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H O O O Oil of wintergreen contains methyl salicylate which has anti-inflammatory properties and is closely Wintergreen related to the well-known medication aspirin aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) 2
Bob Holton Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Total Synthesis – Synthesis of a “natural product” from all non-natural (i.e. not biological in origin) starting materials; yields often very low. So why do it? It’s hard; it’s a race ( i.e. there is a winner); the synthetic procedure you develop to solve this problem can then be applied to other desired compounds; the students who do this work go on to solve other important problems. “Semi”-synthesis – Synthesis of a “natural product” starting with a readily available natural product of lesser complexity; hence much higher yields. Why do it? More people get the drug; oh yes..... $$$$$$$ 3
Holton started with 10- Deacetylbaccatin III (or 10- DAB), a natural compound found in abundance in the needles of the English yew, a common European shrub. Attaching a 34 atom ester side-chain at a particular site, plus a few other steps, produced significant amounts of Taxol. 4
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Dual particle- Quantum Quantum Orbitals wave nature (wave) numbers (shapes and of matter mechanics (n, l, m l ) energies) Retrosynthesis Electro- magnetic radiation of Atomic Orbitals Waves Why are fire trucks red? 6
Why are fire trucks red? A. Red paint is the cheapest. B. People like red the most. C. Red paint is easiest to see. In the early 1970s, Ward LaFrance created what was probably the most controversial issue ever to hit the apparatus field. By aggressively marketing a new color for fire apparatus, lime green, as being more visible and therefore safer, a wedge was driven into the fire service. Traditionalists stood behind the old standard red, while "progressive" fire service personnel preached the advantages of the new color. 7
At one point, there were actually more apparatus being delivered in the new color than the traditional red. Many fire departments, both large and small, switched to the new color. http://www.firehouse.com/magazine/american/apparatus.html For years, fire trucks have been painted red, hence the name “fire-truck red.” But several years ago it was discovered that this red hue is hard to see at dawn and dusk when there is little light. Today, yellow-green is used for fire trucks and hydrants because it can be seen from farthest awar, regardless of the light and time of day. Years from now when school children ask what color fire trucks are, they will answer “yellow-green.” Contemporary Color Theory and Use: Theory and Use Steven Bleicher, Cengage Learning, 2004; page 42 8
FSU vs. NCSU game October 6, 2007 http://acept.asu.edu/PiN/rdg/rainbow/secondary.shtml 9
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= wavelength 1 = frequency c = speed of light c = 1/ http://www.smc.edu/AcademicPrograms/PhysicalSciences/Documents/ Chemistry_11_Experiments/Mn_Lab.pdf 11
ROY G. BIV 12
= wavelength 1 = frequency c = speed of light c = 1/ ========================================= blackbody radiation, photoelectric effect E = E photon = h 13
http://webvision.med.utah.edu/imageswv/spectra.jpeg http://www.amastro2.org/at/ot/othcs.gif 14
Many fire departments, both large and small, switched to the new color. But after about a decade, departments began to switch back to red. Many apparatus were repainted. Virtually every large department that had gone to the new color returned to red. Currently, few new apparatus are being delivered that are painted lime green. http://www.firehouse.com/magazine/american/apparatus.html processes excite/remove rotate involving the valence and molecules nucleus bonding electrons processes vibrate bonds involving core between atoms electrons “the size of the wave matches the size of the antenna” 15
20 cm = 0.020 m 16
X-rays diffracted off electrons diffracted off aluminum foil aluminum foil 17
Dual particle- Quantum Quantum Orbitals wave nature (wave) numbers (shapes and of matter mechanics (n, l, m l ) energies) Electro- magnetic radiation We are here! Waves = h/(mv) De Broglie wavelength everything has a wavelength, but it only becomes important at very low masses (electrons, atoms) or very low speeds Heisenberg uncertainty principle x p ≥ h/(4 ) 1. we cannot know anything with perfect accuracy; i.e. no determinism 2. the very act of measuring something changes the thing we were measuring; i.e. there are no innocent measurements – we are tied to what we observe 3. at the atomic level, the universe is Bizarro World http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DfPeprQ7oGc 18
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Dual particle- Quantum Quantum Orbitals wave nature (wave) numbers (shapes and of matter mechanics (n, l, m l ) energies) Electro- magnetic radiation Chapter 7 Waves We are here! 20
E n = h 2 /(8 2 m e a o 2 n 2 ) = 2.18 x 10 -18 J/n 2 n = ∞ E ∞ = 0 J … … E 3 = 2.42 x 10 -19 J n = 3 E 2 = - 5.45 x 10 -19 J Energy n = 2 E 1 = 2.18 x 10 -18 J n = 1 Empirical From the Bohr Model (Quantum) 21
E n = -h 2 /(8 2 m e a o 2 n 2 ) = -2.18 x 10 -18 J/n 2 n = ∞ E ∞ = 0 J … … E 3 = -2.42 x 10 -19 J n = 3 E 2 = -5.45 x 10 -19 J Energy n = 2 E 1 = -2.18 x 10 -18 J n = 1 22
n principal quantum number n can have values 1, 2, … gives info about energy and distance from nucleus l orbital angular momentum quantum number l can have values 0 (s), 1 (p), 2 (d), 3 (f), .... n-1 gives information about shape s orbital p orbitals d orbitals m l magnetic quantum number m l can have the values ( l ) , ( l ) +1, ... 0, 1 ..., l 1, l gives the number of “orbitals” (2 l + 1) for that l value 23
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