1 Step 1: Which type of Resin could be used Resin purification - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

WORKSHOP: VALORISATION OF TRADITIONAL PROCESSING OF INDIGENOUS AND Major families of phenolic compounds Introduction UNDERUTILISED FRUITS Institute of Technology of Cambodia, Phnomenh, Cambodia January 14-16, 2013. The workshop is funded under the project "International network on preserving safety and n utrition of indigenous fruits and their derivatives", by the Leverhulme Trust, UK There is a general tendency nowadays toward using  The typical structural characteristic shared by most polyphenols: the three- natural coloring in foods as a substitute to chemical food membered flavan ring system. PURIFICATION OF ANTHOCYANIN BY coloring that has harmful physiological effects. POLYMERIC ADSORBENT RESINS Their role in fruits/ vegetables: Studies are being done accordingly to develop food • responsible for structural  coloring products from natural sources such as barberry, and protective functions. Suzie ZOZIO, Dominique PALLET, Max REYNES blackberry…the pigment of which contain various phenolic • contributing to flavour, Integrated Food Processing Research color, astringency and compounds/anthocyanins. UnitCIRAD - Département PERSYST34398. bitterness. Montpellier cedex 5 Prices for anthocyanins or other polyphenol extracts cover  a wide range depending on the concentration of active Justine Y.Phuong P. H. BOFFO Their role in human health: based on their antioxidant activity against reactive components, .….costs into the hundreds of dollars/ Faculty of Food Science and Technology species involved in aging and in chronic, autoimmune, inflammatory, coronary, cancer kilogram. Nong Lam University, Vietnam and degenerative diseases. 1 2 3 Nathan, 2009 Anthocyanin molecules Antioxidant interest: Separation process problematic research  Characteristics High T ° : leads to color loss, Maillard reactions since extracts  ORAC value apply to water-soluble antioxidants Conventional may contain high amounts of sugar. -Belong to the flavonoid group of polyphenol process Organic solvant : causes pseudoallergic reactions in humans. The higher the number, the stronger the antioxidant properties. -Water soluble pigments, responsible for the red, purple , and blue colors of fruits, vegetables, and flowers. Açai Blackberry Strawberry Raspberry Red dragon White dragon  Structure OH Absorption- ORAC value OH OH desorption 48,6 - 61,5 13,7 - 25,1 18,3 - 22,9 19,2 - 22,6 7.59-10.76 2.96-5.23 OH process OH O + O + OH ORAC = (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity), (µmol eq trolox /g) (Del Pozo Insfran,D.,2007, USDA, 2004) O O • minimizes degradation, simplicity of design, operation and scale up, Rutinoside OH The USDA recommends the consuming of 3,000 to 5,000 ORAC units/day. Glucose OH • ease of regeneration and Cyanidin-3-glucoside Cyanidin-3-rutinoside • low cost. 4 5 6 1

Step 1: Which type of Resin could be used Resin purification process Major types of adsorbents for anthocyanin purification? Nature of the solvent : polar, non-polar   Activated carbon;  2 steps process Functionality of solute: aromatic, high electron density, saturated C-C bond   Mineral adsorbents include siliceous Polarisation: the solute has groups that can be easily polarised or not.  Easily polarised: – CO 2 H, -NH 2 materias, clay and natural zeolites; and  Can be polarised under extreme conditions:  1. Adsorption of the ACNs on resins  polymeric adsorbents (resin). Size of solute :  Small molecule: molecular < 1000 D,  large molecule: molecular > 10,000 D  Available Resins: - Approved by for food contact use, by the European • Polystyrene – divinylbenzene copolymers, 2. Desorption • Polymethacrylate, RESIN code of regulation. • Divinylbenzene-ethylvinylbenzene coopolymers, and • Vinylpyridine. - Most of the impurities are removed. It’s a Polystyrene – divinylbenzene copolymers , with a specific surface area, porosity, and pore radius (C 24 H 24 ). 7 8 9 Adsorption of anthocyanins on resins- Step 2: Which solvant for desorption of Desorption of anthocyanins from resins- anthocyanins? Step 1. Step 2.  Alcohols: With an organic solvent which can weaken the attractive forces Hydrophobic interaction, hydrogen bonding between the solute and the polymer for removing ACNs  Methanol ?  Ethanol ?  Propanol ?  Methanol : more efficient (96% to 100% of anthocyanins could be recovered) in desorbing anthocyanins from the polystyrene – divinylbenzene copolymerisate than ethanol and 2-propanol. At the beginning 10 11 12 At the end 2

Research Proposal Result of ACN’s purification with resin Cashew apple phenolics 1978 : Satyanarayana,extracted, purified and  Purity of final characterised three flavonols from an Indian variety, Extraction and purification extract (ACN/DM) Juice Final Yield ACN % Yield DM % i.e. quercetin 3-O-galactoside, myricetin, and Extract (extract/juice) (extract/juice) of Polyphenols from cashew apples waste and quercetin. ACN contents 40,8 130,8 BBerry (mg/100mL) 6,05 19,46% 2001 , Moura & 2007 de Abreu, colorimetrically of betalains from pitaya by-products  96 E 1%1cm 4 36 measured yellow flavonoids and anthocyanins from VI/BI 24.6 34.1 Brazilian variety… without further characterisation. ACN contents 31,2 54,3 2009 , Laetitia extracted Monomeric phenols by Açai  (mg/100mL) 31,32 8% 87 acetone/water (60:40) from the skin and flesh of four E 1%1cm 17,8 48 cashew apple from Brazil and Bénin (West Africa). VI/BI 54.4 51  2012 , ADOU, phenolic profile of the two varieties of DM = Dry matter ACN = Anthocyanins VI = Violet Index ; BI = Brown Index cashew (anacardium occidentale L.) cultivated in Côte E 1%1cm = Strength colour : correspond to the Abs of (x g) pigment in 100mL buffer pH3 d’Ivoire. - Simplicity , - Great % of ACN’s recovery - Increase of the colour strength, - No colour degradation 13 14 15 Cashew apple phenolics Cashew apple phenolics  Skins from red Benin variety and organe Brazil: anthocyanidin glycosides.  Skins from the apples were 1520 times richer in total phenolic compounds than their fleshes, reaching 30  110 and 2  5 mg/100 g fresh weight, respectively.  African apples: be richer in skin flavonols and flavonol glycosides than Brazilian ones, while the reverse situation was found in the flesh. Figure 1. Cashew apple from Brazil (A-B), cashew apple from Benin (C-D). (Laetitia, 2009). 16 17 18 3

Extraction technology and Dragon fruit phenolics Dragon fruit phenolics Purification Process  Hylocereus undatus : white dragon fruit and in order to gain better views on the Extraction techniques, which have been replacing conventional  Hylocereus polyrhizus : red dragon fruit. ones, include: antioxidant level and activities in supercritical fluid extraction (SFE),  Hylocereus species,… pressurized liquid extraction (PLE),   Total phenolic content (TPC) assay microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and   further studies on purification, demonstrated that peels of both Hylocereus ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE).  species contained higher phenolic identification and quantification of Membrance extraction  content than the pulps. each phenolic compound and other These alternative techniques reduce considerably the use of solvents and accelerate the extraction process.  The phenolic content in peels of white dragon non-phenolic compounds such as was higher than red dragon , carotenoids and betalains Purification polymeric adsorber resin: polystyrene-  but the phenolic content in pulps of white  divinylbenzene copolymerisate polymer (PSDVB). dragon was much lower than red dragon . Nurliyana, 2010 19 20 21 WORKSHOP: VALORISATION OF TRADITIONAL PROCESSING OF INDIGENOUS AND UNDERUTILISED FRUITS Institute of Technology of Cambodia, Phnomenh, Cambodia January 14-16, 2013. The workshop is funded under the project "International network on preserving safety and n utrition of indigenous fruits and their derivatives", by the Leverhulme Trust, UK Thank you for your r welcome come and for your r liste teni ning Justine Y.Phuong P. H. BOFFO Faculty of Food Science and Technology Nong Lam University, Vietnam 22 4