1 What is Organic Chemistry? Lab needs: The study of the compounds - PDF document

Chemistry 3719 - Organic Chemistry I • Professor Dr. Peter Norris • Office 6014 Ward Beecher • Telephone (330) 941-1553 • Email pnorris@ysu.edu • Websites: http://www.as.ysu.edu/~pnorris/public_html www.chemfinder.com Molecular Models Lexture needs: Carey Molecular models Adobe Acrobat Reader Web access May be used on exams, will be used in lab 1

What is Organic Chemistry? Lab needs: The study of the compounds that contain carbon and Zubrick the reactions of those materials (over 6 million known) Goggles Why a whole year of Organic? Lab coat Bound Carbon can bond in multiple ways to form a huge notebook number of different molecules, and these compounds form the basis of many different disciplines, e.g.: Biology (DNA, proteins, carbohydrates) Medicine and Pharmaceuticals (Aspirin, Taxol, AZT) Chemical Engineering (oil, plastics, fine chemicals) Timeline Organic Chemistry – driving the Information Age 1807 Berzelius introduces the term “Organic Chemistry” to describe Organic Chemistry the study of compounds isolated from nature 1828 Wohler makes urea, the first natural organic compound to be chemical synthesis synthesized in the laboratory 1890 Fischer studies the chemistry of proteins, carbohydrates and New materials New medicinal New Materials Compounds Medicines chemistry chemistry the nucleic acids 1950 Woodward and Eschenmoser complete the first total synthesis Biochemistry and of Vitamin B12. NMR begins to be useful. Chemical Biology 1990 Kishi, Nicolau, Smith, Schreiber, etc. complete total syntheses Nanotech, Proteomics, Pharmacy, Engineering Genetics Medicine of compounds such as Brevetoxin B, Taxol, etc. 2000 - Chemical Biology Organic Synthesis O Starting material (cheap) Products (expensive) H 2 N NH 2 UREA - 1828 Palytoxin Taxol - 1996 Nicolau and Holton total syntheses ~60 synthetic steps in each Brevetoxin B 2

Chemistry 3719 and 3720 (and labs) Chemistry 3719R and 3720R (Recitation) Lectures Objectives • Structure and nomenclature of compounds and groups • Practice the problems sets, old exams • Physical properties and analysis of materials • Practice the problems from the book • Reactivity and transformations with reagents • Ask ?? of a professional chemist (other than the Prof) • Importance of organic compounds in society • To force students to keep up with material (quizzes) Labs When: 12-1 on Mondays • Glassware and equipment used to prepare organics Where: 6030 Ward Beecher • Instrumentation used to analyze compounds (1 Semester hour, Separate grade to 3719/3719L) • Writing detailed reports of lab preparations Some does and don'ts for 3719 and 3720 Carey Chapter 1 - Chemical Bonding Does • Atomic and electronic structure of atoms • Prepare for lecture and lab; read ahead • Ionic and covalent bonding • Ask questions at any time; lecture, recitation, office hours • Use all of your resources; email, website, tutors • Electronegativity and polar covalent bonds • If you struggled in General Chemistry, seek help soon • Structures of organic compounds - representations • Resonance within molecules Don'ts • Shapes of molecules • Get behind, blow off class, ignore the available help • Wait until October to acknowledge “dude, I thought I knew the stuff.” • Molecular orbitals and orbital hybridization • Complain when you get 20/100 if you ignore the above pnorris@ysu.edu Probability distribution for an electron Periodic Table of the Elements Figure 1.1 3

Cross sections of a 1s and 2s orbital Boundary surfaces of a 1s and 2s orbital Figure 1.2 Figure 1.3 Electronic Structure of Atoms Boundary surfaces of the 2p orbitals Figure 1.4 Atom Atomic No. Electronic Structure H 1 1s 1 He 2 1s 2 1s 2 2s 1 Li 3 1s 2 2s 2 Be 4 1s 2 2s 2 2px 1 B 5 1s 2 2s 2 2px 1 2py 1 C 6 1s 2 2s 2 2px 1 2py 1 2pz 1 N 7 1s 2 2s 2 2px 2 2py 1 2pz 1 O 8 General Concepts Bonding - Atoms trying to attain the stable configuration of a noble (inert) gas - often referred to as the octet rule Orbitals get higher in energy the further they are from the nucleus. Covalent Bonding - Electrons Shared Designated by principal quantum number (1, 2, 3, etc.). Degenerate orbitals (same energy) fill up singly before Ionic Bonding - Electrons Transferred they double up (Aufbau). Maximum of two electrons per orbital, each having opposite spin (Pauli). type of bond that is formed is dictated by the Impossible to know both the speed and location of an relative electronegativities of the elements involved electron at the same time (Heisenberg). 4