphones Cameras Keyboards Graphical touch sensitive displays

B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies

22 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Standard and Regulatory Bodies

Source: Mark Chew et al, Wireless Networking Research Landscape, Opportunity Recognition, Spring 2003

A. Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

a) Control spectrum allocation and use

B. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)

a) Creates official standards for wireless protocols b) International counterparts include ETSI (Europe) and MMAC (Japan)

C. Industry Groups

a) Bluetooth Consortium, ZigBee Alliance, WiFi Alliance, WiMedia Alliance (UWB Forum), Open Services Gateway Initiative

B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies

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23 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Wireless Data Rate and Range

UWB/WiMedia Sensor Nets Sources: ZigBee Alliance, Overview, 2002, etc.

B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies

24 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Data rate

10 kbps 100 kbps 1 Mbps 10 Mbps 100 Mbps 0 GHz 2 GHz 1GHz 3 GHz 5 GHz 4 GHz 6 GHz 802.11a UWB ZigBee Bluetooth ZigBee 802.11b 802.11g 3G UWB

Source: Meixia (Melissa) Tao, Introduction to Wireless Communications and Recent Advances http://www.umji.sjtu.edu.cn/

B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies

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25 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Range

1 m 10 m 100 m 1 km 10 km 0 GHz 2 GHz 1GHz 3 GHz 5 GHz 4 GHz 6 GHz 802.11a UWB ZigBee Bluetooth ZigBee 802.11b,g 3G UWB

Source: Meixia (Melissa) Tao, Introduction to Wireless Communications and Recent Advances http://www.umji.sjtu.edu.cn/

B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies

26 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Power dissipation

1 mW 10 mW 100 mW 1 W 10 W 0 GHz 2 GHz 1GHz 3 GHz 5 GHz 4 GHz 6 GHz 802.11a UWB UWB ZigBee Bluetooth ZigBee 802.11bg 3G

Source: Meixia (Melissa) Tao, Introduction to Wireless Communications and Recent Advances http://www.umji.sjtu.edu.cn/

B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies

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27 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Technical comparison

$7 $20 $12 $9 $5 $3 $2 US$ Price 40 sec 40 sec 2.5 min 2.5 min 12 min 2.2 hr 3.1 day Time TTGB 1.3 7 18 12 46 67 2211 mAh/GB Power efficiency2 2 10 27 19 68 100 1000 mW/Mbps Power efficiency1 0.4 5 2.7 2.7 0.5 1 0.05 b/Hz Spectral efficiency 500 40 20 20 22 1 0.6 MHz BW 400 2000 1500 1000 750 100 30 mW Power 62G 3.14T 1.13T 251G 251G 314M 530 bps-ft2 Service 200@10 100@100 36@100 2@200 2@200 1-3@10 .03@75 Mbps-ft Sweet spot 30 150 150 200 200 30 75 ft Max range 200 200 54 54 11 1-3 0.03 Mbps Throughput UWB 802.11n 802.11a 802.11g 802.11b Bluetooth ZigBee http://www.bluetooth.com/Bluetooth/Technology/Works/Compare/Technical/

B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies

28 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards

Source: Mark Chew et al, Wireless Networking Research Landscape, Opportunity Recognition, Spring 2003

(Wireless Groups) (Wireless Groups)

WLAN WLAN

IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.11

WPAN WPAN

IEEE 802.15 IEEE 802.15

WMAN WMAN

IEEE 802.16 IEEE 802.16

WiFi WiFi

802.11a/b/g 802.11a/b/g

Bluetooth Bluetooth

802.15.1 802.15.1

ZigBee ZigBee

802.15.4 802.15.4

UWB UWB

802.15.3a 802.15.3a

MBWA MBWA

IEEE 802.20 IEEE 802.20

B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies

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29 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

The OSI 7 layer structure

Chris Carey, Instrumentation and Timing EG30109, Data Communication, Part 1

B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies

30 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

WLAN 802.11a-n

A. IEEE 802.11 protocol architecture

WLAN and WMAN standards

William Stallings, IEEE 802.11: Wireless LANs from a to n. IEEE, IT Pro September/October 2004, p. 32-37.

B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies

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31 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Bluetooth (802.15.1)

Tom Siep, IEEE 802.15.1 Tutorial, IEEE 802.15-01/046r1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth

A. Operates in the 2.4 GHz band at a data rate of 720Kb/s.
B. Uses Frequency Hopping (FH) spread spectrum, which divides the

frequency band into a number of channels (2.402 - 2.480 GHz yielding 79 channels).

C. Radio transceivers hop from one channel to another in a pseudo-

random fashion, determined by the master.

D. Bluetooth power classes:

a) Class 1, 100 mW (20 dBm) ~100 meters b) Class 2, 2.5 mW (4 dBm) ~10 meters c) Class 3, 1 mW (0 dBm) ~1 meter

E. Bluetooth profiles (> 60), for example

a) Advanced Audio Distribution Profile (A2DP) b) Audio/Video Remote Control Profile (AVRCP) c) Basic Imaging Profile (BIP) d) Basic Printing Profile (BPP)

F. Supports up to 8 devices in a piconet (1 master and 7 slaves)
G. Piconets can combine to form scatternets
B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies

32 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Scatternet of Bluetooth piconets

A. 2+ Bluetooth units using same channel form piconet. B. 2+ piconets connect to form scatternets. C. Allows flexible forming of ad Hoc PANs D. Inter-connecting nodes form gateways between 2 piconets

B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies

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33 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Bluetooth architecture

Tom Siep, IEEE 802.15.1 Tutorial, IEEE 802.15-01/046r1

Application Framework and Support Link Manager and L2CAP Radio & Baseband Host Controller Interface

RF Baseband

Audio Link Manager L2CAP

Other TCS RFCOMM

Data

SDP

Applications Control

B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies

34 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Bluetooth protocol stack

Silicon

RF Baseband Link Controller

Voice

Link Manager

Host Control Interface L2CAP

Telephony Control Protocol

Intercom Headset Cordless Group Call

RFCOMM

(Serial Port)

OBEX

HOST MODULE

Bluetooth Stack Applications

vCard vCal vNote vMessage Dial-up Networking Fax

Service Discovery Protocol

User Interface

B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies

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35 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Bluetooth summary

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth

A. Bluetooth 2.0 (Publ. Nov 2004)

a) Three times faster transmission speed—up to 10 times in certain cases (up to 2.1 Mbit/s). b) Lower power consumption through a reduced duty cycle. c) Simplification of multi-link scenarios due to more available bandwidth. d) Further improved (bit error rate) performance.

B. Bluetooth 2.1 (Draft)
C. Next version: Bluetooth Lisbon, improvements for example

a) Automatic encryption change b) Enable audio and video data to be transmitted at a higher quality

D. Next to next Bluetooth Seattle (3.0)

a) Adopt ultra-wideband (UWB) radio technology b) Data transfers of up to 480 Mbit/s

B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies

36 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

ZigBee (802.15.4)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigbee

A. Operates in the 868 MHz in Europe, 915 MHz in

the USA and 2.4 GHz in most jurisdictions worldwide

B. ZigBee 1.0 was ratified on Dec. 2004
C. ZigBee is intended to be simpler and cheaper

than Bluetooth

D. Retail price (2006) of a Zigbee-compliant

transceiver is approaching $1, and the price for

ne radio, processor, memory package is about

$3

B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies

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37 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Characteristic of ZigBee

Low Cost
Simple protocol, global implementation
Data rates of 250 kbps and 20 kbps
Star topology, peer to peer possible
255 devices per network
Fully handshake protocol for transfer reliability
Low power (battery life multi-month to nearly infinite)
Dual PHY (2.4GHz and 868/915 MHz)
Extremely low duty-cycle (<0.1%)
Range: 10m nominal (1-100m based on settings)
B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies

38 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

ZigBee stack and IEEE relationship

Source: ZigBee Alliance, Overview, 2002.

ZigBee stack system requirements

8-bit mC, e.g. 80c51
Full protocol stack

<32k

Simple node only

stack ~4k

Coordinators require

extra RAM – Node device database – Transaction table – Pairing table

B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies

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39 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

ZigBee channels

Source: ZigBee Alliance, Overview, 2002

B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies

40 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

ZigBee network topology

Source: ZigBee Alliance, Overview, 2002

Network coordinator

Transmits network beacons
Sets up a network
Manages network nodes
Stores network node information
Routes messages between paired

nodes

Receives constantly

Network node

Is generally battery powered
Searches for available networks
Transfers data from its application

as necessary

Determines whether data is pending
Requests data from the network

coordinator

Can sleep for extended periods

Data flow types

Periodic data

– Application defined rate (e.g. sensors)

Intermittent data

– Application/external stimulus defined rate (e.g. light switch)

Repetitive low latency data

– Allocation of time slots (e.g. mouse)

B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies

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41 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

UWB Technology overview

A. Originally impulse radio technology in military applications (term UWB was invented 1989) B. Ultrawideband definition: spectrum > 20 % of the center frequency or a minimum 500 MHz at -10 dB level C. FCC allocated in 2002 the band 3.1-10.6 GHz for UWB (additional band exists for special applications) D. MBOA: MultiBand Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MB-OFDM) is the optimal technology for UWB and is proposed as defacto standard E. Principle of the MB-OFDM is presented below: three 500 MHz bands below the 5.2 GHz WLAN frequency (to avoid interference)

MBOA: Ultrawideband: High-speed, short-range technology with far-reaching

effects. MBOA-SIG White Paper, September 1, 2004.
B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies

42 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Potential UWB spectrum

Turi Aytur, WiMedia Technical Overview, Realtek Semiconductor, 2005

B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies

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43 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Ultrawideband UWB (802.15.3a)

Source: Mark Chew et al, Wireless Networking Research Landscape, Opportunity Recognition, Spring 2003

Conventional Radio A.UWB B.Radio

B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies

44 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Regulated in the US since February 2002

UWB is available spectrum, not a

specific technology

7,500MHz of unlicensed spectrum First regulation ever that allows

spectrum sharing: low emission limit (- 41.3dBm/MHz EIRP) doesn’t cause harmful interference

Transmitters need to occupy at least

500MHz all the time

UWB devices are NOT defined as

impulse radios or by any specific modulation

Enough spectrum to reach much higher

data rates than in the ISM band (83.5MHz at 2.4GHz) or the U-NII bands (300MHz at 5GHz)

Optimized for short-distances

applications

FCC regulations

Ultra-Wideband (UWB) at a Glance

B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies

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45 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Potential of UWB

Source: Mark Chew et al, Wireless Networking Research Landscape, Opportunity Recognition, Spring 2003

A. What is UWB good for?

a) Location Resolution b) High data-rate applications, b/c of high bandwidth (3 – 10 GHz) c) Can be predominantly digital – will improve with technology

B. What are disadvantages of UWB?

a) Can only transmit short-distances b) Requires complex hardware for the receiver

C. Potential Products

a) Streaming video (high bandwidth) b) Replacement for monitor cable; wireless USB c) Positioning: tracking an important person or object through a building or campus d) Maybe even seeing through walls

B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies

46 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Benefits of UWB

A. Precise tracking in the same device with the data transfer
B. Small power consumption
C. Don’t disturb other rf-devices
D. Can be used in noisy environment
E. Small size
F. Low cost
G. Coming a standard
B. Basics of wireless measurement technologies

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47 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

C. Wireless standards and sensor networks
A. Smart transducer standard family IEEE1451

a) Wireless standard IEEE1451.5 b) Cases

B. Wireless sensor networks

a) Basic principles b) Information technology approach c) Architectures and protocols d) Components e) Applications

C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

48 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Smart transducers

Eugene Y. Song and Kang Lee, Understanding IEEE 1451—Networked Smart Transducer Interface Standard. IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, April 2008, pp. 11- 17.

A. What is a transducer?

a) A transducer is a device that converts energy from one form into another. b) The transducer may either be a sensor or an actuator. A sensor is a transducer that generates an electrical signal proportional to a physical, biological, or chemical parameter.

B. What is a smart transducer?

a) A smart transducer is the integration of an analog or digital sensor or actuator element, a processing unit, and a communication interface. b) A smart transducer comprises a hardware or software device consisting of a small, compact unit containing

a sensor or actuator element, a microcontroller, a communication controller and the associated software for signal conditioning, calibration, diagnostics, and communication.

C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

SLIDE 25

49 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

IEEE1451 smart transducers

Eugene Y. Song and Kang Lee, Understanding IEEE 1451—Networked Smart Transducer Interface Standard. IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, April 2008, pp. 11- 17.

A. IEEE 1451 smart transducers would have capabilities for

a) self-identification, self-description, self-diagnosis, self-calibration, location-awareness, time-awareness, data processing, reasoning, data fusion, alert notification (report signal), standard-based data formats, and communication protocols.

B. The difference of IEEE 1451 is the addition of

a) the Transducer Electronic Data Sheets (TEDS) and b) the partition of the system into two major components—

a Network Capable Application Processor (NCAP),
Transducer Interface Module (TIM), and
a transducer independent interface (TII) between the NCAP and TIM.

c) The NCAP, a network node, performs

application processing and
network communication function,

d) The TIM consists of

a transducer signal conditioning and data conversion and
a number of sensors and actuators, with a combination of up to 255 devices.
C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

50 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Smart transducer model

Smart transducer IEEE1451 smart transducer

Eugene Y. Song and Kang Lee, Understanding IEEE 1451—Networked Smart Transducer Interface Standard. IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, April 2008, pp. 11- 17.

C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

SLIDE 26

51 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

IEEE1451 block diagram

The system is built around the NCAP, which manages the TIMs and processes data to be used by the application. When an NCAP is initialized, it searches its interfaces for TIMs and claims the ones it finds. It then transfers a copy of each TIM’s TEDS database to a cache area within the NCAP. When a TIM is asked for a reading, it will acquire the data and generally return it in fundamental A/D counts. The NCAP will then apply the correction data found in the TEDS and convert it to calibrated SI data. The data is then transferred over the external network using HTTP protocol and XML.

Darold Wobschall, Networked Sensor Monitoring Using the Universal IEEE 1451 Standard. IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, April 2008, pp. 18- 22.

C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

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TEDS - Transducer Electronic DataSheets

Eugene Y. Song and Kang Lee, Understanding IEEE 1451—Networked Smart Transducer Interface Standard. IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, April 2008, pp. 11- 17.

A. The standardized TEDS attached to the transducer is like an identification card carried by a person. B. It stores manufacture-related information for the transducer(s), such as

a) manufacturer identification, measurement range, accuracy, and calibration data, (similar to the information contained in the transducer data sheets normally provided by the manufacturer)

C. The TEDS could be stored

a) in electrically erasable programmable ROM if the contents never change, or b) the changeable portions of the TEDS could be in the RAM of the TIM.

D. The mandatory TEDS are

a) Meta TEDS, b) Transducer Channel TEDS, c) PHYTEDS, and d) User’s transducer name TEDS.

E. Some of the optional TEDS are

a) Calibration TEDS, b) Frequency Response TEDS, c) Transfer Function TEDS, d) Text based TEDS, e) End user application specific TEDS, and f) Manufacturer-defined TEDS.

C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

SLIDE 27

53 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

IEEE1451 smart transducer standard family

Eugene Y. Song and Kang Lee, Understanding IEEE 1451—Networked Smart Transducer Interface Standard. IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, April 2008, pp. 11- 17.

A. IEEE1451 a family of Smart Transducer Interface

Standards

a) defines a set of open, common, network-independent communication interfaces for connecting transducers (sensors or actuators) to microprocessors, instrumentation systems, and control/field networks. b) provides a set of protocols for wired and wireless distributed monitoring and control applications.

B. In the family the IEEE 1451.0 standard defines a

common set of commands for accessing sensors and actuators connected in various physical configurations, such as point-to-point, distributed multi-drop, and wireless configurations, to fulfill various application needs.

C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

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IEEE1451.0 standard

Eugene Y. Song and Kang Lee, Understanding IEEE 1451—Networked Smart Transducer Interface Standard. IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, April 2008, pp. 11- 17.

A. The IEEE 1451.0 standard defines a set of common

functionality, commands, and TEDS.

a) This functionality will be independent of the physical communications media (1451.X) between the transducer and NCAP. b) It includes the basic functions

to read and write to the transducers, to read and write TEDS, and to send configuration, control, and operation commands to the TIM.

c) This makes it easy to add other proposed IEEE 1451.X physical layers to the family.

B. IEEE 1451.0 helps achieve data-level interoperability for

the IEEE 1451 family when multiple wired and wireless sensor networks are connected together.

C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

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IEEE1451.1 standard

Eugene Y. Song and Kang Lee, Understanding IEEE 1451—Networked Smart Transducer Interface Standard. IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, April 2008, pp. 11- 17.

A. The IEEE 1451.1 standard defines a common object model and

interface specification for the components of a networked smart transducer.

B. The IEEE 1451.1 software architecture is defined by three

models:

a) A data model specifies the type and form of information communicated across the IEEE 1451.1 specified object interfaces for both local and remote communications; b) An object model specifies the software component types used to design and implement application systems. Basically the object model provides software building blocks for the application systems; and c) Two communication models define the syntax and the semantics

f the software interfaces between a communication network and

the application objects.

C. The IEEE 1451.1 standard is applicable to distributed

measurement and control applications. It mainly focuses on the communications between NCAPs and between NCAPs and

ther nodes in the system.
C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

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IEEE1451.2-4 standards

Eugene Y. Song and Kang Lee, Understanding IEEE 1451—Networked Smart Transducer Interface Standard. IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, April 2008, pp. 11- 17.

A. The IEEE 1451.2 standard

a) defines a transducers-to-NCAP interface and TEDS for point-to-point configurations. b) This standard is being revised to support two popular serial interfaces: UART and Universal Serial Interface (USB).

B. The IEEE 1451.3 standard

a) defines a transducer-to-NCAP interface and TEDS using a multi-drop communication protocol. b) allows transducers to be arrayed as nodes, on a multi-drop transducer network, sharing a common pair of wires.

C. The IEEE 1451.4 standard

a) defines a mixed-mode interface for analog transducers with analog and digital operating modes. b) It means that a TEDS was added to a traditional two-wire, constant current excited sensor containing a FET amplifier.

Additional TEDS were defined for other sensor types as well, such as microphones

and accelerometers.

c) IEEE 1451.4 mainly focuses on adding the TEDS feature to legacy analog sensors.

Upon power up, the TEDS of a transducer is sent to an instrumentation system via

a one-wire digital interface. Then the interface is switched into analog operation and the same interface is used to carry the analog signals from the transducer to the instrumentation system.

C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

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Point-to-point example

A. Physical layer (Dot x) is the RS232 serial link, which is a point-to-point local connection, described in the IEEE 1451.2 standard, that is being revised/expanded to include various serial buses (RS232, RS458, SPI, I2C). B. The TIM has a temperature sensor and photodiode (sensors) as well as a relay (actuator). The NCAP is connected to the Internet via Ethernet. C. Data are requested by an Internet browser using IEEE 1451.0 (Dot 0) format encoded in HTTP (TCP/IP). The data are converted to serial (RS232) format and sent to the TIM, where the sensor reading is taken and the resulting data in Dot 0 format are returned. D. Any smart sensor with an RS232 interface can be converted to an IEEE 1451–compatible state by adding the TEDS file, transmitting the sensor data in the proper format, and responding to the required IEEE 1451 commands.

Darold Wobschall, Networked Sensor Monitoring Using the Universal IEEE 1451 Standard. IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, April 2008, pp. 18- 22.

C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

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IEEE1451.5 standard

Eugene Y. Song and Kang Lee, Understanding IEEE 1451—Networked Smart Transducer Interface Standard. IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, April 2008, pp. 11- 17.

A. The IEEE 1451.5 standard

a) defines a transducer-to-NCAP interface and TEDS for wireless transducers. b) specifies radio-specific protocols for achieving this wireless interface.

B. The IEEE 1451.5 standard serves wireless standards such as
802.11 (WiFi),
802.15.1 Bluetooth),
802.15.4 (ZigBee), and
6LowPAN
C. The architecture of the IEEE 1451.5 wireless sensor network.

a) The NCAP

contains one or more wireless radios (802.11, Bluetooth, and ZigBee)

and

can wirelessly talk to one or more Wireless Transducer Interface

Module (WTIM) using different wireless protocols, and

may also be connected to an external network.

b) Each WTIM contains

ne wireless radio (802.11, Bluetooth, or ZigBee),
signal conditioning,
A/D and/or digital-to-analog conversion, and
the transducers.
C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

SLIDE 30

59 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

IEEE1451.5 architecture

Eugene Y. Song and Kang Lee, Understanding IEEE 1451—Networked Smart Transducer Interface Standard. IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, April 2008, pp. 11- 17.

C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

60 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Functional context for the radio sub- specifications for IEEE 1451.5 services

IEEE Std 1451.5-2007 IEEE Standard for a Smart Transducer Interface for Sensors and Actuators —Wireless Communication Protocols and Transducer Electronic Data Sheet (TEDS) Formats

C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

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Point-to-point wireless example

A. A relatively simple wireless sensor can be constructed using a WiFi (IEEE 802.11b) interface.

a) It is particularly suitable for applications in which the relatively high power requirements of this interface are not of concern.

B. The IEEE 1451.5 standard describes the commands in detail.

a) Another example is Bluetooth, which is especially well suited for short-range applications near a Bluetooth node with access to a cell phone or the Internet. b) For short-range, battery-powered applications, low-power wireless star or mesh networks are more appropriate.

C. These can be most easily implemented on modules that have a serial port.

a) The wireless sensor (Figure down) is an extension of the serial point-to-point method shown in the previous slide, but with a wireless transceiver replacing the RS232 interface. Data transmitted via the Internet are the same (Dot 0).

Darold Wobschall, Networked Sensor Monitoring Using the Universal IEEE 1451 Standard. IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, April 2008, pp. 18- 22.

C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

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ZigBee example

A. The primary network

protocol is specified under the wireless network specification, and the Dot 5 just adds the reformatting, so that all responses conform to common sensor commands and protocols (Dot 0).

B. A prototype Dot 5 TIM can

be made by reprogramming a wireless manufacturer’s evaluation module with the addition

f a temperature sensor.

Darold Wobschall, Networked Sensor Monitoring Using the Universal IEEE 1451 Standard. IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, April 2008, pp. 18- 22.

C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

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A. The IEEE P1451.6 standard

a) defines a transducer-to-NCAP interface and TEDS using the high- speed CANopen network interface b) supports both intrinsically safe and non–intrinsically safe applications c) defines

a mapping of the 1451 TEDS to the CANopen dictionary entries,
communication messages,
process data,
a configuration parameter, and
diagnostic information

d) adopts the CANopen device profile for measuring devices and closed-loop controllers.

B. The IEEE P1451.7 standard

a) defines an interface and communication protocol between transducers and RFID systems b)

pens new opportunities for sensor and RFID system

manufacturers by providing sensor information in supply-chain reporting, such as identifying products and tracking of their condition, the standard

IEEE1451.6-7 standards

Eugene Y. Song and Kang Lee, Understanding IEEE 1451—Networked Smart Transducer Interface Standard. IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, April 2008, pp. 11- 17.

C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

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National Sensor Networks

A. IEEE1451 standard family facilitates the implementation of

a nationwide sensor network, which is especially important for monitoring applications.

B. IEEE 1451 standard is as a basic sensor format standard

for various network protocols used on the Internet.

C. A key feature of the IEEE 1451.0 standard:

a) The data (and meta-data or TEDS) of all transducers are communicated on the Internet with the same format, independent of the sensor physical layer (wired or wireless), as shown in the next slide.

Any sensor throughout the nation (or world) could be accessed via the Internet. A software gateway provides the translation from Dot 0 to other standards, such as Transducer Markup Language.

D. Most Internet-based sensor networks utilize the

convenient, but verbose, XML format rather than the more concise binary or text-based IEEE 1451 base.

Darold Wobschall, Networked Sensor Monitoring Using the Universal IEEE 1451 Standard. IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, April 2008, pp. 18- 22.

C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

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National Sensor Networks

Darold Wobschall, Networked Sensor Monitoring Using the Universal IEEE 1451 Standard. IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, April 2008, pp. 18- 22.

C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

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Benefits from IEEE1451

Eugene Y. Song and Kang Lee, Understanding IEEE 1451—Networked Smart Transducer Interface Standard. IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, April 2008, pp. 11- 17.

A. The IEEE 1451 TEDS contain manufacturer-related information about the sensor, such as

manufacturer name, sensor types, serial number, and calibration data and

standardized data formats for the TEDS.

B. The TEDS provide many benefits, as follows:

a) They enable self-identification of sensors or actuators:

A sensor or actuator equipped with the IEEE 1451 TEDS can identify and describe

itself to the host or network by sending the TEDS information.

b) They provide long-term self-documentation:

The TEDS in the sensor can be updated and store information, such as the location
f the sensor, recalibration date, repair records, and many maintenance-related

data.

c) They reduce human error:

Automatic transfer of the TEDS data to the network or system eliminates the

entering of sensor parameters by hand, which could induce errors.

d) They ease field installation, upgrade, and maintenance of sensors:

This helps to reduce the total–life cycle costs of sensor systems, because anyone

can perform these tasks by simple “plug and play” of sensors.

e) They provide plug-and-play capability:

A TIM and NCAP that are built based on the IEEE 1451 standard are able to be

connected with a standardized physical communications media and are able to

perate without any change to the system software.
C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

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A. There is no need for different drivers,

profiles, or other software changes in

rder to provide basic operations of

the transducers.

B. Plug-and-play capability of IEEE 1451 sensor modules can

be described as follows:

a) TIMs from different sensor manufacturers can “plug and play” with NCAPs from a particular sensor network supplier through the same communication module. b) TIMs from a sensor manufacturer can “plug and play” with NCAPs supplied by different sensor or field network vendors through the same IEEE 1451 communication module. c) TIMs from different sensor manufacturers can be interoperable with NCAPs from different field network suppliers through the same IEEE 1451 communication module. d) NCAPs can “plug and play” with a wide variety of TIMs through a standard 1451.x interface. One NCAP can support a wide variety of sensors or actuators.

Benefits from plug-and-play

Eugene Y. Song and Kang Lee, Understanding IEEE 1451—Networked Smart Transducer Interface Standard. IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, April 2008, pp. 11- 17.

C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

68 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Application scenarios of the IEEE1451

Eugene Y. Song and Kang Lee, Understanding IEEE 1451—Networked Smart Transducer Interface Standard. IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, April 2008, pp. 11- 17.

A. Remote Monitoring and Actuating:

a) When a NCAP is connected to a TIM equipped with sensors, the physical parameters being measured can be remotely monitored through the NCAP, which can send the resulting sensor data to the network or the Internet. Any monitoring station connected to the network or Internet can monitor the parameters. b) Remote actuating occurs when the NCAP is connected to a TIM consisting of actuators.

B. Distributed Measurement and Control:

a) This occurs when a TIM with both sensor and actuator types is connected to a NCAP in a network. The TIM can perform local measurement and control functions as directed by an NCAP anywhere in the network or Internet.

C. Collaborative Measurement and Control:

a) In this scenario, two or more NCAPs, each connected to a sensor TIM and an actuator TIM, communicate with one another to perform remote measurements and to control operations collaboratively.

C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

SLIDE 35

69 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Wireless sensor networks

A. In this chapter we deal with

a) basic ideas of wireless sensor networks, b) their constraints and challenges, c) advantages, d) collaborative processing e) applications and f) definitions of some terms and concepts.

B. WSN Change in our way to live,

work and interact with the physical environment

a) In future tiny, dirt-cheap sensors may be sprayed onto roads, walls, or machines, creating a digital skin that senses a variety of physical phenomena of interest

F. Zhao & L. Guibas, Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach.
C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

70 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

A schematic example

www.alicosystems.com/wireless%20sensor.htm

C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

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Practical example

www.ece.ncsu.edu/wireless/wsn.html

C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

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Multiple-server, multiple-client sensor network architecture

C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

http://faculty.cua.edu/elsharkawy/WSN-MNG.htm

SLIDE 37

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F. Zhao & L. Guibas, Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach.
C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

Advantages of sensor networks

A. Networked sensing offers unique advantages over traditional

centralized approaches

a) increased energy efficiency due to multi-hop technology

Psend is comparapble to rα Preceive, where r is the transmission distance

and α is the RF attenuation exponent (typically 2 to 5)

the power advantage = Nα-1
this ignores the power needed in the other components of the RF-circuitry
In practice the optimal design seeks to balance between two conflicting

factors: overall cost and energy efficiency.

b) Detection advantage due to improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by reducing average distances from sensor to signal source,

Each sensor has limited sensing range, determined by the noise floor at the

sensor

Increasing the sensor density decreases the average distance from a

sensor to the signal source and improves the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)

c) additional relevant information from other sensors can be aggregated during multi-hopping d) improved robustness against individual sensor node or link failures (inherently due to redundancy) e) improved scalability (decentralized algorithms practically the only way to achieve the large scales needed for some applications)

74 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

The power advantage of using a multihop RF communication over a distance of Nr.

F. Zhao & L. Guibas, Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach.
C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

SLIDE 38

75 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

F. Zhao & L. Guibas, Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach.
C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

Collaborative processing

A. Sensor network systems are needed to

a) process data cooperatively and b) combine information from multiple sources

B. In traditional centralized networks

a) data is relayed from sensors to edges of the network to be processed which depletes precious bandwidth

C. In wireless (or partially wired) sensor networks

a) if data is transferred from every sensor node to some other the wireless capacity of per node throughput scales as 1/√N b) i.e. as the number of nodes increase, throughput goes to zero, and the nodes spent all of their time forwarding data packages to other nodes.

D. In a sensor network context,

a) the data coming from overlapping sensing areas is usually correlated the data can be processed locally to remove redundancy before shipping to a remote node b) Nodes can also be more selective c) Collaborative signal and information processing CSIP

embedded sensors participate in the information processing

76 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

F. Zhao & L. Guibas, Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach.
C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

A tracking scenario

A. The activities during tracking process (next slide):

a) Discovery: Node a detects X and initializes tracking b) Query processing: A user query Q enters the network and is routed toward regions of interest (region around node a) (also long-running queries are possible) c) Collaborative processing: Node a estimates the target location, possibly with help from neighboring nodes. The position estimation may be done by triangulation, a least-squares computation, or Bayesian estimation method. d) Communication: As target X moves, node a may hand off an initial estimate of the target location to node b, b to c and so

n. A key problem is the selection of the next node.

e) Reporting: Node d or f may summarize track data and send it back to the querying node.

B. Handling multiple tasks in order to track two targets

simultaneously (data association problem arises)

SLIDE 39

77 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

A tracking scenario with two moving targets, X and Y

F. Zhao & L. Guibas, Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach.
C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

78 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

F. Zhao & L. Guibas, Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach.
C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

Fundamental information processing issues in tracking scenario

A. In distributed information discovery, representation,

communication, storage, and querying

a) In collaborative processing

the issues of target detection, localization, tracking, and sensor tasking and control.

b) In networking,

the issues of data naming, aggregation, and routing.

c) In databases

the issues of data abstraction and query optimization.

d) In human-computer interface,

the issues of data browsing, search and visualization.

e) In infrastructure services,

the issues of network initialization and discovery, time and location services, fault management, and security.

SLIDE 40

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F. Zhao & L. Guibas, Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach.
C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

Tracking sensors

A. Tracking sensors

a) microphones, b) imaging, motion, infrared, magnetic sensors c) integrated low-cost imagers or cameras d) video cameras

B. Sensor may be characterized by

a) cost, size, sensitivity, resolution, response time, energy usage, and ease of calibration and installation b) utility of a sensor versus cost of processing the data

nly local data or data from a number of sensors
C. Two examples of sensors for tracking application

a) Acoustic amplitude sensors (for example a microphone) b) Direction-of-arrival (DOA) sensors (microphone-array)

80 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

F. Zhao & L. Guibas, Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach.
C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

SLIDE 41

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Principle of DOA sensors based on coherent signals

F. Zhao & L. Guibas, Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach.
C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

82 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

F. Zhao & L. Guibas, Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach.
C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

Networking sensors

A. Next we deal with networking itself as

a) routing algorithms, load balancing and energy awareness as well as publish-and-subscribe schemes, etc. b) Networking provides essentially functionality in sensor networks and also integrates with application level processing

B. Networking allows sensor nodes to be placed geographically

distributed near the signal sources.

a) Effective inter-node communication is essential

for data collection and aggregation from sensor nodes
for time synchronization and node localization
for sensor tasking and control, etc.

b) On the other hand, radio communication is most expensive operation and must be spared and used only when needed c) Typically deployed in an ad hoc manner; unstable links, node failures, network disconnections are all realities.

C. IEEE802.15.4 defines both the physical and MAC-layer protocols

for most remote monitoring and control and sensor network applications

SLIDE 42

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Transceiver Processor Sensors LED

5 10 15 20 25

Energy consumption (mW)

Transmit Receive Sleep 5 MHz 1 MHz Standby LED Compass Accelerometer Light [Hoesel:2004]

C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

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F. Zhao & L. Guibas, Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach.
C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

Strategies for routing in dynamically changing sensor networks

A. The frequency of topology updates to distant parts of the network

can be reduced (fisheye state routing)

B. Reactive protocols can be used instead, constructing paths on

demand only

a) Dynamic source routing (DSR) b) Ad hoc on demand distance vector routing (AODV)

C. Local stateless algorithms that do not require a node to know much

more beyond its immediate neighbors

D. Geographic routing

a) Delivering data packets to nodes based on their geographical location.

The challenge is to find a path which is both time- and energy-efficient.

b) The assumptions

All nodes know their geographic location
Each node knows its immediate one-hop neighbors
The routing destination is specified either as a node with a given location or

as a geographic region

Each packet can hold a bounded amount of additional routing information, to

help record where it has been in the network.

E. Attribute-based routing

a) node’s location, type of sensors, b) a certain range of values in a certain type of sensed data

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Unicast geographic routing

F. Zhao & L. Guibas, Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach.
C. Wireless standards and sensor networks
A. Locally optimal strategies

a) Greedy distance routing

Among the neighbors, pick the one closest to destination

b) Compass routing

Among the neighbors pick the one that minimizes the angle to the destination

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Energy-minimizing broadcast

F. Zhao & L. Guibas, Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach.
C. Wireless standards and sensor networks
A. Energy-awareness in

communication

B. Two aspects

a) Multihop communication can be more efficient than direct transmission b) When a node transmits, all

ther nodes within range can

hear

C. Source s will send a packet

both to nodes v1 and v2.

a) Is it better to send straight to v2 when v1 gets it at the same, or is it better to send it first to v1 which sends it further to v2 ?

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F. Zhao & L. Guibas, Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach.
C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

Infrastructure establishment

A. Next we survey some common techniques used to establish

well-working wireless sensor networks

a) topology control b) clustering c) time synchronization d) localization for the network nodes e) implementing of location services

B. Establishing the necessary infrastructure for WSN means

a) Each node must discover which other nodes it can talk with b) The radio power of each node has to be set appropriately c) Nodes near one another may be organized into clusters to avoid sensing redundancy, and improve use of radio frequencies d) Nodes must be placed in a common temporal and spatial framework

88 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

F. Zhao & L. Guibas, Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach.
C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

Time synchronization in WSNs

A. Timing problem

a) Nodes operate independently their clocks are not synchronized with one another. b) How are time-dependent operations carried out?

Moving car we have to be able to compare the detection times In node localization, synchronization is needed to time-of-flight measurements Configuring a beam-forming array or setting a TDMA radio schedule needs a common time frame, etc.

c) The wired world time synchronization (NTP) does not work d) We may be satisfied with local (as opposed to global) synchronization

Often only time ordering of event detections matters and not the absolute time values.

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F. Zhao & L. Guibas, Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach.
C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

Ranging techniques

A. Estimating the distance from a transmitter to a receiver
B. Received signal strength (RSS) method

a) Using the signal attenuation law as a function of distance, the distance can be estimated b) Not very accurate, because of fading, shadowing and multipath effects

C. Time of arrival (TOA) method (RF, and ultrasound signals)

a) Requires synchronization between senders and receivers

D. Time difference of arrival (TDOA) at two receivers

difference in distances between the two receivers and the sender

a) Sensitive to variations in signal velocity b) Localization possible (locally) within few centimeters accuracy

90 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Range based localization algorithms

A. Localization of nodes with

reference to nearby landmarks

B. Using trigonometry
C. TOA time of arrival with

synchronized nodes

F. Zhao & L. Guibas, Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach.
C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

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Range based localization algorithms

F. Zhao & L. Guibas, Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach.
C. Wireless standards and sensor networks
A. Iterative method to localize more and more nodes

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F. Zhao & L. Guibas, Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach.
C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

Sensor tasking and control

A. To efficiently and optimally utilize scarce resources in

sensor networks, nodes must be carefully tasked and controlled.

a) For example,

a camera sensor may be tasked to look for animals of a particular size and color an acoustic sensor may be tasked to detect the presence of a particular type of vehicle.

b) Sensor tasking and control have to be carried out in a distributed fashion, using local information available to each sensor.

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Roles of sensor nodes and sensor tasking

A. Example of monitoring toxicity levels in an area around a

chemical plant

tasked to monitor the maximum toxicity levels in the region

B. Sensors may take on different roles such as sensing (S),

routing (R), sensing and routing (SR), or being idle (I), depending on tasks and resources

F. Zhao & L. Guibas, Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach.
C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

94 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

A. Utility and cost trade-off: As the number of participating

nodes increases, the returns on new nodes decreases

F. Zhao & L. Guibas, Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach.
C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

Utility versus cost

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F. Zhao & L. Guibas, Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach.
C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

96 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

F. Zhao & L. Guibas, Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach.
C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

Sensor database challenges

A. Special properties of sensor networks

a) Each sensor in a sensor network takes time-stamped measurements of physical phenomena (heat, sound, light, pressure, motion etc.) b) Signal processing modules on a sensor may produce more abstract representations of the same data such as detection, classification, or tracking outputs. c) In addition, sensors contain description of their characteristics (location, type of the sensor, etc.)

B. Implementing such a database is

a) to store the data within the network itself and allow queries to be injected anywhere in the network b) to consider all the data the system might possibly acquire as a large virtual database, distinct from the data the system has actually sensed and/or stored

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F. Zhao & L. Guibas, Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach.
C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

Benefit of in-network aggregation

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F. Zhao & L. Guibas, Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach.
C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

Query propagation and aggregation

A. Query propagation (or distribution)

a) By applying an efficient routing structure (a routing tree)

A query may be propagated using broadcast mechanism (flooding the network) A query may be multicast to reach only those nodes that may contribute the query (e.g., in a certain geographical area only)

B. Data aggregation (or collection)

a) Utilizing the same routing structure b) Many questions arise:

Which aggregates can be computed piecewise and then combined incrementally? How should the activities of listening, processing, and transmitting be scheduled to minimize the communication overhead and reduce latency? How does the aggregation adapt to changing network structure and lossy communication?

C. A key challenge is the design of an optimal in-network data

aggregation schedule that is energy- and time-efficient.

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F. Zhao & L. Guibas, Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach.
C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

Sensor network platforms and tools

A. Next we study

a) a few sensor node hardware platforms b) the challenges of sensor network programming c) TinyOS for Berkeley motes d) two types of node-centric programming interfaces

an imperative language nesC a dataflow-style language TinyGALS

e) node-level simulators such as TOSSIM

B. A real-world sensor network application has to incorporate

capabilities for

a) sensing and estimation, networking, infrastructure services, sensor tasking, and data storage and query b) constrained by energy, bandwidth, computation, storage and real-time limitations.

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Wireless Sensor Nodes (MOTES)

http://faculty.cua.edu/elsharkawy/WSN-MNG.htm

C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

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Ack: Jason Hill, UC Berkeley

C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

Design Lineage of Motes

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http://www.sentilla.com/ http://www.zen-sys.com http://www.btnode.ethz.ch http://www.accsense.com http://www.sensicast.com http://www.xbow.com http://www.dustnetworks.com

Commercial products

http://www.sensinode.com/

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D. Industrial applications

WirelessHart – industrial standard

http://www.hartcomm2.org/hart_protocol/wireless_hart/wireless_hart_main.html

WirelessHART™ is the first open wireless communication standard specifically designed to address the needs of the process industry for simple, reliable and secure wireless communication in real world industrial plant applications. The HCF Board of Directors authorized release of this new standard on September 7, 2007 and certified products will be available starting in Q2 2008.

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D. Industrial applications

What is WirelessHart?

http://www.hartcomm2.org/hart_protocol/wireless_hart/wireless_hart_main.html

Each WirelessHART network include three main elements:

A. Wireless field devices connected

to process or plant equipment.

B. Gateways that enable

communication between these devices and host applications connected to a high-speed backbone

r other existing plant

communications network.

C. A Network Manager responsible

for configuring the network, scheduling communications between devices, managing message routes, and monitoring network health. The Network Manager can be integrated into the gateway, host application, or process automation controller. WirelessHART is a wireless mesh network communications protocol for process automation

applications. It adds wireless capabilities to the

HART Protocol while maintaining compatibility with existing HART devices, commands, and tools.

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D. Industrial applications

WirelessHart applications

http://www.hartcomm2.org/hart_protocol/wireless_hart/wireless_hart_main.html

A. Process Monitoring and Control

a) The process value(s) are transmitted wirelessly and may supplement the 4-20mA traditional signal

Multivariable Instruments
Short term Ad-Hoc measurements
Tank Level gauging
Plant/Instrument infrastructure

upgrade

Supervisory and Non-Critical

Process Control

B. Asset Management

a) Device diagnostic and maintenance conditions are available to the host system

Device Support
Maintenance
Diagnostics
C. Health-Safety and Environmental

Monitoring

a) Cost effective solution to measure health-safety and environmental conditions

Area Gas detectors
Water Effluent
Gas Emissions
Relief valves
Steam traps
Safety shower

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D. Industrial applications

Crossbow

http://www.xbow.com/Technology/Overview.aspx

A. Product list includes

a) the MICAz, MICA2, IRIS, Imote2, TelosB, eKo etc.

B. Crossbow's XMesh technology

a) delivers a mesh networking solution for self-forming, self-healing wireless sensor applications. b) Over-the-air-programming enables live updates and provisioning of deployed networks.

C. Crossbow's Radio Communication:

a) A hardware platform of wireless sensors provides highly optimal microcontroller, radio and sensor integration for low-cost, low-power sensor applications with multiple frequency bands.

D. The XServe gateway server middleware

a) allows integration of the wireless sensor network with enterprise computing systems.

E. The MoteView visualization and management tool

a) enables to optimize network configuration and analyze sensor information interactively.

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D. Industrial applications

Crossbow

http://www.xbow.com/Technology/Overview.aspx

Mesh networking technologies

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D. Industrial applications

Crossbow environmental monitoring

A. Crossbow's wireless

network monitoring solution, eKo, integrates the latest wireless mesh technology to collect practical environmental data:

a) Air Temperature, Relative Humidity, Ambient Light, Solar Radiation, Soil Moisture/Temperature etc.

B. eKo also offers Vineyard and

crop owners the ability to monitor irrigation and disease throughout microclimates within their vineyard and farm.

http://www.xbow.com/Technology/Overview.aspx

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F. Zhao & L. Guibas, Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach.

Applications of sensor networks

A. Applications are wide ranging and can vary significantly in
application requirements
modes of deployment (ad hoc vs. instrumented environment)
sensing modality
means of power supply
B. Sample commercial and military applications include

a) Industrial (sensing and diagnostics, factory supply chains etc.) b) Traffic and logistics (vehicles on roads, warehouse stock logistics etc.) c) Environmental monitoring (traffic, habitat, security etc.)

dynamic infrastructure for smart, safe roads with less congestion, helping to

find free parking places, warning of collisions, optimizing the routes etc.

190 prestels nests with wireless sensors (temperature, light, IR)

d) Healthcare (patient processes, health monitoring etc.) e) More

Infrastructure protection (power grids, water distribution etc.
Battlefield awareness (multitarget tracking etc.)
Context-aware computing (intelligent home, responsive environment etc.)

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Applications

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F. Zhao & L. Guibas, Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach.
C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

112 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

F. Zhao & L. Guibas, Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach.
C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

Military battlefield awareness

A. WSNs in real-time battlefield intelligence

a) Wireless sensors can be rapidly deployed, either by themselves, without an established infrastructure, or working with other assets such as radar arrays and long-haul communication links. b) They are well suited to collect information about enemy target presence and to track their movement in a battlefield. c) They can be networked to protect a perimeter of a base in a hostile environment d) They can be thrown ”over-the-hill” to gather enemy troop movement data.

B. In military applications, the form factor, ability to withstand

shock and other impact, and reliability are among the most important considerations.

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D. Industrial applications
D. Industrial applications of wireless

measurements

A.

A. Wireless measurements and testing in industrial production

a) Electronic product development systems b) Electronic production management systems c) Quality control

B. Inventory and transport management systems
C. Access control systems
D. Industrial tele-monitoring

a) Maintenance systems b) Multi-national business management systems c) Power station tele-monitoring

E. Wireless sensor network applications

a) IP-based WSN systems in industry

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D. Industrial applications

Wireless sensors for physical prototype testing (accelerometer)

E. Moya et al., Wireless Sensor Developments for Physical Prototype Testing. SAS 2008 –

IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium, Atlanta, GA, February 12-14, 2008

A. Problems with a wired sensor system

a) High cost of sensors and wires, b) Difficult installation of the sensors, that sometimes could be thousands or c) Some measurement conditions, like rotations or large displacement, are impossible to perform due to sensors and measurement system must be always joined with a wire

B. Solution: MEMS sensors and wireless sensor network

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D. Industrial applications

Wireless sensors for physical prototype testing (accelerometer)

A. The system is powered by a compact and light rechargeable Li-ion

battery (25 mm x 20 mm x 4 mm, 3.7 g), with an included

vercharging/overdischarging protection chip. A fourth layer

implements the voltage regulation from the battery voltage to 3.0 V, as well as a power on/off switch

B. IMEC’s processing and wireless platform makes use of the Nordic

nRF2401A 2.4 GHz radio transceiver. The maximum data rate is 1 Mbit/s, but in the application it is limited to 250 kbit/s. The reduced bit rate allows better receiver sensitivity and therefore better link robustness in the face of interfering metal objects etc. expected to be present in an automotive environment.

E. Moya et al., Wireless Sensor Developments for Physical Prototype Testing. SAS 2008 –

IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium, Atlanta, GA, February 12-14, 2008 116 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

D. Industrial applications

DPWS – Device Profile for Web Services

“Our idea is to benefit from the success of web services in

ther distributed IT

applications like SAP, ORACLE, which offer data exchange between clients and web services using J2EE or .Net and have achieved great success in connecting business applications across corporate networks and the

Internet. The use of web

services, WSDL and SOAP allows developers of distributed industrial and home applications to connect devices written in different programming languages and from different manufacturers with each others. The paper describes how DPWS can be used to provide a secure model to access a wireless sensor network from other IP- based networks.” DPWS gateway between WSN and other IP-based networks

A. Sleman & R Moeller, Integration of Wireless Sensor Network Services into
ther Home and Industrial networks. IEEE Xplore, 2008.

Device Profile for Web Services (DPWS) is a profile designed for embedded systems and devices with small resources. It is also called device-level protocol, and it is a new SOA protocol and is considered as a successor for UPnP (Universal Plug and Play)

WSDL = Web Service Description Language

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A. Sleman & R Moeller, Integration of Wireless Sensor Network Services into
ther Home and Industrial networks. IEEE Xplore, 2008.
D. Industrial applications

DPWS – Device Profile for Web Services

A. Addressing: Each sensor node has a

unique EUID-64. When the wireless sensor is powered on, it sends its EUID to the DPWS gateway that in turn registers the EUID in a routing table. After that the wireless sensor is part of the LoWPAN.

B. Advertising and discovery of services:

Each node informs all other network members of its services, and also it can be informed about the presence of new members.

C. Getting a service's description: The

DPWS gateway gets the metadata information from the node and sends it back to the client. Usually the metadata is presented by a WSDL file using xml format.

D. Using node services (Get and Set

functions): The client knows the functions and possible actions of the node. To request an action on a node's service, the client sends a control message to the node.

E. Asynchronous Events: Usually the node

sends an event when its state changes.

DPWS gateway sequence diagram

EUID = Enterprise-wide User ID 118 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

D. Industrial applications

Sensor networks for industrial applications

A. Flammini, P. Ferrari, D. Marioli, E. Sisinni, A. Taroni, Sensor Networks for Industrial

Applications.

A. “Industrial applications are moving from centralized architectures towards distributed ones, thanks to cost effectiveness, better flexibility, scalability, reliability and diagnostic functionalities. B. The use of sensors in industrial communications improves overall plant performance since sensor information can be used by several equipments and shared on the Web. C. A communication system suitable for computers and PLCs, that exchanges a large amount of data with soft real-time constrains, can be hardly adapted to sensors, especially to simple and low-cost ones. In fact, these devices typically require a cyclic, isochronous and hard realtime exchange of few data. D. For this reason, specific fieldbuses have been widely used to realize industrial sensor networks, while high-level industrial communication systems take advantage of Ethernet/Internet and, more recently, wireless technologies. E. In these years, Ethernet-based solutions that meet real-time operation requirements, called Real-Time Ethernet, are replacing traditional fieldbuses and research activities in real-time wireless sensor networking are growing. F. In this paper, following an overview of the state-of-art of real-time sensor networks for industrial applications, problems and possible approaches to solve them are presented, with particular reference to methods and instrumentation for performance measurement.”

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D. Industrial applications

Wireless sensor networks in industrial applications provide demonstrable ROI

http://electronics.ihs.com/news/2006/frost-wireless-sensors.htm

A. Sensors become an integral part of most industries.

a) MEMS systems accelerometers, for instance, are ubiquitous in airbags and b) have recently started appearing in commodity hardware, such as laptop hard disk drives.

B. Natural disasters in 2005 created additional potential for smart sensors in environment monitoring systems. C. Smart sensors typically find use in a range of diverse industries, including homeland security, agriculture, automation and health care. D. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) find key applications in

a) military projects, effort tracking, effort management systems, habitat and water quality monitoring, agricultural studies, radiation detection, homeland security and preventive maintenance of machinery.

E. The key benefit

a) ability to poll the data read wirelessly by sensors b) storage and analysis at a local facility c) cataloging and itemizing of numerous devices and objects

F. 'Information Age,' 'Sensor Age' enmeshing of the physical world with cyberspace, G. Cost is a significant issue

a) In lower volumes, MEMS-based sensors, nanosensors and implantable smart sensors can be more expensive than regular, general-purpose systems.

H. Source: Frost & Sullivan.

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F. Zhao & L. Guibas, Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach.

Industrial process control

A. Wireless sensors may be used to monitor manufacturing

processes or the condition of industrial equipment.

a) Chemical plants or oil refineries may have miles of pipelines that can be effectively instrumented and monitored using WSNs. b) Using smart sensors, the condition of equipment in the field and factories can be monitored to alert for imminent failures. c) The industry is moving from the scheduled maintenance (sensing a car to a checkup every 15000 miles) to maintenance based on conditions indicators. This reduces maintenance costs, increase machine up-time, improve customer satisfaction and even save lives.

B. One of the early applications of WSNs (Ember Corp) was in

a waste treatment plant.

D. Industrial applications

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F. Zhao & L. Guibas, Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach.

Asset and warehouse management

A. Wireless sensors may be used to

a) monitor and track assets such as trucks b) manage assets for industries such as oil and gas, utility, and aerospace.

Tracking sensors can vary from GPS to passive RFID tags Trucking, construction, and utility companies can significantly improve asset utilization using real-time information about equipment location and condition. The information can be linked to ERP-databases.

B. Warehouses and department stores can

use RFID technology to collect real-time inventory and retail information and use the information to optimize for supply, delivery, and storages. use wireless active sensors networked with RFID readers to provide a distributed database of real-time inventory information that can be accessed from field, too.

D. Industrial applications

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F. Zhao & L. Guibas, Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach.

Building monitoring and control

A. Sensors can cut down energy costs by

a) monitoring the temperature and lightning conditions and b) regulating the heating and cooling systems, ventilators, lights, and computer servers

B. In conference rooms cold air may be ”borrowed” from an

adjacent room automatically using sensor network

C. Sensors may also be able to detect biological agents or

chemical pollutants.

D. Wireless light switches are coming to commercial market
E. Sensors in a building may be connected to the security

system to guard unauthorized intrusions, for example.

F. Large computer server rooms can be cooled by directing

cold air mainly to hot spots to prevent overheating and save energy

D. Industrial applications

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Building monitoring

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F. Zhao & L. Guibas, Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach.

Security and surveillance

A. Important applications are in security monitoring and

surveillance for

a) buildings, airports, subways, or other critical infrastructure such as power and telecom grids and nuclear power plants. b) improving the safety of roads c) safeguarding perimeters of critical facilities or authenticate users

B. Imagers or video sensors can be very useful in identifying

and tracking moving entities

a) In heterogeneous systems lower-cost sensors can act as triggers for imagers

C. Many security monitoring applications can afford to establish

an infrastructure for power supply and communications, when energy and communication efficiency is less critical.

D. Industrial applications

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E. Traffic and logistics applications
E. Traffic and logistics applications
A. Vehicular tracking

systems

B. Traffic light control

systems

C. Wireless parking

systems

D. Pedestrian detection
E. Logistic systems

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F. Zhao & L. Guibas, Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach.
C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

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F. Zhao & L. Guibas, Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach.

Automotive applications

A. With emerging standards, like dedicated short-range

communication (DSRC) designated for vehicle-to-vehicle communication, cars will soon be able to talk to each other and to roadside infrastructures.

a) These ”sensors on wheels” can be applied for emergency alert and driver safety assistance. b) For example, during and emergency brake, an alert message from the braking car can be broadcast to nearby cars.

B. Other applications, like telematics and entertainment may

soon follow.

C. Information about car’s mechanical conditions can be linked

to databases of maintenance shops so that timely repairs may be scheduled.

a) tire pressure, speed, outside temperature, icy road etc

D. Aggregated information may be used by cars to optimize

routes and reduce congestion (like now in taxis by GPS)

E. Traffic and logistics applications

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J. Ansari et al., Flexible Hardware/Software Platform for Tracking Applications. IEEE Xplore 2007.

Vehicular tracking system

A. A wireless sensor network based scalable

utdoor vehicular tracking system

a) flexible and configurable both from software and hardware architecture point of views and b) adaptable to a wide range of vehicle tracking applications

B. The system was tested for a network of 100 nodes and is scalable to a few thousand node setup.

a) PIR sensors

E. Traffic and logistics applications

Design and architecture PIR signal of moving car Sensor node with weather-proof case

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129 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

M. Tubaishat et al., Wireless Sensor-Based Traffic Light Control. IEEE CCNC 2008 proceedings.

Traffic light control by WSN

A. Real-time traffic light controllers (TLCs) for optimizing traffic flow B. Wireless sensor network (WSN) can be used to decrease vehicles’ average trip waiting time (ATWT) on the road C. We studied the performance of using one sensor and two sensors and designed corresponding controllers. D. In the case of one sensor we developed two models;

a) a non-occupancy detection (NOD) and

NOD detects passing vehicles only,

b) an occupancy detection (OD)

OD detects vehicles that pass the sensor or stop at it

E. Method

a) We changed the sensor location relative to the traffic light’s location. b) We then used two sensors to calculate number of vehicles waiting or approaching a traffic light. c) We tested different distances between these two sensors.

F. Results

a) Two sensors based controller outperform the one sensor controller and produced results comparable to the ideal control that knows exact number of waiting vehicles. b) Distance between the two sensors does not affect the performance. c) Placing both the sensors close to each others produce the best performance in terms of quality of the data and reduce energy consumption which leads to extending the life time of the WSN.

E. Traffic and logistics applications

130 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela S-E Yoo et al, PGS: Parking Guidance System based on Wireless Sensor Network. IEEE Xplore, 2008.

A. PGS, a Parking Guidance System based

n wireless sensor network (WSN)

guides a driver to an available parking lot. B. The system consists of

a) a WSN based VDS (vehicle detection sub-system)

gathers information on the availability of

each parking lot

b) a management subsystem

processes the information and refines

them and

guides the driver to the available parking

lot by controlling a VMS (Variable Messaging System)

C. The experimental results show that PGS succeeds in detecting various kinds of cars and the predicted battery life-time using measured current profiles is over 5 years.

E. Traffic and logistics applications

Wireless parking system

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131 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela A Senart et al, Using Sensor Networks for Pedestrian Detection.

A. Pedestrian/vehicle accidents account for the second largest cause of traffic-related injuries and fatalities worldwide. (Total of 1,17 m deaths annually in road accidents) B. In this paper, we present a novel technique based on wireless sensor networks that is cheap and enables pedestrian detection beyond the driver’s horizon. C. The detection system is based on the use of “cat’s eyes” augmented with embedded processing and communication capabilities that are able to detect pedestrians and forward this information along the road.

a) To be detected, pedestrians have to wear reflective armbands or night vision jackets that are equipped with communication capabilities. b) These high-visibility safety garments send radio beacons that are received by one or more of the sensor nodes. c) Thanks to the measurement of the received radio signal strength (RSSI), the presence and position of the pedestrians can be inferred

D. Initial results show that the system obtains detection rates of 100%, false positive rates of 0%, and that the precision of the estimated position of pedestrians depends on their heading and relative position to sensor nodes.

E. Traffic and logistics applications

Pedestrian detection

132 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

F. Environmental applications
F. Environmental applications

A.

A. SensorScope environmental monitoring
B. Case Foxhouse
C. Prestel monitoring
D. Ecocatastrophe monitoring

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133 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

F. Environmental applications

SensorScope – environmental monitoring

G. Barrenetxea et al., SensorScope: Out-of-the-Box Environmental Monitoring. 2008

International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks. IEEE Xplore.

A. WSNs may be divided into three categories:

a) Time-driven:

Motes periodically forward gathered data to the sink (e.g., pollution monitoring).

b) Event-driven:

Motes forward an alert to the sink when a particular event occurs (e.g., a forest fire).

c) Query-driven:

Motes send gathered data only upon reception of a query from the sink (e.g., storage

room).

B. SensorScope falls into the category of time-driven networks

a) The stations intermittently transmit environmental data (e.g., wind speed and direction, soil moisture) to a sink. b) All data can be publicly available in real-time on our Google Maps based web interface and on Microsoft’s SensorMap website1.

C. Three different test places in Switzerland:

1. Morges:

A network was deployed on the border of a water stream in Morges The project aims at renaturing this stream to improve its ecological quality There was a need for appropriate environmental measurements

2. Le Génépi :

SensorScope in harsh conditions on a rock glacier, which is a source of frequent and dangerous mud streams

3. Grand St Bernard:

The goal was to create a very precise map of the evaporation in this place Soil water content and suction measurements

1. See: http://atom.research.microsoft.com/sensormap/

134 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

F. Environmental applications

SensorScope technology

G. Barrenetxea et al., SensorScope: Out-of-the-Box Environmental Monitoring. 2008

International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks. IEEE Xplore.

A. The main objective

a) To replace the very expensive sensing stations

B. Requirements are

a) low cost and full autonomy, b) sufficient accuracy for the intended application.

C. Hardware

a) The sensor mote platform: a Shockfish TinyNode3

Texas Instruments MSP430 16-bit microcontroller, running at 8 MHz,
Semtech XE1205 radio transceiver, operating in the 868MHz band, with a

transmission rate of 76 Kbps.

The mote has 48KB ROM, 10KB RAM, and 512KB flash memory.
We opted for this platform mainly for its long communication range (up to

200m outdoors) and its low power consumption.

b) The sensing station

4-legged aluminum skeleton on which a solar panel and the sensors
A station is 150 cm high and very stable and high enough to handle some

snow build-up during winter

The sensor board is fixed inside a hermetic box which is itself attached

just above the legs.

The average price is around € 900

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135 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

F. Environmental applications
F. Sensor station and sensor box of SensorScope

environmental WSN

G. Barrenetxea et al., SensorScope: Out-of-the-Box Environmental Monitoring. 2008

International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks. IEEE Xplore. 136 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

F. Environmental applications

Power source

G. Barrenetxea et al., SensorScope: Out-of-the-Box Environmental Monitoring. 2008

International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks. IEEE Xplore.

A. A three mobule solar energy system to achieve sufficient

autonomy during deployments.

a) Solar panel:

A 162140 mm MSX-01F polycrystalline module that provides a nominal power output of 1W in direct sunlight, with an expected lifetime of around 20 years.

b) Primary battery:

A 150 mAh NiMH rechargeable battery is primarily used to power the stations. We chose a NiMH battery over a supercapacitor due to its superior capacity and its lower price.

c) Secondary battery:

A cylinder-shaped Li-Ion battery with a capacity of 2200 mAh at 3.7V This buffer is used as a backup source of energy during long periods of low solar radiation It is charged via the primary buffer, thus undergoing fewer charging cycles

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137 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

F. Environmental applications

Sensing modalities and networking

G. Barrenetxea et al., SensorScope: Out-of-the-Box Environmental Monitoring. 2008

International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks. IEEE Xplore.

A. The stations can accommodate up to 7 different external sensors

capable of measuring 9 distinct environmental quantities:

a) air temperature and humidity, surface temperature, incoming solar radiation, wind speed and direction, precipitation, soil water content, and soil water suction

B. To ensure the quality of the measured values, all sensors are

calibrated before deployment

a) by comparing their readings to reference sensors over several days

The correlation coefficient obtained for the measured values is required to

be higher than 0.98

C. Management

a) Neighborhood management b) Time synchronization c) Power management d) Routing

D. Communication

a) TinyOS and nesC b) 28 bytes packet c) 4 bytes for header

138 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

F. Environmental applications

Power management in SensorScope

G. Barrenetxea et al., SensorScope: Out-of-the-Box Environmental Monitoring. 2008

International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks. IEEE Xplore.

A. Power consumption of the sensor node is

a) 2mA when the radio is off, while it is b) 16mA when the radio is on for reception c) Turning off the radio as frequently as possible enhancement of energy efficiency 8 times

B. Two-state communication cycles: active and idle

a) Low-power listening (LPL)

Asynchronous solution (nodes do not have to wake up at the same time)
To achieve this, a preamble (i.e., a specific pattern of bits) is sent before the packet
itself. If its length is longer than the idle state, all neighbors are ensured to detect it

during their upcoming active state, and to wait for the incoming packet. B-MAC is a well- known MAC layer that uses this mechanism.

b) Duty cycling

Synchronous solution (all nodes to synchronously switch their radio on)
No need for preambles packets can be sent as usual, resulting in slightly better

savings upon transmissions.

C. We found the duty cycling method to be generally better than LPL

a) LPL requires the preamble to be longer than the idle state transmissions can get very long congestions when the traffic level is high b) LPL may decrease a mote’s lifetime compared to duty cycling because of a slightly higher energy consumption

SLIDE 70

139 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

F. Environmental applications

SensorScope system performances

G. Barrenetxea et al., SensorScope: Out-of-the-Box Environmental Monitoring. 2008

International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks. IEEE Xplore.

Indoor test bed System parameters Reliability test Node load distribution

140 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

F. Environmental applications

SensorScope outdoor tests

G. Barrenetxea et al., SensorScope: Out-of-the-Box Environmental Monitoring. 2008

International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks. IEEE Xplore.

Available energy Google maps view Observed air temperature Reliability

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141 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

F. Environmental applications

SensorScope conclusion

A. A key project, merging cutting-edge wireless sensor technology

(networking, sensing, hardware, software) with leading environmental monitoring (modeling, prediction, risk assessment).

B. The Génépi deployment resulted in the gathering of a unique set of

meteorological data.

a) A particular microclimate model,

in flood monitoring and prediction,
potentially reducing an environmental hazard.

b) Revealed how remote management is crucial in such harsh conditions.

C. Next objective

a) Dynamic reconfiguration of network and motes b) From the network management point of view, we also plan to implement measures to cope with asymmetric links, which result in transmission failures and an overly high radio usage. c) Finally, due to the difficult measurement conditions, the measured data is of variable quality. Thus, signal processing techniques for better calibration, detection of outliers, denoising, and interpolation will be developed.

G. Barrenetxea et al., SensorScope: Out-of-the-Box Environmental Monitoring. 2008

International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks. IEEE Xplore. 142 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

F. Environmental applications

Case Foxhouse

A. A wireless sensor network in hard outdoors conditions in a foxhouse

a) Luminosity, temperature and humidity b) Reliability in habitat monitoring c) Over a period of one year

B. CiNet made by Chydenius, Kokkola

I. Hakala et al., Wireless Sensor Network in Environmental Monitoring - Case Foxhouse. The

Second International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications.

CiNet main board and architecture System and node architecture

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143 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

F. Environmental applications

Case Foxhouse

I. Hakala et al., Wireless Sensor Network in Environmental Monitoring - Case Foxhouse. The

Second International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications.

Node locations In foxhouse Node and photodiode installation

144 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

F. Environmental applications

Operation

I. Hakala et al., Wireless Sensor Network in Environmental Monitoring - Case Foxhouse. The

Second International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications.

A. The network sends all the measurements to the sink node which is connected to a PC via a RS232 cable. In the PC a simple Java program parses packets and stores them to a MySQL database. B. The database contains information about

a) actual measurements b) link qualities c) raw packet data d) statistics of successfully delivered messages e) basic information about nodes, locations etc.

C. Operating system:

a) Ubuntu Linux, Tomcat as the HTTP server, Apache Struts for web application framework b) The application enables browsing of stored measurements and communication statistics.

D. An example of the graphical interface right

a) he temperature from the 1st May 2006 until the 1st May 2007 is displayed.

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145 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

F. Environmental applications

Results

I. Hakala et al., Wireless Sensor Network in Environmental Monitoring - Case Foxhouse. The

Second International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications.

A. RSSI test

Big changes

B. Luminousity from March to June

from five nodes

Week averages have also been used

C. Conclusion

The environmental monitoring system in the Foxhouse case proved that WSN using the IEEE802.15.4 communication protocol is reliable and that it is relatively easy to implement a measuring application. The use of WSN made constant real- time data available for biologists, and it also reduced manual measurements. There were nevertheless problems in functionalities of some routing nodes. The foxhouse case made it clear that more attention must be paid to network management in the future.

146 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

F. Zhao & L. Guibas, Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach.
C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

Environmental monitoring according to Zhao & Guibas

A. Environmental monitoring is one of the earliest application of

sensor networks

a) Earlier presented example of monitoring the nesting of petrels

B. Sensors can be used to monitor conditions and movements
f wild animals or plants when minimal disturbance is

desired

C. Sensors can monitor air quality and track environmental

pollutants, wildfires, or other natural or man-made disasters.

D. Sensors can monitor biological or chemical hazards to

provide early warnings.

E. Sensors instrumented in buildings can detect the direction

and magnitude of a quake and provide an assessment of the building safety

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147 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

F. Zhao & L. Guibas, Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach.
C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

148 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Tracking chemical plumes using ad hoc wireless sensors, deployed from air vehicles.

F. Zhao & L. Guibas, Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach.
C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

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149 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

G. Healthcare applications
G. Healthcare applications
A. In-hospital applications

a) Vital sign monitoring b) Location tracking c) Information management d) Medication management e) Process management

B. Out-patient applications

a) Vital sign monitoring b) Medication management c) Fall detection etc. d) Daily life support e) Ubiquitous health

Healthy citizens Citizens who need health services Citizens healthy again Lost citizens Outpatients Inpatients

A. Supported preventive health

examination and promotion at home

B. Professional examination

and diagnosis

C. Supported care at home
D. Care or operation

in healthcare services

E. Long-term care

in healthcare services

F. Supported health check at home
G. Postoperative and continuous

checking in healthcare services

H. Rehabilitation

at home

I. Rehabilitation

in healthcare services

J. Terminal care

= A path of a diabetes patient in the Wirhe Framework Healthy citizens Citizens who need health services Citizens healthy again Lost citizens Outpatients Inpatients

A. Supported preventive health

examination and promotion at home

B. Professional examination

and diagnosis

C. Supported care at home
D. Care or operation

in healthcare services

E. Long-term care

in healthcare services

F. Supported health check at home
G. Postoperative and continuous

checking in healthcare services

H. Rehabilitation

at home

I. Rehabilitation

in healthcare services

J. Terminal care

= A path of a diabetes patient in the Wirhe Framework

Wirhe Framework

Towards 2014 healthcare will become more mobilised and integrated – close to

ubiquitous. The patient processes will be

enhanced and supported by wireless monitoring and care services at homes and worksites as well as in hospitals. Wireless technologies and mobile solutions will be applied systematically into different disease groups according to unified framework based

n international development and

standardisation work. Towards 2014 healthcare will become more mobilised and integrated – close to

ubiquitous. The patient processes will be

enhanced and supported by wireless monitoring and care services at homes and worksites as well as in hospitals. Wireless technologies and mobile solutions will be applied systematically into different disease groups according to unified framework based

n international development and

standardisation work.

Wirhe vision 2014

150 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Needs of inhospital wireless (Wirhe study)

1.Need for wireless networks 2.Need for wireless terminals 3.Need for RFID-tags 4.Need for wireless access to an electronic patient record system 5.Need for wireless access to an electronic prescription system 6.Need for wireless access to medical information 7.Need for wireless access to inventory information 8.Need for wireless access to pharmaceutical information 9.Need for implantable sensors and care actuators 10.Need for wireless sensorbelts and wristbands 11.Need for alarm buttons and systems 12.Need for location and tracking of patients 13.Need for location and tracking of instruments and devices 14.Need for developing wireless VoIP phone network All (48 experts)

https://www.sitra.fi/NR/rdonlyres/6BDD3F25-3BF8-45BD-ABA2-03023126AC8E/0/WirheWoHITv21.pdf

G. Healthcare applications

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151 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Needs of outhospital wireless (Wirhe study)

1 Home healthcare applications for special diseases 2 Sensorbelts and/or wristband devices for remote monitoring 3 Sensor floors, sensor walls and other ambient sensing systems 4 Wireless home networks/services dedicated for healthcare use 5 Rural area home healthcare applications 6 Ubiquitous health services that follow you where ever you go All (44 experts)

https://www.sitra.fi/NR/rdonlyres/6BDD3F25-3BF8-45BD-ABA2-03023126AC8E/0/WirheWoHITv21.pdf

G. Healthcare applications

152 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Components of vision 2014 (Wirhe study)

1. Wireless hospital as a core of the vision
2. Mobile healthcare as a core of the

vision

3. Integration as a core of the vision
4. International cooperation as a core of the

vision

5. Enhancing healthcare patient

processes

6. Location and tracking technology in

enhancement of health processes

7. Wireless health monitoring in hospitals
8. Wireless health monitoring at homes

and in worksites

9. Ubiquitous computing in healthcare

industry All (69 experts)

https://www.sitra.fi/NR/rdonlyres/6BDD3F25-3BF8-45BD-ABA2-03023126AC8E/0/WirheWoHITv21.pdf

G. Healthcare applications

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153 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

The careTrends System from Sensitron

A. Problems to be solved

a) Nursing shortage, high costs, errors and inefficiencies

B. The solution

a) Automated data capture and documentation b) Quick access to key vital sign data for the caregiver’s decision-making

C. Benefits promised

a) Quick access b) Elimination of errors c) Reduction in paperwork d) Improving efficiency of clinical staff

D. Users

a) Knowledge not available on the company’s web-site

E. Evaluation

Source: http://www.sensitron.net/US/technology/theCaretrendsSystem.html

G. Healthcare applications

154 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Wirelessly-Enabled, Low Cost Capture and Transfer of Data

A. Vital sign monitors are enabled with Sensitron Application Modules (SAMs) -- which have a Bluetooth card, embedded software and proprietary hardware -- for patient data transfer. B. Manual and automatic vital signs include:

Blood Pressure
Temperature
Weight
Pulse
Oxygen saturation
Respiration rate
Pain
Glucose Levels

C. A Personal Communication Unit (PCU) manages the test sequence and communications, and allows the caregiver to select patients, manually enter selected vital signs and view patient results. D. Patient results are displayed in real-time and have the necessary information to respond quickly to data outside caregiver-set parameters and to prioritize patient care time more effectively. E. The system maintains a secure database record for each customer. F. Wireless communications protocols for secure, reliable data transmission.

G. Healthcare applications

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155 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Enterprise Software (for hospitals without a CIS)

A. Vital sign data collected wirelessly at the point-of-care are automatically sent to the server. B. An integrated view of the patient's current and previous vital sign history is immediately available to the caregiver wherever he/she

is. Since nurses have assisted with the

design of the user interface, the information is formatted for optimum review. C. Vital sign trending views are available on demand

G. Healthcare applications

156 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Benefits expected from wireless

New modalities

A. Track samples from

bedside to lab

B. Capture patient vital

signs

C. Track blood from

donation to transfusion

D. Quickly locate critical

equipment anywhere in the facility

E. Communicate with

both patients and

ther personnel
F. Capture charges

G.Ubiquitous access to information and network resources

H. Tracking medical

supplies from the factory to storage shelves,

I. Allowing the hospital

to add new services

r new coverage

areas Enhances healthcare efficiency and productivity by

A. Increased patient flow and revenue

generation through improved efficiency and productivity

B. Operating cost reduction. Activities and

resources can be removed from existing processes.

C. Cycle time reduction. Sales, service,

expense, and billing cycles can be reduced.

D. Increased revenue. It can introduce

revenue-generating activities that wouldn't

therwise be possible.
E. Optimal use of time. At points in a

business process where there is a wait state, workers can perform other useful tasks.

F. Reducing paperwork and manual

workflow, elimination of duplicate entries G.Simplified, faster administrative procedures and claims reimbursement

H. Download appointment schedules
I. Enabling efficient inventory management
J. Order lab tests and view results
K. Providing seamless wireless coverage

inside multiple buildings

L. Improving data access

M.Improving network performance Improves healthcare quality by

A. Reducing medical error
B. Match patients with

medications

C. Increasing accuracy of

data

D. Improving patient care
E. Positively identify patients
F. improving patient

satisfaction and safety G.Increased employee

satisfaction. It can reduce

tedium, unnecessary trips to the office, and paperwork.

H. Bringing critical

information to the point of patient care

I. Allowing physicians to

access patient history when away from the hospital

J. Protecting patient

information in a wireless environment

K. Improving accuracy as

well as employee accountability when dispensing drugs

G. Healthcare applications

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157 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Location tracking

A. Location tracking of

a) Assets (equipments, tools, materials etc.) b) Patients (patient process development, patient safety etc.) c) Staff (only when useful, no ‘big brother’ meaning)

B. Companies

a) Ekahau (www.ekahau.com )

A Finnish-American company WLAN-tags, WLAN-tracking

Tags receive signal from access points

b) Aeroscout (www.aeroscout.com )

Cisco-owned American-Israel company Active RFID (WLAN-tracking)

Tags send signal to access points

c) Radianse (http://www.radianse.com/ )

Specialised for healthcare

158 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Ekahau RTLS system

Ekahau Real Time Location Systems (RTLS) is a fully automated system that continually monitors the location of assets or personnel on a campus area. It does this in real-time delivering information to authorized users via the corporate network through application software or application programming interfaces. RTLS typically consists of tags, reference devices for locating tags, data network, server software and end-user application software. Ekahau RTLS uses existing Wi-Fi (802.11a/b/g/n) standard access points as the reference devices for tag location and as the data network. Using standard Wi-Fi access points lowers the total cost of ownership of Ekahau RTLS and makes deployment straightforward compared to competing RTLS solutions that require proprietary reference devices and data networks..

http://www.ekahau.com/?id=4200

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159 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Ekahau Positioning Engine

160 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

RFID Radiofrequency Identification

What is RFID? A. Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is an automatic identification method, relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders. An RFID tag is an object that can be attached to or incorporated into a product, animal, or person for the purpose of identification using radio waves. Chip-based RFID tags contain silicon chips and

antennas. Passive tags require no internal

power source, whereas active tags require a power source... (Wikipedia)

http://rfident.org/rfidvideo.htm

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161 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Passive RFID technology

A. RFID systems consist of transponders and scanners.

a) Transponders can contain a certain amount of data. b) Scanners (readers) are used to read the data remotely.

B. The two main types of passive RFID

a) Inductive RFID uses the inductive coupling between two

coils. The range of the system is less than the diameter of

the antenna. Inductive RFID often function on either LF, about 130 kHz, or HF at 13,56 MHz. b) Backscatter RFID, the other type of RFID, uses EM

waves. much longer range compared to inductive
systems. Usually use the UHF frequency of ca 900 MHz.
C. Often the power, needed for the electronics in the tag, is

the limiting factor for the range.

D. In order to acquire longer ranges semi-passive systems

are used.

a) This means that the transponder has an integrated battery for powering the microchip.

Peter Lindqvist RFID monitoring of health care routines and processes in hospital environment. Masters Thesis, HUT, Finland, 2006.

162 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Active RFID technology

A. Active RFID transponders are radio beacons that

transmit a signal with the aid of an internal power source.

a) more expensive than the passive counterparts because of their on-board power source.

B. Here we can separate two different types

a) UHF tags communicating with WLAN stations that can be used for localisation b) a simple active beacon that is detected by a custom scanner.

C. Sometimes infrared (IR) diodes and sensors can be

used as an indoor positioning system.

a) A simple system much like the remote control for the television can position an emitter to a certain room, because IR light is easily reflected by walls. b) IR positioning is not suitable in more open areas.

Peter Lindqvist RFID monitoring of health care routines and processes in hospital environment. Masters Thesis, HUT, Finland, 2006.

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163 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

RFID Frequencies

Peter Lindqvist RFID monitoring of health care routines and processes in hospital environment. Masters Thesis, HUT, Finland, 2006.

164 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

RFID Solutions

http://www.alvinsystems.com/resources/pdf/healthcare_rfid.pdf

Alvin RFID Solutions for Healthcare Service Providers

A. Patient identification and real-time information system

based on “Smart RFID Wristbands”

B. Medical Item / Asset identification and tracking
C. Specimen collection/identification and matching with

patient

a) Smart Blood Transfusion identification and management b) Medication identification and administration c) Tracking and management of mobile medical assets

D. Temperature monitoring of sensitive items such as

blood, laboratory items, vials, medicine, specimen

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165 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

RFID applications

http://www.alvinsystems.com/resources/pdf/healthcare_rfid.pdf

166 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

F. Zhao & L. Guibas, Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach.
C. Wireless standards and sensor networks

Healthcare applications

A. Elderly care can greatly benefit from using sensors that

monitor vital signs of patients and are remotely connected to doctors’ offices.

a) Sensors instrumented in homes can alert doctors when a patient falls and requires immediate medical attention. b) Sensors can remind an elderly that the faucet has been left on in the bathroom, etc.

B. There are many efforts in developing technology for in-home

elderly care

a) Intels Alzheimer project aims to a system which will deploy a network of sensors embedded throughout a patient’s home, including pressure sensors on chairs, cameras, and RFID tags embedded in household items and clothing that communicate with tag readers in floor mats, shelves and walls.

C. In future the ubiquitous healthcare technology will be

developed to serve people into better wellness.

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BSN Body sensor networks

Guang-Zhong Yang (Ed.): Body Sensor Networks. Springer-Verlag London, 2006

G. Healthcare applications

168 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela Guang-Zhong Yang (Ed.): Body Sensor Networks. Springer-Verlag London, 2006

G. Healthcare applications

Introduction to body sensor networks

A. Next we deal with

a) Basic ideas of wireless sensor networks (WSN) as a background of BSNs b) Healthcare applications of BSNs c) Pervasive patient monitoring issues d) Technical challenges facing BSN e) Personalized healthcare f) Ideal architecture of BSN g) Future scenario by going from Micro to Nano

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G. Healthcare applications

From WSN to BSN

A. Idea of wireless sensor networks (WSN)

a) Ad hoc nature of WSN b) Components (motes) become lighter, cheaper and more efficient c) Smart Dust from UC Berkeley d) TinyOS from UC Berkeley

B. Idea of body sensor networks (BSN)

a) Body area – challenging environment b) Lot of different requirements c) Short distances between sensors d) Local Processing Unit (LPU)

C. How do body sensor networks differ from common wireless

sensor networks?

170 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Source: UC Berkeley web-site

G. Healthcare applications

Smart Dust from UC Berkeley

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171 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Diagrammatic representation of the BSN architecture with wirelessly linked context-aware “on body” (external) sensors and its seamless integration with home, working and hospital environments.

Guang-Zhong Yang (Ed.): Body Sensor Networks. Springer-Verlag London, 2006

G. Healthcare applications

BSN from Imperial College

172 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Biological variation and complexity means a more variable structure Much more likely to have a fixed or static structure Variability

8

Early adverse event detection vital; human tissue failure irreversible Early adverse event detection desirable; failure often reversible Event detection

7

More predictable environment but motion artefacts is a challenge Exposed to extremes in weather, noise and asynchrony Dynamics

6

Pervasive monitoring and need for miniaturisation Small size preferable but not a major limitation in many cases Node size

5

Limited node number with each required to be robust and accurate Large node number compensates for accuracy result validation Node accuracy

4

Single sensors, each perform multiple tasks Multiple sensors, each perform dedicated tasks Node function

3

Fewer, more accurate sensors nodes required (limited by space) Greater number of nodes required for accurate, wide area coverage Number of nodes

2

As large as human body parts (mm/cm) As large as the environment to be monitored (metres/kilometres) Scale

1

BSN WSN Challenges

Guang-Zhong Yang (Ed.): Body Sensor Networks. Springer-Verlag London, 2006

G. Healthcare applications

Different challenges faced by WSN and BSN

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Low power wireless required, with signal detection more challenging Bluetooth, Zigbee, GPRS, WLAN and RF already offer solutions Wireless technology

16

LoD more significant. More measures needed for QoS and real time property Loss of data during wireless transfer is can be compensated by more sensors Data transfer

17

Important because body physiology is very sensitive to context change Not so important with static sensors where environments are well defined Context awareness

15

A must for implantable and some external sensors (increases costs) Not a consideration in most applications Bio-compatibility

14

Implantable sensor replacement difficult and requires biodegradability Sensors more easily replaceable or even disposable Access

13

Motion (vibration) and thermal (body heat) most likely candidates Solar and wind power are most likely candidates Energy scavenging

12

Likely to be lower as energy is more difficult to supply Likely to be greater as power is more easily supplied Power demand

11

Inaccessible and difficult to replace in implantable setting Accessible and likely to be changed more easily and frequently Power supply

10

High level data transfer security required (due to patient information) Lower level wireless data transfer security required Data protection

9

BSN WSN Challenges

Guang-Zhong Yang (Ed.): Body Sensor Networks. Springer-Verlag London, 2006

G. Healthcare applications

Different challenges faced by WSN and BSN

174 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

A. Monitoring patients with chronic disease

a) Abnormalities of heart rhythm b) High blood pressure (hypertension) c) Diabetes mellitus

B. Monitoring hospital patients

a) Patients undergoing surgery b) Hospital of the future

C. Monitoring elderly patients

a) Home monitoring “home sensor network”

Guang-Zhong Yang (Ed.): Body Sensor Networks. Springer-Verlag London, 2006

G. Healthcare applications

BSN and healthcare

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? Gait, muscle tone, activity, impaired speech, memory (wrbl EEG, acc, gyro) Stroke

8

Amyloid deposits (brain) (implantable biosensor / EEG) Activity, memory, orientation, cognition (wearable accelerometer, gyroscope) Alzheimer’s disease

7

Brain dopamine level (implantable biosensor) Gait, tremor, muscle tone, activity (wrbl EEG, accelerometer, gyroscope) Parkinsons disease

6

Oxygen partial pressure (impl/wearabl optical sensor, impl bs) Respiration, peak expiratory flow, SaO2 (impl/wearabl mechanoreceptor) Asthma / COPD

5

Tumour markers, blood detection (urine etc.) nutrit albumin (impl bs) Weight loss (body fat) (implantable/ wearable mechanoreceptor) Cancer (breast, prst, lung, colon)

4

Troponin, kreatine kinase (implantable biosensor) HR, BP, ECG, CO (impl/weareble mechanoreseptor and ECG) Cardiac arrhytm / heart failure

3

Troponin, kreatine kinase (implantable biosensor) ECG, Cardiac output CO (implantable/wearable ECG sensor) Ischemic heart disease

2

Adrenocorticosteroids (implantable biosensor) Blood pressure (implantable/wearable mechanoreceptor) Hypertension

1

Biochemical parameter (BSN sensor type) Physiological parameter (BSN sensor type) Disease process

Guang-Zhong Yang (Ed.): Body Sensor Networks. Springer-Verlag London, 2006

G. Healthcare applications

Disease processes and monitored parameters

176 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Haemoglobin, blood glucose, monitoring the operative site (implantable biosensor) Heart rate, blood pressure, ECG, oxygen saturation, temperature (implantable / wearable mechanoreseptor and ECG) Post-Operat monitoring

14

Inflammatory markers, white cell count, pathogen metabolites (implantable biosensor) Body temperature (wearable thermistor) Infectious disease

13

Haemoglobin level (implantable biosensor) Peripheral perfusion, blood pressure, aneurism sac pressure (wearable/implantable sensor) Vascular disease

12

Urea, creatine, potassium (implantable biosensor) Urine output (implantable bladder pressure/volume sensor) Renal failure

11

Rheumatoid factor, inflammatory and autoimmune markers (implantable biosensor) Joint stiffness, reduced function, temperature (wrbl accelerometer, gyroscope, thermistor) Rheumatoid arthritis

10

Blood glucose, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) (implantable biosensor) Visual impairment, sensory disturbance (wrbl accelerometer, gyroscope) Diabetes

9

Biochemical parameter (BSN sensor type) Physiological parameter (BSN sensor type) Disease process

Guang-Zhong Yang (Ed.): Body Sensor Networks. Springer-Verlag London, 2006

G. Healthcare applications

Disease processes and monitored parameters

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177 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela Guang-Zhong Yang (Ed.): Body Sensor Networks. Springer-Verlag London, 2006

G. Healthcare applications

Pervasive patient monitoring

A. Concept of “ubiquitous” and “pervasive” human wellbeing

monitoring

a) with regards to physical, physiological and biochemical parameters b) in any environment c) without restriction of activity.

B. Pervasive healthcare systems utilising large scale BSN and

WSN technology will allow access to accurate medical information at any time and place, ultimately improving the quality of the service provided.

C. Long-term management instead of episode capturing for

a) diagnosing and monitoring the progress of diseases b) getting better and earlier detection

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EC’s “Wealthy” project sensors embedded in clothing (left) MIT’s “MIThril” project body-worn sensing computation and networking system (right)

Guang-Zhong Yang (Ed.): Body Sensor Networks. Springer-Verlag London, 2006

G. Healthcare applications

Examples of wearable

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179 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela Guang-Zhong Yang (Ed.): Body Sensor Networks. Springer-Verlag London, 2006

G. Healthcare applications

Technical challenges facing BSN

A. Improved sensor design
B. MEMS integration
C. Biocompatibility
D. Power source miniaturisation
E. Low power wireless transmission
F. Context awareness
G. Secure data transfer
H. Integration with therapeutic systems

180 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela Guang-Zhong Yang (Ed.): Body Sensor Networks. Springer-Verlag London, 2006

G. Healthcare applications

Personalised healthcare with BSN technology

A. Needs of chronic (long-term) and episodic (short-term)

healthcare of individuals

B. To monitor patient’s physiology, activity, context and

adverse changes of wellbeing

C. Early detection leads to early intervention
D. Challenges: overwhelming information

a) separating important from unimportant b) sensing context accurately c) representing results to the user d) reacting to this information

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Ring sensor and step sensor

MIT’s ring sensor prototype with RF transmitter powered by coin size battery (left). FitSense sensor for measuring stride length, step rate, instantaneous speed, distance, and acceleration (right)

G. Healthcare applications

182 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela Guang-Zhong Yang (Ed.): Body Sensor Networks. Springer-Verlag London, 2006

G. Healthcare applications

Finding the ideal architecture

A. In essence, we try to monitor and act on the reactions of the

body’s own nerves, sensors and effectors

B. Autonomic nervous system ANS

a) Sympathetic nervous system

Stress reactions (“fight or flight” response) Pupils dilate, peripheral blood vessels constrict, airways in the lung increase, etc.

b) Parasympathetic nervous system

Opposites the stress reactions in synergy with sympathetic nervous system

C. How can the architecture of BSN be developed by studying

principles of autonomic nervous system?

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A diagrammatic representation of the autonomic nervous system ANS with both sympathetic (left) and parasympathetic components (right).

Guang-Zhong Yang (Ed.): Body Sensor Networks. Springer-Verlag London, 2006

G. Healthcare applications

Autonomous nervous system ANS

184 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela

Diagrammatic illustration of the sensor and effector system used by the human body to detect and regulate changes in blood pressure

Guang-Zhong Yang (Ed.): Body Sensor Networks. Springer-Verlag London, 2006

G. Healthcare applications

Autonomous nervous system ANS

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Context awareness sensors

Histological slides of the sensors used for context awareness in joint position sense

Guang-Zhong Yang (Ed.): Body Sensor Networks. Springer-Verlag London, 2006

G. Healthcare applications

186 OPTOELECTRONICS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES LABORATORY 521114S WIRELESS MEASUREMENTS / Esko Alasaarela Guang-Zhong Yang (Ed.): Body Sensor Networks. Springer-Verlag London, 2006

G. Healthcare applications

From “micro” to “nano”

A. Nano-scale components are needed in

a) Blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, ventricles of the brain, spinal canal, lymphatic and venous systems b) To sense acute disease processes and monitor chronic illnesses quickly and efficiently

B. An existing example

a) Protein-encapsulated single-walled carbon nanotube sensor that alters its fluorescence depending on exposure to glucose in the surrounding tissues.

C. The scenario

a) Injecting nanoscale biosensors into luminal cavities to get contact and bind to the substrate and are carried to the site of maximal disease activity.

D. Describe the future of the nanoscale BSN technology

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MEMS robot attaching itself to a red blood cell (left) MEMS submarine injected into a blood vessel (right)

Guang-Zhong Yang (Ed.): Body Sensor Networks. Springer-Verlag London, 2006

G. Healthcare applications

Scenario: MEMS robot and submarine

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Framework of the solution

Wireless solutions to help to integrate personal and institutional

healthcare together

According to the Wirhe Framework to fight against the big health

problems

People’s own responsibility on their health will emphasize and the system will grow more

patient (customer or citizen) centric

Mobile solutions will become available at home, in worksites and on field will replace a

part of institutional healthcare

Professionals can focus on their expert level

serving of citizens

Governments can focus on their gate

keeper role to provide infrastructure and resources for the enhanced and improved healthcare

⇒ Mobile solutions will be integrated as a continual part of the institutional healthcare

⇒ In addition, hospitals and health centres will operate more efficient when wireless technologies are applied all through

The Wirhe Framework

Healthy citizens Citizens who need health services Citizens healthy again Lost citizens Outpatients Inpatients

A. Supported preventive health

examination and promotion at home

B. Professional examination

and diagnosis

C. Supported care at home
D. Care or operation

in healthcare services

E. Long-term care

in healthcare services

F. Supported health check at home
G. Postoperative and continuous

checking in healthcare services

H. Rehabilitation

at home

I. Rehabilitation

in healthcare services

J. Terminal care

The Wirhe Framework

Healthy citizens Citizens who need health services Citizens healthy again Lost citizens Outpatients Inpatients

A. Supported preventive health

examination and promotion at home

B. Professional examination

and diagnosis

C. Supported care at home
D. Care or operation

in healthcare services

E. Long-term care

in healthcare services

F. Supported health check at home
G. Postoperative and continuous

checking in healthcare services

H. Rehabilitation

at home

I. Rehabilitation

in healthcare services

J. Terminal care
G. Healthcare applications

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The Wirhe Framework

Healthy citizens Citizens who need health services Citizens healthy again Lost citizens Outpatients Inpatients

A. Supported preventive health

examination and promotion at home

B. Professional examination

and diagnosis

C. Supported care at home
D. Care or operation

in healthcare services

E. Long-term care

in healthcare services

F. Supported health check at home
G. Postoperative and continuous

checking in healthcare services

H. Rehabilitation

at home

I. Rehabilitation

in healthcare services

J. Terminal care

= A path of a diabetes patient in the Wirhe Framework

G. Healthcare applications

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Case: Diabetes

A. Wireless integrated service system with

a) Smart glucose meter b) Smart insulin syringe (or pump) c) Smart phone camera for meal assessment d) Professional server integrated with institutional health services

B. Savings & enhancement

a) If 10 % of diabetics take it in use b) If they save resources 20 % c) It will be globally USD 3 billion savings annually d) If the system building investment is USD 3000 per patient the system payback time is

nly 2 years

e) For example, in Finland investment would be € 500 million (100 % covering)

Healthy citizens Citizens who need health services Citizens healthy again Lost citizens Outpatients Inpatients

A. Supported preventive health

examination and promotion at home

B. Professional examination

and diagnosis

C. Supported care at home
D. Care or operation

in healthcare services

E. Long-term care

in healthcare services

F. Supported health check at home
G. Postoperative and continuous

checking in healthcare services

H. Rehabilitation

at home

I. Rehabilitation

in healthcare services

J. Terminal care

= A path of a diabetes patient in the Wirhe Framework Healthy citizens Citizens who need health services Citizens healthy again Lost citizens Outpatients Inpatients

A. Supported preventive health

examination and promotion at home

B. Professional examination

and diagnosis

C. Supported care at home
D. Care or operation

in healthcare services

E. Long-term care

in healthcare services

F. Supported health check at home
G. Postoperative and continuous

checking in healthcare services

H. Rehabilitation

at home

I. Rehabilitation

in healthcare services

J. Terminal care

= A path of a diabetes patient in the Wirhe Framework

G. Healthcare applications

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F. Zhao & L. Guibas, Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach.

Conclusion

A. Wireless sensors and sensor networks will change our world

a) From centralized to distributed b) From “opaque to transparent” c) From serial to parallel d) From processing of past to real-time

B. Only our limited imagination can slow the development of

wireless future with micro and nanoscale sensors with exponentially increasing capacity to gather and process information of our world and thus better manage out personal life, social transactions and protection of our unique environment.

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