1. Theoretical Perspectives Theories: Big ideas To study - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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1. Theoretical Perspectives Theories: Big ideas To study - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Jan 14, 2024 373 likes •703 views

1. Theoretical Perspectives Theories: Big ideas To study development, start with models or theories No theory can explain all aspects of development. What theories explain different aspects of development? 1.1

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  • 1. Theoretical Perspectives
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Theories: Big ideas


  • To study development,

start with models or theories


  • No theory can explain all

aspects of development.


  • What theories explain

different aspects of development?

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1.1 Evolutionary 1.2 Biological 1.3 Learning (Behaviorism) 1.4 Cognitive Development

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1.5 Social Cognitive (Social Learning) 1.6 Sociocultural 1.7 Ecological 1.8 Psychodynamic

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1.1 Evolutionary

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Development by species adaptations

  • “Ontogeny recapitulates

phylogeny”

  • Developmental traits

from past adaptations

  • Example: Men’s late-life

reproductive capability from successful adaptation

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1.2 Biological

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Development by heredity

  • Genes define many traits
  • Some genes determine
  • Example: genes

determine hair color

  • Some genes predispose
  • Example: genes give

potential for alcoholism

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1.3 Learning (Behaviorism)

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Development by modifying behavior

  • Emphasis on behavior, not

thought or feeling

  • Example: Study parents’

punishment style, not attitude

  • Emphasis on learning new

behaviors or extinguishing

  • ld behaviors
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Learn by consequences


  • Positive reinforcement =

pleasant result (reward)

  • Quick reward best to

reinforce new behavior

  • Negative reinforcement =

take away unpleasant threat

  • Example: Do chores to

prevent (more) nagging

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Learn by consequences


  • Punishment = unpleasant

result (physical or social)

  • Consequences not

emotional

  • Reinforcement from

parent, teacher, environment

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1.4 Cognitive Developmental

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Development by thinking/changing

  • Building and modifying

concepts about reality

  • “Information processing”

in brain to learn and

  • rganize knowledge
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Development by thinking/changing

  • Emphasis on thought

processes

  • Make learning more

efficient

  • Make applying

knowledge more effective

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1.5 Social Cognitive
 (Social Learning)

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Development by

  • bserving and imitating
  • Learning from others, with
  • r without their help
  • Studying role models
  • Example: Playing dress-up

like adult

  • Example: Viewing and

reviewing experts’ performances

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1.6 Sociocultural

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Development by social influences

  • Emphasizes impact of

surrounding environment

  • Cultural expectations,

attitudes, customs

  • Economic/class status
  • Religion
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1.7 Ecological

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Development by total of environmental forces

  • Impact of people, place

and time

  • Self
  • Nuclear/extended family
  • Local/regional setting
  • Time in history, events,

available technology

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1.8 Psychodynamic

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Development by unconscious urges

  • Emphasizes impact and

guidance of unconscious mind

  • Forgotten childhood

experiences

  • Innate motives and urges

triggered at certain ages