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!"#$%&'$("")*$+#,&'"-,+.#* - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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  1. !"#$%&'"&('&(") !"#$%&'$("")*$+#,&'"-,+.#* /&,0&&#$,0.$+#%1-&%$%+2.)&*$3%+*2&'*+.#4$5 ")0"6*$",,'"-,+!& 7--1'$&!&#$8&,0&&#$,9&$",.:*$.;$#.8)&$<"*$&)&:&#,* =+)%)6>",,'"-,+!&$"#%$*,'.#<)6>'&21)*+!& (&"?$+#,&'"-,+.#@$81,$-1:1)",+!&$-.#,'+81,+.#$+*$*18*,"#,+") A.:+#"#,$+#,&'"-,+.#$09&#$-).*&$;+,,+#<$"#%$2'.B+:+,6$"'&$ +:2.',"#,$&C<C@$8+)"6&'*@$-.+)&%>-.+)*

  2. !"#$%&'"&('&(") Q.?"6$<&-?.$3R&??. <&-?.4$"%9&'+#<$,.$:.)&-1)"')6$*:..,9$ 96%'.29.8+-$R"D* *&:+-.#%1-,.'C D1,1:#$E$&,$")C$FGDH$IJJIKLLMNIIOI PIJJI$86$G",+.#")$D-"%&:6$.;$H-+&#-&*

  3. !"#$%&'"&('&(") !"#$%&'$("")*$+#,&'"-,+.#*$+#$8+.).<+-")$*6*,&:* 678809:2 ;<1=8:%/:81> ,1?<7@3%=<7A:12%B8190C:2A3-%A:2D723-%EF G2%H<12.1=8:3%7I%=<7A:12% 3A<@.A@<:%?J%K./@8L%M% "*+,-%./0123%4-%5-%6 K./1<C:< B=+N-%O#-%P'-%&"&F

  4. !"#$%&'"&('&(") !"#$%&'$("")*$+#,&'"-,+.#*$+#$8+.).<+-")$*6*,&:* 6718:D%.718%D1C:<1L0A172%D7C012%I<7C%.7<A:>18812%G H0<088:8-%&(3A<02D:D% α α (/:81.08%.718:D%.718 α α 4.A12%?@2D8129%=<7A:12 K1D:%./012%12A:<0.A172%S%/JD<7=/7?1.%:II:.AT "QOR-%./0123%4-%5

  5. !"#$%&'"&('&(") !"#$%&'$("")*$+#,&'"-,+.#*$+#$8+.).<+-")$*6*,&:* /1)?+&'$<'.12*$Z-9"'<&%$'&*+%1&*$",$,9&$+#,&';"-& A+*,.',*$,9&$-.+)&%$-.+)$*,'1-,1'& S.+)&%>-.+)$+''&<1)"'+,+&*$"#%$+#*,"8+)+,+&*$+#$R'.12$D$H,'&2,.-.--1*$ =N$"'&$'&T1+'&%$;.'$!+'1)&#-& !"#$%"$& UNL@$NVJO>NVJW$3IJJW4 X&)",+.#*9+2$8&,0&&#$+''&<1)"'+,6$"#%$!+'1)&#-&YYY

  6. !"#$%&'"&('&(") !"#$%&'$("")*$+#,&'"-,+.#*$+#$8+.).<+-")$*6*,&:* α α >9&)+B@$'"%+1*$ICU$] α α FA/$+%$NF[\

  7. !"#$%&'"&('&(") X+<9,>9"#%&%$ α α > .'$UC^ NU >9&)+B α α Y(W 1S^ → → [Z6 1 → → /JD<79:2%?72D 6 6 α α α α Q1<:.A172%7I%A/:% Y 6 =78J=:=A1D:%./012 6Z[%=712A129%@= "& "" Y(W%=712A129%D7\2 6 α α α α "# "' Y 6 P N 6 α α α α " O ) 6 ^ & + 6 Y 6 α α α α # Y Y 31D:%./012%D13=80J]%7II 6 α α α α "4U6$HQ5V%6&P(;&N(R#'(,#"(W#&V%X03R78 α (80.A08?@C12 α α α

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  9. !"#$%&'"&('&(") !"#$%&'$("")*$+#,&'"-,+.#*$"#%$9&)+B$,62& !"#$%&' I@C0<03:%6%\1A/%?7@2D%.1A<0A:%B",b[F a1:\3%0<:%08729%A/:%/:81>%0>13 π ( 7<%^$^ "+ (/:81> α ( 7<%#$+ "# (/:81> # "' (/:81> π π π α α α X:31D@:3%d%A@<2 # #$+ ^$^ ;\13A%d%<:31D@: "&' "'' P& X0D1@3 "$N%e &$#%e &$P%e ,7Dh:%M%48(*0<0D09/1%B&''&F%H<7A%_29%")]#)#(P X0D11%I<7C%K./@8L%M%K./1<C:<-%;0?8:%)$"-%=%+N f:0g:<%B&'''F%H<7A%K.1%N]&'"(+

  10. !"#$%&'"&('&(") π π > .'$VCV N^ >9&)+B π π ,7Dh:%M%48(*0<0D09/1%B&''&F%H<7A%_29%")]#)#(P Y(W 1S) → → [Z6 1 /JD<79:2%?72D → → π (A@<2]%728J%72:%3@./%/JD<79:2%?72D π π π π (/:81>]%4A%8:03A%A\7%3@./%/JD<79:2%?72D3 π π π 4<7C0A1.%d%80<9:-%081=/0A1.%<:31D@:3%=<:I:<<:D%7g:<%3C088%<:31D@:3 H731A172(3=:.1I1.%B φ φ - ψ ψ F%02D%<:31D@:%=<:I:<:2.:3%7?3:<g:D φ φ ψ ψ KA0?181L129%12A:<0.A1723] K1D:%./012%12A:<0.A1723-%C012%./012%/JD<79:2%?72D3 ;%R%f:0g:<%B&'''F%;/:% π π (/:81>%A<02380A:3%3A<@.A@<:%12A7%I@2.A172$%H<7A$%K.1$%N]&'" π π

  11. !"#$%&'"&('&(") π > .'$VCV N^ >9&)+B π π π ,7Dh:%02D%48(*0<0D09/1%B&''&F%H<7A%_29%")]#)#(#)P N#& W19/(<:378@A172%=<7A:12%3A<@.A@<:3 ""+ π (/:81.:3-%0@A7C0A:D%1D:2A1I1.0A172 π π π "'^ π (/:81.:3%-%.72I1<C:D%?J%g13@08%1D:2A1I1.0A172 π π π ' R121C@C%27$%12%0%=<7A:12 P R0>1C@C%27$%12%0%=<7A:12 &&^-'^+ ;7A08%27$%7I%<:31D@:3%0208JL:D O&P Y7$%7I%<:31D@:3%I7@2D%12% π π (/:81.:3 π π O("# X029:%7I%<:31D@:3%=:<%/:81> O R73A%.7CC72%8:29A/%B"$)%A@<23F B(O+-(^"F R:02%B φ φ - ψ ψ F φ φ ψ ψ B&)-&^F KA02D0<D%D:g10A172%I7<%B φ φ - ψ ψ F φ φ ψ ψ ,19@<:%"0 =731A172%3=:.1I1.%B φ φ - ψ ψ F φ φ ψ ψ *0<=8@3%B"NN+F%H<7A:12%K.1$%)]"^'+(&'$

  12. !"#$%&'"&('&(") H.:&$ π π >9&)+-&*$+#$2'.,&+#* π π H<7A:12 HQ5 X:31D@:3 Y7$ Y7$ 1D 12g78g:D 7I 7I A@<23 W53 ,@C0<03: ",b[ "&N WHYQQaY "$) & i8J.79:2%=/73=/7<J803: "H`i ^PP HXXfUaU "$) & K7J?:02%81=7>J9:203: &K5" ^N+ URKWfUY;W "$) & λ (819/A%./012%D1C:< #R6i &+ KKUaii`Y` "$) & λ λ λ Y1A<79:203: &RGY +O K*iaafi "$) & 60A:./78([(C:A/J8A<023I:<03: "aGQ "O' YaGaHi "$' " H/7A7<:0.A1g:%=<7A:12 &HW` +" Y_,*Qa4 "$) & K:<12:%.0<?7>J=:=A1D03: "56K )P a4fi4K__ "$) & ;0?8:%"%7I%f:0g:<%B&'''F%H<7A%K.1$%N]&'"

  13. !"#$%&'"&('&(") (96$+*$ π π >9&)+B$_'"'&`Y π π "$%;/:%B φ φ - ψ ψ F3%0<:%12%27<C088J%jD130887\:Dk%<:91723 φ φ ψ ψ &$%;/:%"e%/78:%0A%1A3%.:2A:<%13% \1D:%:27@9/%A7%8:0D%A7%8733%7I%g02%D:<%f0083%12A:<0.A1723 ?@A%A77%20<<7\%A7%0..7CC7D0A:%\0A:<%BI7<%.7C=:230A172F #$%_2A<7=1.%<:03723%( I7@<%<:31D@:3%2::D%A7%?:%j<:3A<1.A:Dk%A7 9012%72:%/JD<79:2%?72D B\188%D13.@33%A/13%03=:.A%80A:<%12%A/:%.7@<3:F ,<7C%f:0g:<%B&'''F%H<7A%K.1$%N]&'"

  14. !"#$%&'"&('&(") 3 φ φ φ φ @ ψ ψ ψ ψ 4$%+*,'+81,+.#$+#$NJV$ π π π π >9&)+-&* a+<1'&$I"$.;$F'.,C$b#<C$3IJJI4NOMUOU

  15. !"#$%&'"&('&(") a1#-,+.#")$+:2.',"#-&$.;$ π π π π >9&)+-&* *#)P $$$%W%G%_ ;%U%`%_ U%Q%G%_ `%K%l%a%U%4%*%$$$ 4#)O a#)) U#)+ l#)^ K#)# W@C02%I:<<7./:80A03:%B"WX*F `#)& G23:<A172%7I%C:A083%12A7%=<7A7=7<=/J<12 _#)" f1A/12%A/:%I0C18J- G#)' π (/:81>%.723:<g:D%12%A/13%I0C18J π π π Q#^N 3:m@:2.:%31C180<1AJ%g:<J%=77<% U#^P `#^+ 4.1D1.%<:31D@:3% _#^O 08192:D%08729%A/:%:D9:%7I%A/:% π π (/:81>% π π U#^) =0A/%A0n:2%?J%A/:%C:A08%172 ;#^^ _#^# 8:0D3%A7%A/:%0.A1g:%31A: G#^& B=<7=7308F W#^" 31D:%./012%D13=80J%A@<2:D%7II%:>.:=A%I7<%A/0A%7I%i8@ ,7Dh:%M%48(*0<0D09/1%B&''&F%H<7A%_29%")]#)#(P

  16. !"#$%&'"&('&(") b)&-,'.*,",+-$+#,&'"-,+.#* F'.-C$G",)C$D-"%C$H-+C$eHD$3NLLW4$LOMOLVI a+<1'&$N !"#$%&'(%)%*$+(%##&*,-+),.+ *',*$+%#%/#&*,-+*,+#,012#3 "*-),.+4*,.*,- cC$D:C$S9&:C$H.-C$3IJNI4$NUVMNdV^

  17. !"#$%&'"&('&(") b)&-,'.*,",+-$+#,&'"-,+.#* /&,0&&#$,0.$-9"'<&*$7X$ 8&,0&&#$"$-9"'<&$"#%$"$%+2.)&$7X$ 8&,0&&#$,0.$%+2.)&*$7X$ &!&#$8&,0&&#$,9&$*+%&$-9"+#$",.:*$.;$,9&$"'.:",+-$":+#.$"-+%* I<7C%&R5) H/:2J8080212:%BH/:-%,F ;J<7312:%B;J<-%`F ;<J=A7=/02%B;<=-%fF

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