tr t trr t t - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

▶

Nov 27, 2022 112 likes •262 views

tr t trr t t Prt tr rtt tts t

SLIDE 1

■♥tr♦ t♦ ❈♦♥t❡♠♣♦r❛r② ▼❛t❤

❈♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ■♥tr♦

❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t ♦❢ ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s ❯❑

SLIDE 2

❆♥♥♦✉♥❝❡♠❡♥t

◮ ❨♦✉ ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ❤♦♠❡✇♦r❦ ❛ss✐❣♥♠❡♥t ❞✉❡ ♥❡①t ▼♦♥❞❛②✳

SLIDE 3

❙❡q✉❡♥❝❡s ♦❢ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts

❙✉♣♣♦s❡ t✇♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ❛r❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞✱ ♦♥❡ ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r✳ ❲❡ ✇✐❧❧ ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❝❛r❡❢✉❧ ✐❢ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜rst ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t ❛✛❡❝t t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♦♥❡✳

SLIDE 4

❉r❛✇✐♥❣ ❚✇♦ ▼❛r❜❧❡s

❆ ❥❛r ❤❛s t❡♥ ♠❛r❜❧❡s ✲ ✼ ❛r❡ r❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✸ ❛r❡ ❜❧✉❡✳ ■❢ ✇❡ ❞r❛✇ ❥✉st ♦♥❡ ♠❛r❜❧❡✱ t❤❡♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ✐t ❜❡✐♥❣ ❜❧✉❡ ✐s ✸ ❜❧✉❡ ♠❛r❜❧❡s ✶✵ ♠❛r❜❧❡s t♦t❛❧ = ✸ ✶✵. ■❢ ✇❡ ❞r❛✇ ❛ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♠❛r❜❧❡ ✇✐t❤♦✉t r❡♣❧❛❝✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✜rst ♦♥❡✱ ✇❤❛t ✐s t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ✐t ❜❡✐♥❣ ❜❧✉❡❄ ❚❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢

◮ ♠❛r❜❧❡s ❧❡❢t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❥❛r ◮ ❜❧✉❡ ♠❛r❜❧❡s

❤❛✈❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡❞✳

SLIDE 5

❉r❛✇✐♥❣ ❚✇♦ ▼❛r❜❧❡s

❆ ❥❛r ❤❛s t❡♥ ♠❛r❜❧❡s ✲ ✼ ❛r❡ r❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✸ ❛r❡ ❜❧✉❡✳ ■❢ ✇❡ ❞r❛✇ ❥✉st ♦♥❡ ♠❛r❜❧❡✱ t❤❡♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ✐t ❜❡✐♥❣ ❜❧✉❡ ✐s ✸ ❜❧✉❡ ♠❛r❜❧❡s ✶✵ ♠❛r❜❧❡s t♦t❛❧ = ✸ ✶✵. ■❢ ✇❡ ❞r❛✇ ❛ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♠❛r❜❧❡ ✇✐t❤♦✉t r❡♣❧❛❝✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✜rst ♦♥❡✱ ✇❤❛t ✐s t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ✐t ❜❡✐♥❣ ❜❧✉❡❄ ❚❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢

◮ ♠❛r❜❧❡s ❧❡❢t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❥❛r ◮ ❜❧✉❡ ♠❛r❜❧❡s

❤❛✈❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡❞✳

SLIDE 6

❉r❛✇✐♥❣ ❚✇♦ ▼❛r❜❧❡s

❆ ❥❛r ❤❛s t❡♥ ♠❛r❜❧❡s ✲ ✼ ❛r❡ r❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✸ ❛r❡ ❜❧✉❡✳ ■❢ ✇❡ ❞r❛✇ ❥✉st ♦♥❡ ♠❛r❜❧❡✱ t❤❡♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ✐t ❜❡✐♥❣ ❜❧✉❡ ✐s ✸ ❜❧✉❡ ♠❛r❜❧❡s ✶✵ ♠❛r❜❧❡s t♦t❛❧ = ✸ ✶✵. ■❢ ✇❡ ❞r❛✇ ❛ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♠❛r❜❧❡ ✇✐t❤♦✉t r❡♣❧❛❝✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✜rst ♦♥❡✱ ✇❤❛t ✐s t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ✐t ❜❡✐♥❣ ❜❧✉❡❄ ❚❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢

◮ ♠❛r❜❧❡s ❧❡❢t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❥❛r ◮ ❜❧✉❡ ♠❛r❜❧❡s

❤❛✈❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡❞✳

SLIDE 7

❈♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t②

❚❤❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② t❤❛t ❡✈❡♥t F ♦❝❝✉rs✱ ❣✐✈❡♥ t❤❛t ❡✈❡♥t E ✭❤❛s ❛❧r❡❛❞②✮ ♦❝❝✉rr❡❞✱ ✐s ❞❡♥♦t❡❞ ❛s P(F|E). ❚❤✐s ✐s r❡❛❞ ❛s ✏t❤❡ ✭❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧✮ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ F ❣✐✈❡♥ E✳✑ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ P(F|E) ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡s ❝♦✉♥t✐♥❣ ♦✉t❝♦♠❡s ❥✉st ❧✐❦❡ ❢♦r ✉s✉❛❧ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t②✱ ❜✉t ②♦✉ ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ✇❛t❝❤ ♦✉t ❢♦r ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ✐♥✿

◮ t❤❡ t♦t❛❧ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♦✉t❝♦♠❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ◮ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ r❡♠❛✐♥✐♥❣ ♦✉t❝♦♠❡s ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ❜② F

❝❛✉s❡❞ ❜② ❡✈❡♥t E✳

SLIDE 8

❈♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t②

❚❤❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② t❤❛t ❡✈❡♥t F ♦❝❝✉rs✱ ❣✐✈❡♥ t❤❛t ❡✈❡♥t E ✭❤❛s ❛❧r❡❛❞②✮ ♦❝❝✉rr❡❞✱ ✐s ❞❡♥♦t❡❞ ❛s P(F|E). ❚❤✐s ✐s r❡❛❞ ❛s ✏t❤❡ ✭❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧✮ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ F ❣✐✈❡♥ E✳✑ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ P(F|E) ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡s ❝♦✉♥t✐♥❣ ♦✉t❝♦♠❡s ❥✉st ❧✐❦❡ ❢♦r ✉s✉❛❧ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t②✱ ❜✉t ②♦✉ ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ✇❛t❝❤ ♦✉t ❢♦r ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ✐♥✿

◮ t❤❡ t♦t❛❧ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♦✉t❝♦♠❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ◮ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ r❡♠❛✐♥✐♥❣ ♦✉t❝♦♠❡s ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ❜② F

❝❛✉s❡❞ ❜② ❡✈❡♥t E✳

SLIDE 9

❉r❛✇✐♥❣ ❚✇♦ ▼❛r❜❧❡s

❆ ❥❛r ❤❛s t❡♥ ♠❛r❜❧❡s ✲ ✼ ❛r❡ r❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✸ ❛r❡ ❜❧✉❡✳ ■❢ ✇❡ ❞r❛✇ ❥✉st ♦♥❡ ♠❛r❜❧❡✱ t❤❡♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ✐t ❜❡✐♥❣ ❜❧✉❡ ✐s ✸ ❜❧✉❡ ♠❛r❜❧❡s ✶✵ ♠❛r❜❧❡s t♦t❛❧ = ✸ ✶✵. ■❢ t✇♦ ♠❛r❜❧❡s ❛r❡ ❞r❛✇♥ ✭✇✐t❤♦✉t r❡♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥t✮✱ ✇❤❛t ✐s t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❞r❛✇✐♥❣ ❛ ❜❧✉❡ ♠❛r❜❧❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞r❛✇ ❣✐✈❡♥ t❤❛t t❤❡ ✜rst ♠❛r❜❧❡ ❞r❛✇♥ ✇❛s ❜❧✉❡❄ ❙✐♥❝❡ t❤❡ ✜rst ❜❧✉❡ ♠❛r❜❧❡ ✇❛s ♥♦t r❡♣❧❛❝❡❞✱

◮ ❚❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ♦♥❧② ✾ ♠❛r❜❧❡s ❧❡❢t ❢♦r t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞r❛✇✳ ◮ ❚❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ♦♥❧② ✷ ❜❧✉❡ ♠❛r❜❧❡s ❧❡❢t✳

❍❡♥❝❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❞r❛✇✐♥❣ ❛ ❜❧✉❡ ♠❛r❜❧❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞r❛✇ ❣✐✈❡♥ t❤❛t t❤❡ ✜rst ♠❛r❜❧❡ ❞r❛✇♥ ✇❛s ❜❧✉❡ ✐s ✷ ❜❧✉❡ ♠❛r❜❧❡s ❧❡❢t ✾ ♠❛r❜❧❡s ❧❡❢t = ✷ ✾.

SLIDE 10

❉r❛✇✐♥❣ ❚✇♦ ▼❛r❜❧❡s

❆ ❥❛r ❤❛s t❡♥ ♠❛r❜❧❡s ✲ ✼ ❛r❡ r❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✸ ❛r❡ ❜❧✉❡✳ ■❢ ✇❡ ❞r❛✇ ❥✉st ♦♥❡ ♠❛r❜❧❡✱ t❤❡♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ✐t ❜❡✐♥❣ ❜❧✉❡ ✐s ✸ ❜❧✉❡ ♠❛r❜❧❡s ✶✵ ♠❛r❜❧❡s t♦t❛❧ = ✸ ✶✵. ■❢ t✇♦ ♠❛r❜❧❡s ❛r❡ ❞r❛✇♥ ✭✇✐t❤♦✉t r❡♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥t✮✱ ✇❤❛t ✐s t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❞r❛✇✐♥❣ ❛ ❜❧✉❡ ♠❛r❜❧❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞r❛✇ ❣✐✈❡♥ t❤❛t t❤❡ ✜rst ♠❛r❜❧❡ ❞r❛✇♥ ✇❛s ❜❧✉❡❄ ❙✐♥❝❡ t❤❡ ✜rst ❜❧✉❡ ♠❛r❜❧❡ ✇❛s ♥♦t r❡♣❧❛❝❡❞✱

❍❡♥❝❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❞r❛✇✐♥❣ ❛ ❜❧✉❡ ♠❛r❜❧❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞r❛✇ ❣✐✈❡♥ t❤❛t t❤❡ ✜rst ♠❛r❜❧❡ ❞r❛✇♥ ✇❛s ❜❧✉❡ ✐s ✷ ❜❧✉❡ ♠❛r❜❧❡s ❧❡❢t ✾ ♠❛r❜❧❡s ❧❡❢t = ✷ ✾.

SLIDE 11

❉r❛✇✐♥❣ ❚✇♦ ▼❛r❜❧❡s

❆ ❥❛r ❤❛s t❡♥ ♠❛r❜❧❡s ✲ ✼ ❛r❡ r❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✸ ❛r❡ ❜❧✉❡✳ ■❢ ✇❡ ❞r❛✇ ❥✉st ♦♥❡ ♠❛r❜❧❡✱ t❤❡♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ✐t ❜❡✐♥❣ ❜❧✉❡ ✐s ✸ ❜❧✉❡ ♠❛r❜❧❡s ✶✵ ♠❛r❜❧❡s t♦t❛❧ = ✸ ✶✵. ■❢ t✇♦ ♠❛r❜❧❡s ❛r❡ ❞r❛✇♥ ✭✇✐t❤♦✉t r❡♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥t✮✱ ✇❤❛t ✐s t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❞r❛✇✐♥❣ ❛ ❜❧✉❡ ♠❛r❜❧❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞r❛✇ ❣✐✈❡♥ t❤❛t t❤❡ ✜rst ♠❛r❜❧❡ ❞r❛✇♥ ✇❛s ❜❧✉❡❄ ❙✐♥❝❡ t❤❡ ✜rst ❜❧✉❡ ♠❛r❜❧❡ ✇❛s ♥♦t r❡♣❧❛❝❡❞✱

❍❡♥❝❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❞r❛✇✐♥❣ ❛ ❜❧✉❡ ♠❛r❜❧❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞r❛✇ ❣✐✈❡♥ t❤❛t t❤❡ ✜rst ♠❛r❜❧❡ ❞r❛✇♥ ✇❛s ❜❧✉❡ ✐s ✷ ❜❧✉❡ ♠❛r❜❧❡s ❧❡❢t ✾ ♠❛r❜❧❡s ❧❡❢t = ✷ ✾.

SLIDE 12

❄✭✺✶ ✷✳✶✮ ❉r❛✇✐♥❣ ❚✇♦ ▼❛r❜❧❡s

❆ ❥❛r ❤❛s t❡♥ ♠❛r❜❧❡s ✲ ✼ ❛r❡ r❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✸ ❛r❡ ❜❧✉❡✳ ■❢ t✇♦ ♠❛r❜❧❡s ❛r❡ ❞r❛✇♥ ✭✇✐t❤♦✉t r❡♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥t✮✱ ✇❤❛t ✐s t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❞r❛✇✐♥❣ ❛ ❜❧✉❡ ♠❛r❜❧❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞r❛✇ ❣✐✈❡♥ t❤❛t t❤❡ ✜rst ♠❛r❜❧❡ ❞r❛✇♥ ✇❛s r❡❞❄

SLIDE 13

❉r❛✇✐♥❣ ❚✇♦ ▼❛r❜❧❡s

❆ ❥❛r ❤❛s t❡♥ ♠❛r❜❧❡s ✲ ✼ ❛r❡ r❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✸ ❛r❡ ❜❧✉❡✳ ■❢ t✇♦ ♠❛r❜❧❡s ❛r❡ ❞r❛✇♥ ✭✇✐t❤♦✉t r❡♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥t✮✱ ✇❤❛t ✐s t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❞r❛✇✐♥❣ ❛ ❜❧✉❡ ♠❛r❜❧❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞r❛✇ ❣✐✈❡♥ t❤❛t t❤❡ ✜rst ♠❛r❜❧❡ ❞r❛✇♥ ✇❛s r❡❞❄ ❙✐♥❝❡ t❤❡ ✜rst r❡❞ ♠❛r❜❧❡ ✇❛s ♥♦t r❡♣❧❛❝❡❞✱

◮ ❚❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ♦♥❧② ✾ ♠❛r❜❧❡s ❧❡❢t ❢♦r t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞r❛✇✳ ◮ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ st✐❧❧ ✸ ❜❧✉❡ ♠❛r❜❧❡s ❧❡❢t✳

❍❡♥❝❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❞r❛✇✐♥❣ ❛ ❜❧✉❡ ♠❛r❜❧❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞r❛✇ ❣✐✈❡♥ t❤❛t t❤❡ ✜rst ♠❛r❜❧❡ ❞r❛✇♥ ✇❛s r❡❞ ✐s ✸ ❜❧✉❡ ♠❛r❜❧❡s ❧❡❢t ✾ ♠❛r❜❧❡s ❧❡❢t = ✸ ✾.