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H.Tatsuno@20150930 KEK測定器開発セミナー 1 KEK測定器開発セミナー 2015年9月30日 荷電粒子ビーム環境における超伝導遷移端 X 線検出器の性能評価 竜野 秀行 (KEK / NIST) 頭脳循環プロジェクト「超伝導検出器の原子核実験への応用」 H igh-resolution E xotic A tom x-ray spectroscopy with T ransition- E dge S ensors

H.Tatsuno@20150930 KEK測定器開発セミナー 2 1. Introduction 2. (X-ray) Transition Edge Sensor 3. Test experiment at PSI 4. Analysis 5. Summary and Outlook Contents

H.Tatsuno@20150930 KEK測定器開発セミナー 3 Introduction

H.Tatsuno@20150930 KEK測定器開発セミナー 4 Exotic atom spectroscopy ・ QED test (µ-atoms) ・ CPT symmetry (H, p-He) ・ Proton radius (µ-H) ・ Mass (p, π -,K-) ・ Strong force (p, π -,K-) p K − uu u s d strong force with strangeness

H.Tatsuno@20150930 KEK測定器開発セミナー 低エネルギーでは相互作用が強 くなり計算は難しい エキゾチック原子はほぼ静止系 での強い相互作用を研究できる “ 強い力の漸近的自由性 ” 高エネルギーで強い相互作用は弱くなる → 低エネルギー QCD の理解 S. Bethke / Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics 58 (2007) 351–386 5

H.Tatsuno@20150930 KEK測定器開発セミナー 6 Kaonic atoms Coulomb capture ・ ~10 3 times reduced mass e − K − beam ・ keV order energy levels stop ・ highly excited states n *~30 for 4 He Nucleus � m ∗ K n ∗ ∼ n e m e m K * reduced kaon mass m e = 0 . 511 MeV m K = 493 . 7 MeV m α = 3727 . 4 MeV

H.Tatsuno@20150930 KEK測定器開発セミナー 7 Kaonic atoms X-ray Cascade down Auger (de-excitation) ・ Auger & radiative K − ・ nuclear absorption Nucleus ・ time scale ~ ps Strong interaction ・ shift and width X-ray detector Coulomb + Δ E: shift Strong Γ : width Coulomb only

8 H.Tatsuno@20150930 KEK測定器開発セミナー KN Interaction Deser-Trueman の式 Γ 1s ~ 500 eV K − ∆ E 1 s + i Γ 1 s = 2 α 3 µ 2 a K − p Δ E 1s ~ 300 eV 2 p M.Bazzi et al., Phys. Lett. scattering length B 704, 113 (2012) Kaonic Hydrogen T. Yamazaki, Y. Akaishi / Physics Letters B 535 (2002) 70–76 Λ (1405) high-dense matter 3 quarks (uds)? meson - baryon?

H.Tatsuno@20150930 KEK測定器開発セミナー 9 K-nucleus potential radius nuclear bound state? shallow deep atomic state K-nucleus Interaction K − K − pp K − pp n 3 He K-nucleus cluster K − 4 He Kaonic Helium Theories: two approaches open question! 1. Phenomenological approach ‘deep potential’ 2. Chiral unitary model ‘shallow potential’ 1. C.J. Batty, E. Friedman, and A. Gal, Phys. Rep. 287, 385 (1997) 2. S. Hirenzaki, Y. Okumura, H. Toki, E. Oset, A. Ramos, Phys. Rev. C 61, 055205 (2000)

H.Tatsuno@20150930 KEK測定器開発セミナー 10 K-He Strong Interaction Shift (Theory) J. Yamagata-Sekihara and S. Hirenzaki : A recent theoretical — Strong-interaction Shift & Width calc. calculation E. Hiyama : — Charge-density dist calc. for 4 He& 3 He deep shallow two typical models : [Pheno.] Mares, Friedman, Gal, NPA770(06)84 Phenomenological Chiral unitary [Chiral] Ramos, Oset, NPA671(00)481 V opt (r=0) ~ - (180 + 73i) MeV V opt (r=0) ~ - (40 + 55i) MeV preliminary K- 4 He 3d-2p (6.4 keV) -0.41 eV -0.09 eV K- 3 He 3d-2p (6.2 keV) 0.23 eV -0.10 eV Isotope shift (K- 4 He - K- 3 He) -0.64 eV 0.01 eV Width : 2 ~ 4 eV

H.Tatsuno@20150930 KEK測定器開発セミナー 11 K-He Strong Interaction Shift (Theory) J. Yamagata-Sekihara and S. Hirenzaki : A recent theoretical — Strong-interaction Shift & Width calc. calculation E. Hiyama : — Charge-density dist calc. for 4 He& 3 He deep shallow two typical models : [Pheno.] Mares, Friedman, Gal, NPA770(06)84 Phenomenological Chiral unitary [Chiral] Ramos, Oset, NPA671(00)481 V opt (r=0) ~ - (180 + 73i) MeV V opt (r=0) ~ - (40 + 55i) MeV preliminary K- 4 He 3d-2p (6.4 keV) -0.41 eV -0.09 eV K- 3 He 3d-2p (6.2 keV) 0.23 eV -0.10 eV Isotope shift (K- 4 He - K- 3 He) -0.64 eV 0.01 eV Width : 2 ~ 4 eV Dominant systematic uncertainty (~0.15 eV) due to kaon-mass uncertainty will be cancelled.

H.Tatsuno@20150930 KEK測定器開発セミナー 12 . . . K-He Strong Interaction Shift Detector: SDD 20 2p Level Shift [eV] - 4 : K - He - 3 : K - He 10 Δ E 2p [eV] 0 E1 @KEK-PS E2 E3 (Japan) -10 @DAΦNE (Italy) -20 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Publication year S.Okada et al., Phys. Lett. B 653, 387 (2007) M.Bazzi et al., Phys. Lett. B 681, 310 (2009) M.Bazzi et al., Phys. Lett. B 697, 199 (2011)

H.Tatsuno@20150930 KEK測定器開発セミナー 13 . . . K-He Strong Interaction Shift Detector: SDD SDD ±2 eV 20 2p Level Shift [eV] - 4 : K - He 2 Isotop shift (K 4 He - K 3 He) [eV] - 3 : K - He 1.5 10 preliminary Δ E 2p [eV] 1 Chiral 0 0.5 E1 @KEK-PS 0 E2 E3 (Japan) -10 0.5 − @DAΦNE (Italy) Phen 1 − -20 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1.5 − Publication year 2 − S.Okada et al., Phys. Lett. B 653, 387 (2007) M.Bazzi et al., Phys. Lett. B 681, 310 (2009) M.Bazzi et al., Phys. Lett. B 697, 199 (2011)

H.Tatsuno@20150930 KEK測定器開発セミナー . . . 14 K-He Strong Interaction Shift Detector: SDD SDD ±2 eV 20 2p Level Shift [eV] - 4 : K - He 2 Isotop shift (K 4 He - K 3 He) [eV] - 3 : K - He 1.5 10 preliminary Δ E 2p [eV] TES 1 ±0.2 eV Chiral 0 0.5 E1 @KEK-PS 0 E2 E3 (Japan) -10 Goal 0.5 − @DAΦNE (Italy) Phen J-PARC E62 1 − -20 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1.5 − Publication year 2 − S.Okada et al., Phys. Lett. B 653, 387 (2007) M.Bazzi et al., Phys. Lett. B 681, 310 (2009) New measurement technique ! M.Bazzi et al., Phys. Lett. B 697, 199 (2011)

H.Tatsuno@20150930 KEK測定器開発セミナー 15 Transition Edge Sensor

H.Tatsuno@20150930 KEK測定器開発セミナー 吸収体 Bi G 1 G 2 Si Si 3 N 4 T b C 1 T 1 C 2 16 T 2 TES and electro-thermal feedback α = d log R Thermometer sensitivity Width of transition edge Δ E~ a few mK Δ T a few mK d log T Resistance R N Thermometer X-ray energy : E Ener super- normal super- normal- conducting conducting T conducting conducting Absorber sate sate Heat capacity : C state state bias point ~ pJ/K R 0 /R N ~0.2 Thermal conductance : G 0 Temperature ~ 100 mK ~ nW/K Low temperature heat sink E max ∝ C r k B T 2 C --> developed by Stanford / NIST at the beginning ∆ E = 2 . 355 α α I b TES τ rise ~L/(R sh +R 0 ) ∝ E/C τ fall ~C/G L R 0 R sh SQUID SQUID Readout

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) K.D. Irwin and G.C. Hilton, Cryogenic Particle Detection column Feedback M Feedback 1 Feedback 2 Out M Out 1 Out 2 row S QU I D 8 columns Bi a s 30 rows B o x ca r M o d u l a t i o n D e t ec t or F u n c t i o n s Bi a s t row =320ns TES TES TES R S H R S H R S H I 1 ( t ) I 1 ( t ) t flame =9.6 μ s t i m e R A R A R A R A TES TES TES I 2 ( t ) R S H R S H R S H I 2 ( t ) t i m e R A R A R A R A 1ch TES TES TES R S H R S H R S H I N ( t ) I N ( t ) t i m e R A R A R A 9.6 μ s SQUID noise √ N row time electrical cross talk in a column 17

H.Tatsuno@20150930 KEK測定器開発セミナー 18 NIST TES system TES Spectrometer J.N. Ullom et al., Synchrotron Radiation News, Vol. 27, 24 (2014) Au coated Si collimator Bi + TES 1cm Photo credit : J. Uhlig Cryostat ‣ NIST designed cryostat ・ Pulse tube (50K, 3K) + ADR (1K, 50mK) ‣ Pulse tube (60K,3K) + ADR (1K, 50mK) ‣ ADR hold time: > 1 day ・ Temp regulation (75mK) hold time 36 hours ‣ Manufactured by High Precision Devices, Inc. 
 ・ Manufactured by HPD, designed at NIST http://www.hpd-online.com/102_cryostat.php ‣ Detector snout TES array ‣ 240 pixel Mo-Cu bilayer TES 
 33 cm ・ 240 pixel Mo-Cu bilayer TES 30 ch TDM(time division multiplexing) readout ・ 4-µm thick Bi absorber → 85% efficiency at 6 keV ‣ 1 pixel : 300 x 320 um ‣ 4 um Bi absorber → efficiency ~0.85@6 keV, ~0.4@10 keV ・ pixel area: 305 µm x 320 µm → total 23mm 2 8

NbTi magnet coil (9A, 4T) salt pills 1K and 50mK stages FAA GGG GGG Ferric- Ammonium Alum Gadolinium-Gallium Garnet ~40mK ~600mK 19

H.Tatsuno@20150930 KEK測定器開発セミナー 20 Experiment