The Actual, the Counterfactual and the Possible An Oceanic-centric approach to tense and modality Kilu von Prince AFLA, August 20 2020
Background Three modal domains handle/10900/91242 . https://publikationen.uni-tuebingen.de/xmlui/ s10988-019-09259-6 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/ 08/Irrealis.pdf http://kiluvonprince.de/wp-content/uploads/2020/ sources: In this talk, I present an overview of some of my recent work on Materials and references Epistemic modality Counterfactuality and past 2 / 34 modality and tense, which is freely accessible from the following • Irrealis is real (submitued) • Counterfactuality and past (2019, Linguistics and Philosophy ) • Mapping irreality (2018, Proceedings of Linguistic Evidence )
Background Three modal domains Counterfactuality and past Epistemic modality The case of Daakaka 3 / 34
Background now from Michael (2014) “She will come tomorrow.” tomorrow kamani 3.nonm.sbj=iRR-come-ipfv-iRR.i b. o=n-pok-Ø-e “She is coming now.” maika Three modal domains 3.nonm.sbj=come-ipfv-Real.i a. o=pok-Ø-i (1) past/present as opposed to the future. E. g. Nanti (Arawakan): Realis/irrealis systems are characterized by a division between the Past and future in realis/irrealis systems Epistemic modality Counterfactuality and past 4 / 34
Background Three modal domains Counterfactuality and past Epistemic modality Diodorus Cronus and the asymmetry of past and future 4th–3rd c. BCE 5 / 34 There will be a sea ba le tomorrow. Day 3 Day 1 Day 2 There was a sea ba le yesterday.
Background Three modal domains Counterfactuality and past Epistemic modality Branching Time Figure: Branching time, afuer Prior (1957, 1967); Thomason (1970) 6 / 34 i 1 i 0 i 2
Background Three modal domains Counterfactuality and past Epistemic modality Branching Time Figure: Branching time, afuer Prior (1957, 1967); Thomason (1970) 7 / 34 i 1 i 0 i 2
Background Three modal domains Counterfactuality and past Epistemic modality Expanding the model temporal/modal system, instead of a binary one. I expanded the traditional branching-time model to create a three-way distinction, between the actual, the counterfactual and the possible (3D modality). This approach may solve at least two more puzzles: In many languages, the past is marked by the same TAM expression as counterfactuality. How do counterfactuality and future relate to modal expressions such as must and can ? 8 / 34 • Daakaka and other Oceanic languages show a tripartite
Background Three modal domains Counterfactuality and past Epistemic modality Expanding the model temporal/modal system, instead of a binary one. three-way distinction, between the actual, the counterfactual and the possible (3D modality). This approach may solve at least two more puzzles: In many languages, the past is marked by the same TAM expression as counterfactuality. How do counterfactuality and future relate to modal expressions such as must and can ? 8 / 34 • Daakaka and other Oceanic languages show a tripartite ⇒ I expanded the traditional branching-time model to create a
Background Three modal domains Counterfactuality and past Epistemic modality Expanding the model temporal/modal system, instead of a binary one. three-way distinction, between the actual, the counterfactual and the possible (3D modality). In many languages, the past is marked by the same TAM expression as counterfactuality. How do counterfactuality and future relate to modal expressions such as must and can ? 8 / 34 • Daakaka and other Oceanic languages show a tripartite ⇒ I expanded the traditional branching-time model to create a • This approach may solve at least two more puzzles:
Background Three modal domains Counterfactuality and past Epistemic modality Expanding the model temporal/modal system, instead of a binary one. three-way distinction, between the actual, the counterfactual and the possible (3D modality). expression as counterfactuality. How do counterfactuality and future relate to modal expressions such as must and can ? 8 / 34 • Daakaka and other Oceanic languages show a tripartite ⇒ I expanded the traditional branching-time model to create a • This approach may solve at least two more puzzles: • In many languages, the past is marked by the same TAM
Background Three modal domains Counterfactuality and past Epistemic modality Expanding the model temporal/modal system, instead of a binary one. three-way distinction, between the actual, the counterfactual and the possible (3D modality). expression as counterfactuality. expressions such as must and can ? 8 / 34 • Daakaka and other Oceanic languages show a tripartite ⇒ I expanded the traditional branching-time model to create a • This approach may solve at least two more puzzles: • In many languages, the past is marked by the same TAM • How do counterfactuality and future relate to modal
Background =p bwet) (Change of State doo) (Open Polarity tV t= =t Distal nV =n Neg. Potential wV w= Pos. Potential Three modal domains to Neg. Realis mwe/mV mw= =m Pos. Realis monosyllabic proclitic enclitic Puzzle I: Daakaka TAM markers Daakaka: a tripartite system Epistemic modality Counterfactuality and past 9 / 34
Background vyan c. ‘I go to the store.’ (on a regular basis) b. ‘I’ve been to the store.’ a. ‘I went to the store.’ store stoa. go 1s=Real Three modal domains Na=m (2) Daakaka realis Daakaka: a tripartite system Epistemic modality Counterfactuality and past 10 / 34
Background ‘a grass will grow next to our house’ we pot luk grow teve-sye side.of-3s.poss m-ada 3-1d.in em house (5) ka bat-en head-3s.poss ka asR wa pot pe~pyo Redup~white vyen probably ‘its head is white, I think’ asR one Three modal domains say Counterfactuality and past Epistemic modality Daakaka: a tripartite system Daakaka potential (3) Eya white-eye ma Real ka: “Da=p swa 1d.in=pot lyung bathe vyan go pyan!” under ‘The white-eye [bird] said: “Let’s dive!” ’ (4) barvinye grass 11 / 34
Background ‘a grass will grow next to our house’ we pot luk grow teve-sye side.of-3s.poss m-ada 3-1d.in em house (5) ka bat-en head-3s.poss ka asR wa pot pe~pyo Redup~white vyen probably ‘its head is white, I think’ asR one Three modal domains say Counterfactuality and past Epistemic modality Daakaka: a tripartite system Daakaka potential (3) Eya white-eye ma Real ka: “Da=p swa 1d.in=pot lyung bathe vyan go pyan!” under ‘The white-eye [bird] said: “Let’s dive!” ’ (4) barvinye grass 11 / 34
Background ‘a grass will grow next to our house’ we pot luk grow teve-sye side.of-3s.poss m-ada 3-1d.in em house (5) ka bat-en head-3s.poss ka asR wa pot pe~pyo Redup~white vyen probably ‘its head is white, I think’ asR one Three modal domains say Counterfactuality and past Epistemic modality Daakaka: a tripartite system Daakaka potential (3) Eya white-eye ma Real ka: “Da=p swa 1d.in=pot lyung bathe vyan go pyan!” under ‘The white-eye [bird] said: “Let’s dive!” ’ (4) barvinye grass 11 / 34
Background disc (8) ka comp ko=p 2sg=pot pwer stay tevy-an side.of-3sg.poss yaapu man en=te, dem=med te bili stay time ka say s-amaa cl3-2d.poss mani money nyoo 3pl tu dist puo. be.plentiful “If you had married this man, you would have been very rich.” ‘it feels as if it had a skin’ pwer Three modal domains quiet Counterfactuality and past Epistemic modality Daakaka: a tripartite system Daakaka distal (6) meu=an live=nm na att nenyu yesterday te dist melumlum ‘the life of before was easy, [but the life of today is hard]’ dist (7) ko=m 2s=Real ongane hear ma Real ge be.like myane with uli-sye skin-3s.poss te 12 / 34
Background disc (8) ka comp ko=p 2sg=pot pwer stay tevy-an side.of-3sg.poss yaapu man en=te, dem=med te bili stay time ka say s-amaa cl3-2d.poss mani money nyoo 3pl tu dist puo. be.plentiful “If you had married this man, you would have been very rich.” ‘it feels as if it had a skin’ pwer Three modal domains quiet Counterfactuality and past Epistemic modality Daakaka: a tripartite system Daakaka distal (6) meu=an live=nm na att nenyu yesterday te dist melumlum ‘the life of before was easy, [but the life of today is hard]’ dist (7) ko=m 2s=Real ongane hear ma Real ge be.like myane with uli-sye skin-3s.poss te 12 / 34
Background disc (8) ka comp ko=p 2sg=pot pwer stay tevy-an side.of-3sg.poss yaapu man en=te, dem=med te bili stay time ka say s-amaa cl3-2d.poss mani money nyoo 3pl tu dist puo. be.plentiful “If you had married this man, you would have been very rich.” ‘it feels as if it had a skin’ pwer Three modal domains quiet Counterfactuality and past Epistemic modality Daakaka: a tripartite system Daakaka distal (6) meu=an live=nm na att nenyu yesterday te dist melumlum ‘the life of before was easy, [but the life of today is hard]’ dist (7) ko=m 2s=Real ongane hear ma Real ge be.like myane with uli-sye skin-3s.poss te 12 / 34
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