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The Internet Protocol (IP) The Blood of the Internet 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas "Information Superhighway is really an acronym for 'Interactive Network For Organizing, Retrieving, Manipulating, Accessing And Transferring Information On

  1. The Internet Protocol (IP) The Blood of the Internet 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas

  2. "Information Superhighway is really an acronym for 'Interactive Network For Organizing, Retrieving, Manipulating, Accessing And Transferring Information On National Systems, Unleashing Practically Every Rebellious Human Intelligence, Gratifying Hackers, Wiseacres, And Yahoos'." Keven Kwaku

  3. The Internet Protocol (IP)  Introduction  IP Addressing  IP Header  IP Address Format  Address Classes  Class A - E  Subnetting, VLSM  IP Fragmentation 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 3

  4. Need of an Inter-Net Protocol (1) Host 3 Host 2 Host 1 No interconnection Host 2 possible !!! Host 3 Host 1  Different Data-Link Layer Host 2  Different frames Host 3  Different protocol handling  Different Physical Layer  Different hardware Host 1  Different signals 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 4

  5. Need of an Inter-Net Protocol (2) 3.3 3.2 Network 3 Network 2 3.1 Gateway 2.2 3.4 2.3 Gateway 2.1 2.4  Common internetworking layer 1.2  One packet type 1.3 Network 1  Gateways terminate layer 1 and 2  Layer 3 addresses identify  Not only Host  But also Network 1.1 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 5

  6. IP Introduction (1)  Packet switching technology  Packet switch = router = "gateway" (IETF terminology)  End system is called IP host  Layer 3 address (Structured)  Datagram Service  Connectionless  Best effort delivery 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 6

  7. IP Introduction (2)  Shared responsibility  Both network and hosts must take care for delivery (!)  Routers deliver datagrams to remote hosts based on IP address  Hosts responsible for end-to-end control  End-to-end control relies on TCP  Layer 4 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 7

  8. IP Introduction (3) OSI TCP/IP Protocol Suite 7 Layer Model Application HTTP FTP SMTP Telnet DNS DHCP TFTP etc. (US-ASCII and MIME) Presentation Routing Session Protocols UDP RIP, OSPF, TCP Transport (User Datagram BGP, EGP (Transmission Control Protocol) Protocol) ICMP Network Internet Protocol (IP) RARP ARP Inverse ARP IP over Link ATM IEEE 802.2 X.25 Frame Relay PPP Physical RFC 1483 RFC 1042 RFC 1356 RFC 1490 RFC 1661 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 8

  9. IP Introduction (4)  IP over anything: Overlay Technique  IP can be easily integrated upon layer 2 technologies  Open development quickly adapts to new transport and switching methods  End-to-end principle  Only hosts must be intelligent (TCP)  Routers remain simple 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 9

  10. IP Introduction (5)  TCP cares for reliability  Connection oriented  Error recovery  Flow control  Sequencing  IP is the router's language  No idea about applications  Best effort delivery 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 10

  11. IP Introduction (6)  Request for Comments (RFCs)  De facto standards for the Internet  Initially posted by snail mail  IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) reviews and confirms them  RFCs are numbered in sequence of publishing  Everybody may write an RFC (!) 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 11

  12. Internet Organizations RARE ISOC (Reseaux Associes pour la (Internet Society) Recherche Europeen) IAB IETF IRTF 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 12

  13. The IP Header 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 Vers HLEN TOS Total Length Identification Flags Fragment Offset TTL Protocol Header Checksum Source IP Address Destination IP Address Padding Options (variable length) PAYLOAD (Encapsulated Higher Layer Packets) 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 13

  14. The IP Address  Dotted Decimal Notation Binary IP Address: 1100000010101000000000100000001 Decimal Value: 3232235777 Decimal Representation per byte : 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 192 168 1 1 192 . 168 . 1 . 1 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 14

  15. IP Address Classes  Net-ID? Host-ID?  5 Classes defined!  A (1-127)  B (128-191)  C (192-223)  D (224-239, Multicast)  E (240-254, Experimental)  Classes define number of address- bits for net-id 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 15

  16. IP Address Classes Classes are defined by „first octet rule“ Class A 0 Net-ID Host-ID Class B 1 0 Net-ID Host-ID Class C 1 1 0 Net-ID Host-ID Class D 1 1 1 0 Multicast Addresses Class E 1 1 1 1 Experimental Use 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 16

  17. Broadcasts and Networks  All ones in the host-part represents „network-broadcast“ (10.255.255.255)  All ones in the net-part and host- part represents „limited broadcast in this network” (255.255.255.255)  All zeros in the host-part represents the „network-address“ (10.0.0.0) 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 17

  18. Reserved Addresses  Address range for private use  10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255  172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255  192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255  RFC 1918  Network 127.x.x.x is reserved for "Loopback" 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 18

  19. Addressing Example 172.16.0.1 172.16.0.2 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2 192.168.1.3 172.16.0.0 192.168.1.0 172.16.0.2 192.168.1.253 192.168.1.254 E0 E0 E0 192.168.4.2 S1 S1 192.168.4.1 S0 S0 E1 192.168.4.0 192.168.3.2 192.168.2.2 172.20.0.254 172.20.0.0 192.168.3.0 192.168.2.0 172.20.0.1 172.20.0.2 192.168.3.1 S1 192.168.2.1 S0 E0 10.0.0.254 10.0.0.0 10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 19

  20. IP Limited Broadcast 172.16.0.1 172.16.0.2 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2 192.168.1.3 172.16.0.0 192.168.1.0 172.16.0.2 192.168.1.253 192.168.1.254 E0 E0 E0 192.168.4.2 S1 S1 192.168.4.1 S0 S0 E1 192.168.4.0 192.168.3.2 192.168.2.2 172.20.0.254 172.20.0.0 192.168.3.0 192.168.2.0 172.20.0.1 172.20.0.2 192.168.3.1 S1 192.168.2.1 S0 E0 10.0.0.254 10.0.0.0 Host 10.0.0.2 sends out a datagram to IP destination 255.255.255.255 10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 20

  21. IP Directed Broadcast 172.16.0.1 172.16.0.2 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2 192.168.1.3 172.16.0.0 192.168.1.0 172.16.0.2 192.168.1.253 192.168.1.254 E0 E0 E0 192.168.4.2 S1 S1 192.168.4.1 S0 S0 E1 192.168.4.0 192.168.3.2 192.168.2.2 172.20.0.254 172.20.0.0 192.168.3.0 192.168.2.0 172.20.0.1 172.20.0.2 192.168.3.1 S1 192.168.2.1 S0 E0 10.0.0.254 10.0.0.0 Host 10.0.0.2 sends out a datagram to IP destination 192.168.1.255 10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 21

  22. Classful Address Waste Total Allocated Allocated % Class A 126 48 54% Class B 16383 7006 43% Class C 2097151 40724 2% Network Number Statistics, April 1992 (Source: RFC 1335)  Two-level hierarchy was sufficient in the early days of the Internet  The growing sizes of LANs demanded for a third hierarchical level  "Subnetting" allows to identify some bits of the host-ID to be interpreted as "Subnet" 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 22

  23. Subnetting Example Class B Address: 172.16.1.5, Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Classful Address: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Subnet Mask: 172.16 .1 .5 Result: Net-ID Subnet-ID Host-ID Alternative (newer) notation: 172.16.1.5 /24 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 23

  24. Subnet Zero / Subnet Broadcast  Consider network 10.0.0.0  Is it a class A net "10" ?  Or do we have a subnet "10.0" ?  Consider broadcast 10.255.255.255  Is it a directed broadcast for the whole net 10 ?  Or only for the subnet 10.255 ?  Subnet zero and subnet broadcast can be ambiguous! 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 24

  25. Subnet Example 1 "Use the class A network 10.0.0.0 and 8 bit subnetting" 1) That is: 10.0.0.0 with 255.255.0.0 (pseudo class B) or 10.0.0.0/16 2) Resulting subnetworks: 10.1.0.1 First IP host in network 10.1.0.0 10.0.0.0 Subnet zero 10.1.0.2 Second IP host in network 10.1.0.0 10.1.0.0 ... 10.2.0.0 10.1.255.254 Last IP host in network 10.1.0.0 10.1.255.255 Directed broadcast for network 10.1.0.0 10.3.0.0 ... 10.254.0.0 10.255.0.0 Subnet broadcast 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 25

  26. Subnet Example 2 "Use the class B network 175.32.0.0 and 4 bit subnetting" 1) That is: 175.32.0.0 with 255.255.240.0 or 175.32.0.0/20 2) Resulting subnetworks: 175.32.16.1 First IP host in network 175.32.16.0 175.32.0.0 Subnet zero 175.32.16.2 Second IP host in network 175.32.16.0 175.32.16.0 ... 175.32.32.0 175.32.31.254 Last IP host in network 175.32.16.0 175.32.31.255 Directed broadcast for network 175.32.16.0 175.32.48.0 ... 175.32.224.0 175.32.240.0 Subnet broadcast 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 26

  27. Variable Length Subnetting (VLSM)  Remember:  IP-routing is only possible between different "IP- Networks"  Every link must have an IP net-ID  Today IP addresses are rare!  The assigment of IP-Addresses must be as efficient as possible! 192.168.1.64 / 26 192.168.1.4 / 30 192.168.1.32 / 27 LAN A LAN B WAN E0 S0 S0 E0 Router A Router B 20 Hosts 50 Hosts 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 27

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