15 01 2013 Content Brd av gamla spannmlssorter Challenges and - - PDF document

15‐01‐2013 1

Ekologisk lantbruk och agroekologi som drivkräfter får hållbar utveckling av jordbruket

Erik Steen Jensen Bröd av gamla spannmålssorter

Foto: Hans Larsson

Content

• Challenges and recommendations (IAASTD)
• Sustainability
• Ecosystem services and Multifunctionality
• Crop diversification
• Nutrients and soil organic matter
• Agroecology and Organic Agriculture
• Conclusions

Utmaningar för lantbruket

• Klimatförändringar - anpassning och begränsning
• Minskat övergödning av vattenmiljön
• Minskat pesticid användning
• Vatten tillgång ock kvalitet
• Fossil energi användning och självförsörjning
• Hälsosamma ock säkre livsmedel
• Bevara biodiversitet ock förbättra markkvalitet
• Livsmedelsförsörjning och ” mat suveränitet”
• Djurvälfärd
• Återföring av växtnäring från samhället till lantbruket
• Landsbygdsutveckling
• Föränderliga marknader

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How to produce more with less environmental impact and preserving ecosystem services?

“….increase the agricultural production in a sustainable way”

• Increased diversity of

farming systems

• Multifunctionality of crops

and systems

• Improved nutrient, energy

and water use efficiency

• Supporting agroecological

systems

Agriculture at a Crossroads. Key recommendations from the International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development – Johannesburg, April 2009

Global goals for 2050

Foley, J. et al . 2011. Solutions for a cultivated planet. Nature, 478.

Sustainable development?

Development: making things better Sustainable: to be able to keep making things better

Sustainable development: Brundtland definition A development which fulfil the needs of the present generations without endangering future generations possibilities for fulfilling their needs. Triple bottom line Three pillars of sustainability

• Environmental aspects
• Economic aspects
• Social aspects

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Two ways to consider sustainable development

Nature Resource sufficiency Nature Functional integrity

Thompson, P.B. (1997). In Sørensen, J.T. (ed) Livestock farming systems - More than food production.

• Proc. of the fourth international symposium on livestock farming systems. EAAP Publ. No. 89: 5-15 pp

Understanding systems Sustainable food systems

A sustainable food system is one that recognizes the whole systems nature of food, feed, and fiber production in balancing the multifaceted concerns

• f

environmental soundness, social equity, and economic viability among all sectors of society, across all nations and generations

Gliessman 2007

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Definitions: Ecosystem Services (ES)

The aspects of ecosystems utilized (actively or passively) to produce human well-being (Fisher et al 2008)

Linkage between ES and human well‐being

Legumes

• Biological N2 fixation
• Reduced CO2 and N2O emissions
• Increased carbon sequestration
• Biomass feedstock for industrial uses (bioenergy

and materials - bioeconomy)

• Diversification of systems

MA, 2005

The inescapable interconnectednes of agricultures different roles and functions

Agriculture at a Crossroads, 2009

Definition: multifunctionality of agriculture:

Beyond its primary function of producing food and fibre, agricultural activities can also: shape the landscape, provide environmental benefits, such as land conservation, the sustainable management of renewable natural resources and the preservation of biodiversity, and contribute to the socio‐economic viability of many rural areas. Agriculture is multifunctional, when it has one or several functions in addition to its primary role of producing food and fibre

Van Huylenbroeck et al. 2007

15‐01‐2013 5 Multifunctionality

The ability of a system to deliver several functions (services), e.g.

1 Production of goods/commodities – Food – Fibers – Fuels – Chemicals/materials 2 Water protection 3 Climate regulation (e.g. carbon sequestration) 4 Soil fertility 5 Biodiversity 6 Recreation 7 Bioremediation 8 Socio-economic development in rural areas

• The integrative study of entire food systems, encompassing ecological

economic and social dimensions.

• Design of individual farms using principles of ecology involving landscape,

community and bioregion with emphasis on uniqueness of place and the people and other species that inhabitat that place.

Society Landscape and environment Farm a Farm b Region Francis, C et al 2003. J. Sustainable Agriculture 22, 99‐118

Agroecology

Key agroecological and OA methods

• Crop diversification in time and space
• Recycling of organic matter and nutrients within and

to farm

Altieri, M. Agroecology, 1995

• Yield level and stability

managed by input factors (fossil energy: fertilizers, agrochemicals, heavy mechanization)

• Homogeneity
• Inefficient use of

resources and losses

• Yield level and stability

regulated by diversity, complementarity and competitive interactions (ecosystem services)

• Heterogeneity
• Efficient use of

resources and lower losses

Agrobiodiversity in time and space of cropping systems

• In time: rotation
• In space:

– Variety mixtures – Intercropping – Strip cropping – Agroforestry – Cover crops and living mulches – Windbreaks field margins – Field design

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‐ the simultaneous cultivation of several species on a field ‐ arable crops less frequently intercropped ‐ two species or cultivars is the most simple intercrop

Intercropping

Documented effects of intercropping of grain legumes and cereals in European OA

• Increased yield compared sole cropping of the two species on a

similar area of land

• Enhanced use of ecosystem services, e.g. mineralized nutrients

and biological N2 fixation

• Improved use efficiency of light, water and nutrients
• Improved weed control compared to legume sole crop (SC)
• Reduced disease and pest development in crop
• Enhanced yield stability, resilience to stress and less risk in

protein production

• Reduced potential for N leaching compared to legume SC
• Enhanced protein concentration and baking quality of cereals

e.g. Hauggaard‐Nielsen, H., Jørnsgaard, B., Kinane, J., and Jensen, E.S. 2008. Grain Legume – cereal intercropping: The practical application of diversity, competition and facilitation in arable and organic cropping systems. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems: 23, 3‐12.

Nitrogen and phosphorus supply and loss in Swedish agriculture (ton N yr‐1)

SCB 2007

38%

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SCB, 2007

Tonnes of N and P year-1

GHG emissions from Swedish agriculture (mill ton CO2 ekv)

• N2O from nitrogen

cycling in soils, incl N- fertilizers and animal manure: 5.2 mill. ton

• CH4 livestock and

manure: 3.3 mill ton

• Energy in agriculture:

> 1 mill. ton

• Change in land use,

eg organic soils: some

• mill. ton

Naturvårdsverket, 2007, 2009 Hushållningssälskabet Halland, 2009

Klimatavtrycket för ekologisk spannmål relativt konventionell beror framförallt på skördenivå och kvävegödslingsstrategi. En god skördenivå i ekospannmålen kombinerat med en moderat giva av stallgödsel alternativt specialgödsel ger klimatavtryck per kg ekologisk spannmål som är lägre än konventionell Cederberg et al 2011

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 Pork Semifat milk Potatoes Carrots Greenhouse tomatoes Wheat Oat Rapeseed g CO2 equivalents/kg product Conventional Organic

Halberg et al 2007

Plant protection strategies for the future

Diversity

Cultural methods

Host resistance strategies

Pesticides

Diversity, crop rotation, preventative control methods Host resistance strategies Cultural methods

Pesticides

After Wiik 2009

Organic agriculture

• Organic agriculture is a production system that sustains the

health of soils, ecosystems and people.

• It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles

adapted to local conditions, rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects.

• Organic agriculture combines tradition, innovation and science

to benefit the shared environment and promote fair relationships and a good quality of life for all involved

IFOAM, 2011

Values, principles and certification in

• rganic farming

Values

“Respect for Nature”

Principles

Health Ecology Fairness Care

Certification

KRAV EU-label

Research and development

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Recycling/ Ecology Precaution/ Care Nearness/ Fairness Health

Princip för ekologiskt lantbruk

DARCOF 2000 and IFOAM, 2005

Principle: Recycling

• Klimatförändringar - anpassning och begränsning
• Reducerat övergödning av vattenmiljön
• Reducerat pesticid användning
• Vatten tillgång ock kvalitet
• Fossil energi användning och energisjälvförsörjning
• Hälsosamma ock säkre livsmedel
• Bevara biodiversitet ock förbättra markkvalitet
• Livsmedelsförsörjning och ”suveränitet”
• Djurvälfärd
• Återföring av växtnäring från samhället till lantbruket
• Landsbygdsutveckling
• Föränderliga marknader

Stort potential Må utvecklas ?

Ekologiskt lantbruk som drivkraft för hållbar utveckling

K E ? K E K E K E

Conclusions

• Increased food production from agricultural systems with less

environmental impact are required, ‐ but which food for whom?

• Food production can be enhanced by activating more existing

knowledge and using eco‐functional intensification, e.g. crop diversification by rotation, intercropping and agroforestry?

• Ensuring the capacity of soils to supply nutrients in the long‐

term by considering the output‐input balance and maintaining soil organic matter.

• Agroecological methods and organic agriculture offers

framework and principles as momenta for sustainable and multifunctional development of agricultural systems

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