with the same thinking that created them -- Albert Einstein ENERGY - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
We can not solve the problems that we have created with the same thinking that created them -- Albert Einstein ENERGY ACCESS AND CLIMATE CHANGE: A DEVELOPING COUNTRY PERSPECTIVE B. Sudhakara Reddy Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research
Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research Mumbai, India
In India 450 million people have no access to electricity and an additional 500 million people have access to unreliable electricity 780 million people cook using traditional fuels Reasons (i) Accessibility (ii) Affordability
Loss of natural resources Prohibits economic opportunities and growth Social inequity between gender, groups and regions Degrades environment: local, national, and global
Region Category Population (million) Households (million) Share of HH having access to LPG/Biogas (%) Current level of access (%) Target (million) Urban
Mega (more than 10 million) cities 53 10.6 90 Metros (5–10 million) 32 6.4 85 Other cities (0.5–5 million) 101 20.2 75 Small towns (less than 0.5 million) 191 38.2 50 Total 375 84 65 29
Rural
835 167 11 11.0 148
Year Village electrification Households electrification Villages electrified % share CAGR (%) Households (million) Electrified (%) CAGR (%)
1947 1500 0.28 1951 3061 0.57 8.2 61 0.02 1961 21750 4.03 24.34 68 1.5 1.2 1971 106931 19.81 19.36 78 5.1 1.5 1981 273906 50.75 11.02 92 14.7 1.9 1991 474982 88.00 6.31 114 30.5 2.4 2001 481124 89.14 0.14 137 43.5 2.1 2011 493240 91.38 0.28 167 55.0 2.2
Region/Energy Carriers
% share of HH using various fuels Poor Non-poor Total
Rural
Solid 93.5 66.4 75.1 Liquid 3.7 11.5 8.9 Gas/Elec. 1.1 21.3 14.7 No cooking 1.7 0.8 1.1 Total households (million) 52 110 167
Urban
Solid 85.5 32.3 47.5 Liquid 6.7 4.5 5.1 Gas/Elec. 4.5 62.1 45.7 No cooking 3.3 1.1 1.7 Total households (million)
25 59 84
Item Losses/year Productive time for adults (billion Hrs) 110 Productive time for children (billion Hrs) 78 Resources
– Kerosene/Petro. products imports (billion US$)
3.7
– Forests/plantation (million hectares) 3.0
Health – working days lost (billion Hrs) 1.02 Education – loss of hours (billion Hrs) 78 Pollution (Mt of CO2) 694
Each household’s BASIC ENERGY REQUIREMENT is comprised of – Light - four to five hours per day – Fan – six to eight hours a day – power point supplying electricity - power a TV or charge cell phone – Efficient cooking services – Cooking – Gasseous fuels In rural and per-urban areas a community biogas digester can supply cooking energy services. – Lighting: Electric power Hilly regions/Dispersed population – off grid Village not electrified - De-centralised renewable source Village electrified-HH not electrified – National Grid
Cooking Lighting
Rural Urban Total
Total No of HH (million)
167 84 251 HH 74
HH deprived (million)
148 8 156 Demand (MW) 7772
Cost of biogas (per m3) plant (Rs.)
5000 8000 Capacity cost (000 s/KW) 60 - 80
Requirement of gas per HH (m3)
1 1 1 T & D cost (000 Rs./KW) 10 - 35
Total installation cost (billion Rs.)
743 67 810 Cost/village (Rs. million) 0.9 to 1.4
Piping requirement (m) per HH
25 15 25 Total cost (Rs. billion) 817
Piping cost per km (Rs.)
60000 60000 60000 Street lighting 5.4
Piping cost (Rs. billion)
166 11 176 Grand total 823
Total cost (Rs. billion)
965 75 1040
Time saved for household chores/increased leisure 5.5 Productivity/Home business Existing 3.2 New 2.3 Lighting 10.3 TV 7.5 Education 6.2 Improved health 0.02 Reduced fertility 0.08 Energy savings (GJ/annum) 8.0 Carbon savings (Total HH/year 43.0
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