Using Natural Resource Wealth to Using Natural Resource Wealth to Improve Improve Access to Access to Water and Sanitation Water and Sanitation David Doepel Ryan Admiraal Mark McHenry Judy Walls Africa Research Group Murdoch University
Mining in Africa Using Natural In 2011, 5 of the top 20 fastest growing world Resource Wealth to economies (in terms of GDP) were in Sub-Saharan Improve Access to Africa with mining being a key contributor to this Water and Sanitation growth. 1 Mining accounts for roughly 50% of GDP in Gabon and the Republic of Congo and approximately 40% of GDP in Botswana. 2 The African continent ranks either first or second in deposits of a broad range of minerals, including bauxite, chromite, cobalt, diamond, manganese, phosphate rock, platinum-group metals, soda ash, and zirconium. 3 1 International Monetary Fund, 2012. 2 U.S. Geological Survey, 2013. 3 Bray, 2012; Corathers, 2012; Gambogi, 2012; Jasinski, 2012; Kostick, 2012; Loferski, 2012; Olson, 2012; Papp, 2012; Shedd, 2012.
Flip Sides of the Same Coin Using Natural Resource Wealth to Improve Access to Water and Sanitation PRO : Mining carries significant economic potential for developing nations in Sub-Saharan Africa. CON : Mining introduces new pressures in cities and towns along mining corridors.
Pressures on Communities Using Natural Resource Wealth to Improve Resettlement Access to Water and Sanitation Repurposing of land Population influx Pressures on existing infrastructure, including water supply and both solid and human waste disposal. Health impacts. Economic pressures on individuals
The Project Using Natural Resource Wealth to Improve Access to “Using Natural Resource Wealth to Improve Access to Water and Sanitation Water and Sanitation” aims to build the case for long-term investment of mineral resource revenues into the water and sanitation sector. Considered in the context of mining corridors. Improved access to and quality of water and sanitation has a variety of direct benefits for communities, but there are also co-benefits that are frequently overlooked.
Nacala Corridor, Mozambique Using Natural Resource Wealth to Improve Access to Water and Sanitation
NAMWASH Programme Using Natural Resource Wealth to Improve The towns of Ribaue, Mecuburi, Rapale, Namialo, and Access to Water and Monapo were all included in the Nampula Water, Sanitation Sanitation and Hygiene (NAMWASH) Programme. These towns all have growth rates above the Mozambican average and lie along the Nacala corridor. Programme funded by the Australian Government and implemented by UNICEF Mozambique. Included a baseline survey to establish water and sanitation conditions in these towns.
Nacala Corridor, Mozambique Using Natural Resource Wealth to Improve Access to Water and Sanitation
Water Source Usage Using Natural Resource Wealth to Improve 0.5 Access to Water and Sanitation 0.4 Percentage 0.3 0.2 0.1 p p e l l l l g g d a a l e e n n n o W W t t i i o d c h p r p r P e r l i d d S S a b r e e , Y o e u B t t d d k P c c e e e e a t t L t t c c o o e e r r m , P p o t o t n r r a U P p e n r U t S , r e v R i Water Source
Commonly Used Water Sources Using Natural Resource Wealth to Improve Access to Water and Sanitation Unprotected Well Borehole
Latrine Type Usage Using Natural Resource Wealth to Improve Access to Water and Sanitation 0.6 Percentage 0.4 0.2 m ) ) ) ) e e ) n m r e b l e e a n n o e p a i i i b l i e t t i l r r r t t s a p s e t t a a s y w a a c y t e a t l l u r s n e s l t m a l d d f r a e e e e t e u v r c t a c e i r o d C a t n d g a a n b l n n w n o o h m a l S l e a c r o a p g u c i n h b h r O t d E e n i i t a i t w l w f a n s o ( ( m u h b R e t e n i n a r w o r i r i s l t ( t b a a h e a l n l t l d d w i s r i e t e ( o v a v e n o l o ( r P r n p p i e I r m V m t n a i I I l r t a l a l n o a l i n i t o d i a i t r d T a r T Latrine Type
Anticipated Benefits of Improved Water Supply Using Natural Resource Better water quality: Wealth to Improve Access to Water and Improved sources have significantly better water Sanitation quality, both in terms of colony forming units (CFUs) and turbidity. This improvement in water quality does not necessarily carry over to the home (e.g. improper cleaning of water transport containers). Highlights that water interventions must be accompanied by sanitation and hygiene interventions.
Anticipated Benefits of Improved Water Supply Increased water consumption: Decreased time collecting water: Using Natural Resource Wealth to Water Source Type Water Consumption Water Source Type Time Collecting Water Improve (in litres) (in min/day) Access to Yard tap 25.88 (21.17, 30.59) Piped 35.13 (26.53, 43.72) Water and Public tap/standpipe 20.67 (17.14, 24.19) Other improved 56.82 (53.08, 60.57) Sanitation Borehole 17.18 (16.23, 18.14) Unimproved 56.03 (52.72, 59.34) Protected well 16.03 (13.25, 18.81) Unprotected well 17.54 (16.75, 18.32) Protected spring 7.33 (6.41, 8.26) Unprotected spring 26.67 River, stream, lake, pond 23.69 (19.05, 28.34)
Anticipated Benefits of Improved Water Supply Using Natural Improved Health and Reduced Incidence of Childhood Resource Wealth to Death: Improve Access to Water and Sanitation Those living with HIV require increased quantity of water. 4 Reduced incidence of water-borne diseases such as diarrhoea. Second leading cause of death for children under the age of five in Africa. 5 Incidence estimated to be 8.45% for children under the age of five in these communities. 4 WaterAID, 2009. 5 Liu et al., 2010
Anticipated Benefits of Improved Sanitation Using Natural Resource Wealth to Improve Access to Water and Solid and human waste removal not considered to be a Sanitation pressing issue for these towns, and household latrines were quite clean. Increased privacy and security, especially for women and girls: Result of a reduction in the number of individuals using open defecation/cat method.
Anticipated Benefits of Improved Sanitation Using Natural Resource Wealth to Increased School Attendance for Girls: Improve Access to Water and Sanitation Improvements could be made in schools, where, in spite of the overwhelming majority of latrines being improved: only approximately 25% were judged to be clean, only 10% had locks, and none had sanitary bins in girls’ latrines. The odds of boys using schools latrine were approximately 2.5 times higher than that of girls.
Additional Benefits Using Natural Resource Increased business opportunities: Wealth to Improve Access to Water and Increased spending on improved water supply and Sanitation sanitation potentially creates new business opportunities. Water infrastructure development/rehabilitation, latrine slab construction and selling, waste removal services, etc. Greater earning potential: Time saved in getting water or finding a place to defecate can potentially be used for income-generating work.
Laying the Case for Investment in Water and Sanitation Using Natural Both governments and industry strive to maximise Resource Wealth to return on investment. Improve Access to Water and If water and sanitation improvements have already Sanitation been made, this return on investment can be estimated through a cost-benefit analysis. Incorporates the actual costs for the (ongoing) water and sanitation improvements and the amount that individuals are paying for these improvements. If improvements have yet to be made, a return on investment can be estimated through willingness to pay for the improvements. Focusing only on payments for water and sanitation services misses much of the value in water and sanitation improvements.
Laying the Case for Investment in Water and Sanitation Using Natural Resource It is vital that analyses additionally provide an economic Wealth to Improve measure of the values of: Access to Water and improved health (through reduction in water-borne Sanitation diseases), reduced incidence of childhood death, increased school attendance, new job creation, increased earning potential, etc. Market values may be obtained for some benefits if enough time has elapsed from implementation of water and sanitation improvements. Otherwise, the contingent valuation method can be used to provide estimates. 6 6 Urama et al., 2006; Spash et al., 2006
Sources I Using Natural Resource Bray, E. L. (2012). Bauxite and alumina: U.S. Geological Wealth to Improve Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2012 , pp. 26–27. Access to Water and Sanitation Corathers, L. A. (2012). Manganese: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2012 , pp. 100–101. Gambogi, J. (2012). Zirconium and Hafnium: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2012 , pp. 190–191. International Monetary Fund (2012). World Economic Outlook Database: October 2012 Edition. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/02/weodata/index.aspx. (Accessed 1 April 2014.)
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