Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and boundary quantum - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and boundary quantum field theory

Marcel Bischoff

http://www.mat.uniroma2.it/~bischoff

Dipartimento di Matematica Universit` a degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata

Meeting of GDRE GREFI-GENCO Institut Henri Poincar´ e Paris, 1 June 2011

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Introduction

◮ Algebraic quantum field theory: A family of algebras containing all

local observables associated to space-time regions.

◮ Many structural results, recently also construction of interesting

models

◮ Conformal field theory (CFT) in 1 and 2 dimension described by

AQFT quite successful, e.g. partial classification results (e.g. c < 1)

(Kawahigashi and Longo, 2004)

◮ Boundary Conformal Quantum Field Theory (BCFT) on Minkowski

half-plane: (Longo and Rehren, 2004)

◮ Boundary Quantum Field Theory (BQFT) on Minkowski half-plane:

(Longo and Witten, 2010)

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Outline

Conformal Nets Nets on Minkowski half-plane Standard subspaces Conformal nets associated to lattices Semigroup elements

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Conformal Nets

H Hilbert space, I = family of proper intervals on S1 ∼ = R I ∋ I − → A(I) = A(I)′′ ⊂ B(H)

• A. Isotony. I1 ⊂ I2 =

⇒ A(I1) ⊂ A(I2)

• B. Locality. I1 ∩ I2 = =

⇒ [A(I1), A(I2)] = {0}

• C. M¨
• bius covariance. There is a unitary representation U of the M¨
• bius

group (∼ = PSL(2, R) on H such that U(g)A(I)U(g)∗ = A(gI).

• D. Positivity of energy. U is a positive-energy representation, i.e.

generator L0 of the rotation subgroup (conformal Hamiltonian) has positive spectrum.

• E. Vacuum. ker L0 = CΩ and Ω (vacuum vector) is a unit vector cyclic

for the von Neumann algebra

I∈I A(I).

Consequences Complete Rationality Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Outline

Conformal Nets Nets on Minkowski half-plane Standard subspaces Conformal nets associated to lattices Semigroup elements

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Some consequences

◮ Irreducibility. I∈I A(I) = B(H) ◮ Reeh-Schlieder theorem. Ω is cyclic and separating for each A(I). ◮ Bisognano-Wichmann property. The Tomita-Takesaki modular

• perator ∆I and and conjugation JI of the pair (A(I), Ω) are

U(Λ(−2πt)) = ∆it, t ∈ R dilation U(rI) = JI reflection

(Gabbiani and Fr¨

• hlich, 1993), (Guido and Longo, 1995)

◮ Haag duality. A(I′) = A(I)′. ◮ Factoriality. A(I) is III1-factor (in Connes classification) ◮ Additivity. I ⊂ i Ii =

⇒ A(I) ⊂

i A(Ii) (Fredenhagen and J¨

• rß, 1996).

example complete rationality Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Complete rationality

Completely rational conformal net (Kawahigashi, Longo, M¨

uger 2001)

◮ Split property. For every relatively compact inclusion of intervalls ∃

intermediate type I factor M A

• ⊂ M ⊂ A
• ◮ Strong additivity. Additivity for touching intervals:

A

• ∨ A
• = A
• ◮ Finite µ-index: finite Jones index of subfactor

A

• ∨ A
• ⊂
• A
• ∨ A
• ′

where the intervals are splitting the circle. Consequences

◮ Only finite sectors, each sector has finite statistical dimension ◮ Modularity: The category of DHR sectors is modular, i.e. non

degenerated braiding.

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Complete rationality

Completely rational conformal net (Kawahigashi, Longo, M¨

uger 2001)

◮ Split property. For every relatively compact inclusion of intervalls ∃

intermediate type I factor M A

• ⊂ M ⊂ A
• ◮ Strong additivity. Additivity for touching intervals:

A

• ∨ A
• = A
• ◮ Finite µ-index: finite Jones index of subfactor

A

• ∨ A
• ⊂
• A
• ∨ A
• ′

where the intervals are splitting the circle. Consequences

◮ Only finite sectors, each sector has finite statistical dimension ◮ Modularity: The category of DHR sectors is modular, i.e. non

degenerated braiding.

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Complete rationality

Completely rational conformal net (Kawahigashi, Longo, M¨

uger 2001)

◮ Split property. For every relatively compact inclusion of intervalls ∃

intermediate type I factor M A

• ⊂ M ⊂ A
• ◮ Strong additivity. Additivity for touching intervals:

A

• ∨ A
• = A
• ◮ Finite µ-index: finite Jones index of subfactor

A

• ∨ A
• ⊂
• A
• ∨ A
• ′

where the intervals are splitting the circle. Consequences

◮ Only finite sectors, each sector has finite statistical dimension ◮ Modularity: The category of DHR sectors is modular, i.e. non

degenerated braiding.

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Complete rationality

Completely rational conformal net (Kawahigashi, Longo, M¨

uger 2001)

◮ Split property. For every relatively compact inclusion of intervalls ∃

intermediate type I factor M A

• ⊂ M ⊂ A
• ◮ Strong additivity. Additivity for touching intervals:

A

• ∨ A
• = A
• ◮ Finite µ-index: finite Jones index of subfactor

A

• ∨ A
• ⊂
• A
• ∨ A
• ′

where the intervals are splitting the circle. Consequences

◮ Only finite sectors, each sector has finite statistical dimension ◮ Modularity: The category of DHR sectors is modular, i.e. non

degenerated braiding.

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Loop group net

Example G compact Lie group Loop group: LG = C∞(S1, G) (point wise multiplication) Projective representations ← → representations of a central extension 1 − → T − → LG − → LG − → 1 π0,k projective positive-energy and vacuum representation (classified by the level k) I − → AG,k(I) = π0,k(LIG)′′ is a conformal net; LIG loops supported in I. Example G = SU(n) gives completely rational conformal net (Xu, 2000)

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Loop group net

Example G compact Lie group Loop group: LG = C∞(S1, G) (point wise multiplication) Projective representations ← → representations of a central extension 1 − → T − → LG − → LG − → 1 π0,k projective positive-energy and vacuum representation (classified by the level k) I − → AG,k(I) = π0,k(LIG)′′ is a conformal net; LIG loops supported in I. Example G = SU(n) gives completely rational conformal net (Xu, 2000)

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Loop group net

Example G compact Lie group Loop group: LG = C∞(S1, G) (point wise multiplication) Projective representations ← → representations of a central extension 1 − → T − → LG − → LG − → 1 π0,k projective positive-energy and vacuum representation (classified by the level k) I − → AG,k(I) = π0,k(LIG)′′ is a conformal net; LIG loops supported in I. Example G = SU(n) gives completely rational conformal net (Xu, 2000)

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Loop group net

Example G compact Lie group Loop group: LG = C∞(S1, G) (point wise multiplication) Projective representations ← → representations of a central extension 1 − → T − → LG − → LG − → 1 π0,k projective positive-energy and vacuum representation (classified by the level k) I − → AG,k(I) = π0,k(LIG)′′ is a conformal net; LIG loops supported in I. Example G = SU(n) gives completely rational conformal net (Xu, 2000)

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Outline

Conformal Nets Nets on Minkowski half-plane Standard subspaces Conformal nets associated to lattices Semigroup elements

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Nets on the real line

◮ Conformal net on the real line identifying S1 \ {−1} ∼

= R Conformal net

• n S1

restriction

− − − − − − → Conformal net

• n R

I

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Minkowski half-plane M+

◮ Minkowski half-plane x > 0, ds2 = dt2 − dx2 ◮ Double cone O = I1 × I2 where I1, I2 disjoint intervals

t x

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Minkowski half-plane M+

◮ Minkowski half-plane x > 0, ds2 = dt2 − dx2 ◮ Double cone O = I1 × I2 where I1, I2 disjoint intervals

I1 I2 t x O

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Minkowski half-plane

I1 I2 t x O Boundary conformal quantum field theory (Longo and Rehren, 2004) A+(O) = A(I1) ∨ A(I2) Boundary quantum field theory (Longo and

Witten, 2010)

AV (O) = A(I1) ∨ V A(I2)V ∗ V unitary on H

◮ [V, T(t)] = 0, i.e. commutes with

translation T(t)

◮ V A(R+)V ∗ ⊂ A(R+)

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Minkowski half-plane

I1 I2 t x O Boundary conformal quantum field theory (Longo and Rehren, 2004) A+(O) = A(I1) ∨ A(I2) Boundary quantum field theory (Longo and

Witten, 2010)

AV (O) = A(I1) ∨ V A(I2)V ∗ V unitary on H

◮ [V, T(t)] = 0, i.e. commutes with

translation T(t)

◮ V A(R+)V ∗ ⊂ A(R+)

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Local nets on Minkowski half-plane

A local (time) translation covariant net on Minkowski half-plane on a Hilbert space H is a map K+ ∋ O − → B(O) ⊂ B(H) which fulfills:

• 1. Isotony. O1 ⊂ O2 implies B(O1) ⊂ B(O2).
• 2. Locality. If O1, O2 ∈ K+ are mutually space-like separated then

[B(O1), B(O2)] = {0}.

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Local nets on Minkowski half-plane

A local (time) translation covariant net on Minkowski half-plane on a Hilbert space H is a map K+ ∋ O − → B(O) ⊂ B(H) which fulfills:

• 1. Isotony. O1 ⊂ O2 implies B(O1) ⊂ B(O2).
• 2. Locality. If O1, O2 ∈ K+ are mutually space-like separated then

[B(O1), B(O2)] = {0}. O1 O2

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Local nets on Minkowski half-plane

A local (time) translation covariant net on Minkowski half-plane on a Hilbert space H is a map K+ ∋ O − → B(O) ⊂ B(H) which fulfills:

• 1. Isotony. O1 ⊂ O2 implies B(O1) ⊂ B(O2).
• 2. Locality. If O1, O2 ∈ K+ are mutually space-like separated then

[B(O1), B(O2)] = {0}. O1 O2

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Local nets on Minkowski half-plane

A local (time) translation covariant net on Minkowski half-plane on a Hilbert space H is a map K+ ∋ O − → B(O) ⊂ B(H) which fulfills:

• 1. Isotony. O1 ⊂ O2 implies B(O1) ⊂ B(O2).
• 2. Locality. If O1, O2 ∈ K+ are mutually space-like separated then

[B(O1), B(O2)] = {0}.

• 3. Time-translation covariance ∃ an unitary one-parameter group

T(t) = eitP with positive generator P such that: T(t)B(O)T(t)∗ = B(Ot), O ∈ K+, Ot = O + (t, 0) O Ot

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Local nets on Minkowski half-plane

A local (time) translation covariant net on Minkowski half-plane on a Hilbert space H is a map K+ ∋ O − → B(O) ⊂ B(H) which fulfills:

• 1. Isotony. O1 ⊂ O2 implies B(O1) ⊂ B(O2).
• 2. Locality. If O1, O2 ∈ K+ are mutually space-like separated then

[B(O1), B(O2)] = {0}.

• 3. Time-translation covariance ∃ an unitary one-parameter group

T(t) = eitP with positive generator P such that: T(t)B(O)T(t)∗ = B(Ot), O ∈ K+, Ot = O + (t, 0)

• 4. Vacuum. Ω ∈ H is a up to the multiple unique T invariant vector and

cyclic and separating for every B(O) for O ∈ K+.

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Semigroup E(A) associated to a conformal net A

Semigroup E(A) of unitaries on H (associated to A)

◮ [V, T(t)] = 0, i.e. commutes with translation T(t) ◮ V A(R+)V ∗ ⊂ A(R+) V A(a + R+)V ∗ ⊂ A(a + R+)

Trivial examples of elements in E(A):

◮ V = T(t) t > 0 positive translations ◮ V inner symmetry, i.e V A(I)V ∗ = A(I) for all proper I

Construction Conformal net A on R + semigroup element V ∈ E(A) − − − → local net AV

• n M+

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Outline

Conformal Nets Nets on Minkowski half-plane Standard subspaces Conformal nets associated to lattices Semigroup elements

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Standard subspaces

H complex Hilbert space, H ⊂ H real subspace. Symplectic complement: H′ = {x ∈ H : Im(x, H) = 0} = iH⊥ Standard subspace: closed, real subspace H ⊂ H with H + iH = H and H ∩ iH = {0}. Define antilinear unbounded closed involutive (S2 ⊂ 1) operator SH : x + iy → x − iy for x, y ∈ H. Conversely S densely defined closed, antilinear involution on H, HS = {x ∈ H : Sx = x} is a standard subspace: standard subspaces H

1:1

← → densely defined, closed, antilinear involutions S Modular Theory: Polar decomposition SH = JH∆1/2

H

JHH = H′ ∆it

HH = H

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Standard subspaces

H complex Hilbert space, H ⊂ H real subspace. Symplectic complement: H′ = {x ∈ H : Im(x, H) = 0} = iH⊥ Standard subspace: closed, real subspace H ⊂ H with H + iH = H and H ∩ iH = {0}. Define antilinear unbounded closed involutive (S2 ⊂ 1) operator SH : x + iy → x − iy for x, y ∈ H. Conversely S densely defined closed, antilinear involution on H, HS = {x ∈ H : Sx = x} is a standard subspace: standard subspaces H

1:1

← → densely defined, closed, antilinear involutions S Modular Theory: Polar decomposition SH = JH∆1/2

H

JHH = H′ ∆it

HH = H

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Standard subspaces

H complex Hilbert space, H ⊂ H real subspace. Symplectic complement: H′ = {x ∈ H : Im(x, H) = 0} = iH⊥ Standard subspace: closed, real subspace H ⊂ H with H + iH = H and H ∩ iH = {0}. Define antilinear unbounded closed involutive (S2 ⊂ 1) operator SH : x + iy → x − iy for x, y ∈ H. Conversely S densely defined closed, antilinear involution on H, HS = {x ∈ H : Sx = x} is a standard subspace: standard subspaces H

1:1

← → densely defined, closed, antilinear involutions S Modular Theory: Polar decomposition SH = JH∆1/2

H

JHH = H′ ∆it

HH = H

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Standard subspaces

H complex Hilbert space, H ⊂ H real subspace. Symplectic complement: H′ = {x ∈ H : Im(x, H) = 0} = iH⊥ Standard subspace: closed, real subspace H ⊂ H with H + iH = H and H ∩ iH = {0}. Define antilinear unbounded closed involutive (S2 ⊂ 1) operator SH : x + iy → x − iy for x, y ∈ H. Conversely S densely defined closed, antilinear involution on H, HS = {x ∈ H : Sx = x} is a standard subspace: standard subspaces H

1:1

← → densely defined, closed, antilinear involutions S Modular Theory: Polar decomposition SH = JH∆1/2

H

JHH = H′ ∆it

HH = H

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Standard subspaces

H complex Hilbert space, H ⊂ H real subspace. Symplectic complement: H′ = {x ∈ H : Im(x, H) = 0} = iH⊥ Standard subspace: closed, real subspace H ⊂ H with H + iH = H and H ∩ iH = {0}. Define antilinear unbounded closed involutive (S2 ⊂ 1) operator SH : x + iy → x − iy for x, y ∈ H. Conversely S densely defined closed, antilinear involution on H, HS = {x ∈ H : Sx = x} is a standard subspace: standard subspaces H

1:1

← → densely defined, closed, antilinear involutions S Modular Theory: Polar decomposition SH = JH∆1/2

H

JHH = H′ ∆it

HH = H

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Standard subspaces and inner functions

Standard pair. (H, T)

◮ H ⊂ H standard subspace with ◮ T(t) = eitP one-param. group with positive generator P ◮ T(t)H ⊂ H for t ≥ 0

Theorem (Borchers Theorem for standard subspaces) Let (H, T) be a standard pair, then ∆is

HT(t)∆−is H

= T(e−2πst) (s, t ∈ R) JHT(t)JH = T(−t) (t ∈ R)

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Standard subspaces and inner functions

Standard pair. (H, T)

◮ H ⊂ H standard subspace with ◮ T(t) = eitP one-param. group with positive generator P ◮ T(t)H ⊂ H for t ≥ 0

Theorem (Borchers Theorem for standard subspaces) Let (H, T) be a standard pair, then ∆is

HT(t)∆−is H

= T(e−2πst) (s, t ∈ R) JHT(t)JH = T(−t) (t ∈ R)

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Standard subspaces and inner functions

E(H) = unitaries V on H such that V H ⊂ H and [V, T(t)] = 0. Analog of the Beurling-Lax theorem. Characterization of E(H). (Longo and Witten, 2010) (H, T) irreducible standard pair, then are equivalent

• 1. V ∈ E(H), i.e. V H ⊂ H with V unitary on H

commuting with T.

• 2. V = ϕ(P) with ϕ boundary value of a

symmetric inner analytic L∞ function ϕ : R + iR+ → C, where

◮ symmetric ϕ(p) = ϕ(−p) for p ≥ 0 ◮ inner |ϕ(p)| = 1 for p ∈ R.

C R + iR+

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Standard subspaces and inner functions

E(H) = unitaries V on H such that V H ⊂ H and [V, T(t)] = 0. Analog of the Beurling-Lax theorem. Characterization of E(H). (Longo and Witten, 2010) (H, T) irreducible standard pair, then are equivalent

• 1. V ∈ E(H), i.e. V H ⊂ H with V unitary on H

commuting with T.

• 2. V = ϕ(P) with ϕ boundary value of a

symmetric inner analytic L∞ function ϕ : R + iR+ → C, where

◮ symmetric ϕ(p) = ϕ(−p) for p ≥ 0 ◮ inner |ϕ(p)| = 1 for p ∈ R.

C R + iR+

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Standard subspaces and inner functions

E(H) = unitaries V on H such that V H ⊂ H and [V, T(t)] = 0. Analog of the Beurling-Lax theorem. Characterization of E(H). (Longo and Witten, 2010) (H, T) irreducible standard pair, then are equivalent

• 1. V ∈ E(H), i.e. V H ⊂ H with V unitary on H

commuting with T.

• 2. V = ϕ(P) with ϕ boundary value of a

symmetric inner analytic L∞ function ϕ : R + iR+ → C, where

◮ symmetric ϕ(p) = ϕ(−p) for p ≥ 0 ◮ inner |ϕ(p)| = 1 for p ∈ R.

C R + iR+

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Outline

Conformal Nets Nets on Minkowski half-plane Standard subspaces Conformal nets associated to lattices Semigroup elements

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Net of free bosons.

Net of standard subspaces (prequantised theory)

◮ LR = C∞(S1, R) yields a Hilbert space H = LR · using

◮ semi-norm. f =

k>0 k| ˆ

fk|

◮ complex-structure. J : ˆ

fk − → −i sign(k) ˆ fk

◮ symplectic form. ω(f, g) = Im(f, g) = 1/(4π)

• gd

f

◮ Local spaces: LIR = {f ∈ LR : suppf ⊂ I}

I − → H(I) = LIR ⊂ H Conformal net of a free boson

◮ Second quantization. Conformal net on the symmetric Fock space eH

by CCR functor (Weyl unitaries): I − → A(I) := CCR(H(I))′′ ⊂ B(eH)

◮ Weyl unitaries W(f)W(g) = e−iω(f,g)W(f + g), ◮ Vacuum state φ(W(f)) = (Ω, W(f)Ω) = e−1/2f2

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Net of free bosons.

Net of standard subspaces (prequantised theory)

◮ LR = C∞(S1, R) yields a Hilbert space H = LR · using

◮ semi-norm. f =

k>0 k| ˆ

fk|

◮ complex-structure. J : ˆ

fk − → −i sign(k) ˆ fk

◮ symplectic form. ω(f, g) = Im(f, g) = 1/(4π)

• gd

f

◮ Local spaces: LIR = {f ∈ LR : suppf ⊂ I}

I − → H(I) = LIR ⊂ H Conformal net of a free boson

◮ Second quantization. Conformal net on the symmetric Fock space eH

by CCR functor (Weyl unitaries): I − → A(I) := CCR(H(I))′′ ⊂ B(eH)

◮ Weyl unitaries W(f)W(g) = e−iω(f,g)W(f + g), ◮ Vacuum state φ(W(f)) = (Ω, W(f)Ω) = e−1/2f2

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Localized automorphisms

Conformal net of n free bosons An(I) = A⊗n

1 (I) = CCR(H(I) ⊕ · · · ⊕ H(I))

Local endomorphisms (representations) of An = A⊗n ℓ : S1 − → Rn smooth with compact support in I ∈ I gives localized automorphism ρℓ(W(f)) = e− i

2π

R ℓ,fRnW(f)

Charge: qℓ = 1 2π

• S1 ℓ ∈ Rn

ρℓ ∼ = ρm ⇐ ⇒ qℓ = qm Statistics operator: ǫ(ρℓ, ρm) = e±iπqℓ,qmRn Local extension: If qℓ, qℓ ∈ 2Z then ǫ(ρℓ, ρℓ) = 1 local extension (by cross product).

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Localized automorphisms

Conformal net of n free bosons An(I) = A⊗n

1 (I) = CCR(H(I) ⊕ · · · ⊕ H(I))

Local endomorphisms (representations) of An = A⊗n ℓ : S1 − → Rn smooth with compact support in I ∈ I gives localized automorphism ρℓ(W(f)) = e− i

2π

R ℓ,fRnW(f)

Charge: qℓ = 1 2π

• S1 ℓ ∈ Rn

ρℓ ∼ = ρm ⇐ ⇒ qℓ = qm Statistics operator: ǫ(ρℓ, ρm) = e±iπqℓ,qmRn Local extension: If qℓ, qℓ ∈ 2Z then ǫ(ρℓ, ρℓ) = 1 local extension (by cross product).

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Localized automorphisms

Conformal net of n free bosons An(I) = A⊗n

1 (I) = CCR(H(I) ⊕ · · · ⊕ H(I))

Local endomorphisms (representations) of An = A⊗n ℓ : S1 − → Rn smooth with compact support in I ∈ I gives localized automorphism ρℓ(W(f)) = e− i

2π

R ℓ,fRnW(f)

Charge: qℓ = 1 2π

• S1 ℓ ∈ Rn

ρℓ ∼ = ρm ⇐ ⇒ qℓ = qm Statistics operator: ǫ(ρℓ, ρm) = e±iπqℓ,qmRn Local extension: If qℓ, qℓ ∈ 2Z then ǫ(ρℓ, ρℓ) = 1 local extension (by cross product).

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Localized automorphisms

Conformal net of n free bosons An(I) = A⊗n

1 (I) = CCR(H(I) ⊕ · · · ⊕ H(I))

Local endomorphisms (representations) of An = A⊗n ℓ : S1 − → Rn smooth with compact support in I ∈ I gives localized automorphism ρℓ(W(f)) = e− i

2π

R ℓ,fRnW(f)

Charge: qℓ = 1 2π

• S1 ℓ ∈ Rn

ρℓ ∼ = ρm ⇐ ⇒ qℓ = qm Statistics operator: ǫ(ρℓ, ρm) = e±iπqℓ,qmRn Local extension: If qℓ, qℓ ∈ 2Z then ǫ(ρℓ, ρℓ) = 1 local extension (by cross product).

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Localized automorphisms

Conformal net of n free bosons An(I) = A⊗n

1 (I) = CCR(H(I) ⊕ · · · ⊕ H(I))

Local endomorphisms (representations) of An = A⊗n ℓ : S1 − → Rn smooth with compact support in I ∈ I gives localized automorphism ρℓ(W(f)) = e− i

2π

R ℓ,fRnW(f)

Charge: qℓ = 1 2π

• S1 ℓ ∈ Rn

ρℓ ∼ = ρm ⇐ ⇒ qℓ = qm Statistics operator: ǫ(ρℓ, ρm) = e±iπqℓ,qmRn Local extension: If qℓ, qℓ ∈ 2Z then ǫ(ρℓ, ρℓ) = 1 local extension (by cross product).

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Even lattices

Let Q be an (positive-definite) even lattice (eg. root lattice) of rank n

◮ ∀α ∈ Q: α, α ∈ 2N =

⇒ integral ∀α, β ∈ Q: α, β ∈ Z.

◮ dual lattice (characters)

Q∗ = {α ∈ EQ : α, Q ∈ Z} ⊂ EQ ≡ Q ⊗Z R. (eg. weight lattice in case of root lattices).

• A2 ↔ SU(3)

corresponding torus TQ = EQ/Q

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Even lattices

Let Q be an (positive-definite) even lattice (eg. root lattice) of rank n

◮ ∀α ∈ Q: α, α ∈ 2N =

⇒ integral ∀α, β ∈ Q: α, β ∈ Z.

◮ dual lattice (characters)

Q∗ = {α ∈ EQ : α, Q ∈ Z} ⊂ EQ ≡ Q ⊗Z R. (eg. weight lattice in case of root lattices).

• A2 ↔ SU(3)

corresponding torus TQ = EQ/Q

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Conformal nets associated to lattices

Local extension. For a lattice Q of rank n there is AQ ⊃ A⊗n containing

• f the net ≡ A⊗n of n free bosons. Locally

AQ(I) = (A(I) ⊗ . . . ⊗ A(I)) ⋊ Q

(Buchholz, Mack, Todorov 1988) (n = 1) (Staszkiewicz, 1995) (Dong and Xu, 2006)

Construction even lattice Q

• f rank n

− → Completely rational conformal net AQ

◮ Conformal nets corresponding to Lattice Vertex Operator Algebras.

Some properties:

◮ Sectors finite group Q∗/Q, each sector statistical dimension 1. ◮ Completely rational net µ = |Q∗/Q| (Dong and Xu, 2006).

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Conformal nets associated to lattices

Local extension. For a lattice Q of rank n there is AQ ⊃ A⊗n containing

• f the net ≡ A⊗n of n free bosons. Locally

AQ(I) = (A(I) ⊗ . . . ⊗ A(I)) ⋊ Q

(Buchholz, Mack, Todorov 1988) (n = 1) (Staszkiewicz, 1995) (Dong and Xu, 2006)

Construction even lattice Q

• f rank n

− → Completely rational conformal net AQ

◮ Conformal nets corresponding to Lattice Vertex Operator Algebras.

Some properties:

◮ Sectors finite group Q∗/Q, each sector statistical dimension 1. ◮ Completely rational net µ = |Q∗/Q| (Dong and Xu, 2006).

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Conformal nets associated to lattices

Local extension. For a lattice Q of rank n there is AQ ⊃ A⊗n containing

• f the net ≡ A⊗n of n free bosons. Locally

AQ(I) = (A(I) ⊗ . . . ⊗ A(I)) ⋊ Q

(Buchholz, Mack, Todorov 1988) (n = 1) (Staszkiewicz, 1995) (Dong and Xu, 2006)

Construction even lattice Q

• f rank n

− → Completely rational conformal net AQ

◮ Conformal nets corresponding to Lattice Vertex Operator Algebras.

Some properties:

◮ Sectors finite group Q∗/Q, each sector statistical dimension 1. ◮ Completely rational net µ = |Q∗/Q| (Dong and Xu, 2006).

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Simply laced groups and root lattices

G simply-connected simple-laced Lie group, e.g. A SU(n + 1), n ≥ 1 ↔ An: · · · D Spin(2n), n ≥ 3 ↔ Dn: · · · E Exceptional Lie Groups E6, E7, E8: · · · Q root lattice spanned by simple roots {α1, . . . , αn} Cartan matrix (Cij) αi, αj = Cij =      2 i = j −1 i j

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Simply laced groups and root lattices

G simply-connected simple-laced Lie group, e.g. A SU(n + 1), n ≥ 1 ↔ An D Spin(2n), n ≥ 3 ↔ Dn E Exceptional Lie Groups E6, E7, E8 Q root lattice spanned by simple roots {α1, . . . , αn} Maximal torus (Q ⊗Z R)/Q ∼ = T ⊂ G AT,1 ≡ AQ (Conjectured) equivalence (proofed in case G = SU(n) (Xu, 2009)) loop group net for such G at level 1 = AG,1

∼

← − − → AQ = conformal net associated at Q

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Outline

Conformal Nets Nets on Minkowski half-plane Standard subspaces Conformal nets associated to lattices Semigroup elements

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Second quantization unitaries

H one-particle space of a bosons (completion of LR) H(R+) standard subspace localized in R+ ϕ : R − → C inner function, then V0 = ϕ(P0) = ⇒ V0H(R+) ⊂ H(R+), [V0, eitP0] = 0 P0 generator of translation. By second quantization A(I) = CCR(H(I))′′. V = Γ(V0) = ⇒ V ∈ E(A)

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Second quantization unitaries II

More general for n bosons An(R+) ∼ = A(R+)⊗n = CCR(H(R+) ⊕ · · · ⊕ H(R+))′′ Theorem (Prequantized semigroup reducible case (Longo and Witten, 2010)) V0 ∈ E(H(R+) ⊕ · · · ⊕ H(R+)), then V0 = ϕkl(P0) matrices of functions such that ϕkl(p) unitary matrix for almost all p > 0, ϕkl boundary value of a L∞ function analytic on the upper half-plane which is symmetric ϕkl(p) = ϕkl(−p). Theorem V = Γ(V0) ∈ E(An) for the second quantization of V0 given above.

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Second quantization unitaries II

More general for n bosons An(R+) ∼ = A(R+)⊗n = CCR(H(R+) ⊕ · · · ⊕ H(R+))′′ Theorem (Prequantized semigroup reducible case (Longo and Witten, 2010)) V0 ∈ E(H(R+) ⊕ · · · ⊕ H(R+)), then V0 = ϕkl(P0) matrices of functions such that ϕkl(p) unitary matrix for almost all p > 0, ϕkl boundary value of a L∞ function analytic on the upper half-plane which is symmetric ϕkl(p) = ϕkl(−p). Theorem V = Γ(V0) ∈ E(An) for the second quantization of V0 given above.

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Question Which elements of the semigroup E(An) extend to the local extensions by lattices? AQ(I) = An(I) ⋊ Q where Q even lattice of rank n

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Induction for local extension by free abelian groups

Extension of the endomorphism η = AdV of An(R+) with V ∈ E(An) to AQ(R+) = An(R+) ⋊βi Q βi localized in R+ Assume η and βi commute up to some cocycle zi ∈ An(R+) zi ∈ Hom(ηβi, βiη) ⇐ ⇒ ziβi(η(x)) = η(βi(x))zi for all x ∈ An(R+) and the compatibility condition ziβi(zj) = zjβj(zi) then η extends to ˜ η = Ad ˜ V . V ∈ E(An) extends − − − − → ˜ V ∈ E(AQ)

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Induction for local extension by free abelian groups

Extension of the endomorphism η = AdV of An(R+) with V ∈ E(An) to AQ(R+) = An(R+) ⋊βi Q βi localized in R+ Assume η and βi commute up to some cocycle zi ∈ An(R+) zi ∈ Hom(ηβi, βiη) ⇐ ⇒ ziβi(η(x)) = η(βi(x))zi for all x ∈ An(R+) and the compatibility condition ziβi(zj) = zjβj(zi) then η extends to ˜ η = Ad ˜ V . V ∈ E(An) extends − − − − → ˜ V ∈ E(AQ)

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Semigroup elements for lattice models

Existence of zi ∈ HomAn(R+)(ηβi, βiη) with the above properties in our model ensure V = Γ(ϕik(P0)) ∈ E(An) extends? − − − − − → ˜ V ∈ E(AQ)

• Restrictions. Such zi can be constructed if

◮ Algebraic obstruction. The “inner function matrix” has to be

constant on every component of the lattice

◮ Analytical obstruction. The “inner function” need to be H¨

• lder

continuous at 0, i.e. |1 − ϕ(p)|2 |p| locally integrable at p = 0

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Semigroup elements for lattice models

Existence of zi ∈ HomAn(R+)(ηβi, βiη) with the above properties in our model ensure V = Γ(ϕik(P0)) ∈ E(An) extends? − − − − − → ˜ V ∈ E(AQ)

• Restrictions. Such zi can be constructed if

◮ Algebraic obstruction. The “inner function matrix” has to be

constant on every component of the lattice

◮ Analytical obstruction. The “inner function” need to be H¨

• lder

continuous at 0, i.e. |1 − ϕ(p)|2 |p| locally integrable at p = 0

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Semigroup elements for lattice models

Existence of zi ∈ HomAn(R+)(ηβi, βiη) with the above properties in our model ensure V = Γ(ϕik(P0)) ∈ E(An) extends? − − − − − → ˜ V ∈ E(AQ)

• Restrictions. Such zi can be constructed if

◮ Algebraic obstruction. The “inner function matrix” has to be

constant on every component of the lattice

◮ Analytical obstruction. The “inner function” need to be H¨

• lder

continuous at 0, i.e. |1 − ϕ(p)|2 |p| locally integrable at p = 0

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Results

Theorem Let A be conformal net of the family

◮ AQ associated to an even irreducible lattice Q ◮ AG,1 for G = SU(n) (G simple, simply connected, simple-laced)

A and ϕ H¨

• lder cont.

− → V ∈ E(A) − → local net AV on Minkowski half-plane Further

◮ U inner symmetry V ∈ E(A) =

⇒ V U ∈ E(A)

◮ Vi ∈ E(Ai) =

⇒ V1 ⊗ . . . ⊗ Vn ∈ E(A1 ⊗ · · · ⊗ An)

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Results

Theorem Let A be conformal net of the family

◮ AQ associated to an even irreducible lattice Q ◮ AG,1 for G = SU(n) (G simple, simply connected, simple-laced)

A and ϕ H¨

• lder cont.

− → V ∈ E(A) − → local net AV on Minkowski half-plane Further

◮ U inner symmetry V ∈ E(A) =

⇒ V U ∈ E(A)

◮ Vi ∈ E(Ai) =

⇒ V1 ⊗ . . . ⊗ Vn ∈ E(A1 ⊗ · · · ⊗ An)

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Other constructions using E(A)

Models in 2D Minkowski space If there is a one-parameter group Vt with Vt ∈ E(A) for t ≥ 0 with negative generator local Poincar´ e covariant net on 2D Minkowski space (Longo). wedge-local Poincar´ e covariant net on 2D Minkowski space with non-trivial scattering (Tanimoto). Example For A the net of free boson (U(1)-current) and the inner function ϕt(p) = e−it/P we have Vt = Γ(ϕt(P0)) like above and the construction yields the free massive scalar boson on 2D Minkowski space.

◮ Works for all “free field construction” ◮ But because of the mentioned H¨

• lder continuity this does not work

for extensions by lattices.

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Other constructions using E(A)

Models in 2D Minkowski space If there is a one-parameter group Vt with Vt ∈ E(A) for t ≥ 0 with negative generator local Poincar´ e covariant net on 2D Minkowski space (Longo). wedge-local Poincar´ e covariant net on 2D Minkowski space with non-trivial scattering (Tanimoto). Example For A the net of free boson (U(1)-current) and the inner function ϕt(p) = e−it/P we have Vt = Γ(ϕt(P0)) like above and the construction yields the free massive scalar boson on 2D Minkowski space.

◮ Works for all “free field construction” ◮ But because of the mentioned H¨

• lder continuity this does not work

for extensions by lattices.

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Other constructions using E(A)

Models in 2D Minkowski space If there is a one-parameter group Vt with Vt ∈ E(A) for t ≥ 0 with negative generator local Poincar´ e covariant net on 2D Minkowski space (Longo). wedge-local Poincar´ e covariant net on 2D Minkowski space with non-trivial scattering (Tanimoto). Example For A the net of free boson (U(1)-current) and the inner function ϕt(p) = e−it/P we have Vt = Γ(ϕt(P0)) like above and the construction yields the free massive scalar boson on 2D Minkowski space.

◮ Works for all “free field construction” ◮ But because of the mentioned H¨

• lder continuity this does not work

for extensions by lattices.

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Boson-Fermion correspondence

Extensions by the lattice Zn (not even!) yields Fermi (=twisted local) net F = Fer⊗n

C . Even part A := FZ2 local conformal net, i.e.

Fer⊗n

C

= AZn But FerC can be realized on antisymmetric Fock space (CAR). Using second quantization. . . . . . we have two methods to construct elements in E(F) (and E(A)).

◮ E(F)CCR : constructed as extensions by the lattice ◮ E(F)CAR : second quantization unitaries in the CAR algebra

(analogous like the CCR case). E(F)CAR ∩ E(F)CCR = trivial elements.

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Boson-Fermion correspondence

Extensions by the lattice Zn (not even!) yields Fermi (=twisted local) net F = Fer⊗n

C . Even part A := FZ2 local conformal net, i.e.

Fer⊗n

C

= AZn But FerC can be realized on antisymmetric Fock space (CAR). Using second quantization. . . . . . we have two methods to construct elements in E(F) (and E(A)).

◮ E(F)CCR : constructed as extensions by the lattice ◮ E(F)CAR : second quantization unitaries in the CAR algebra

(analogous like the CCR case). E(F)CAR ∩ E(F)CCR = trivial elements.

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Boson-Fermion correspondence

Extensions by the lattice Zn (not even!) yields Fermi (=twisted local) net F = Fer⊗n

C . Even part A := FZ2 local conformal net, i.e.

Fer⊗n

C

= AZn But FerC can be realized on antisymmetric Fock space (CAR). Using second quantization. . . . . . we have two methods to construct elements in E(F) (and E(A)).

◮ E(F)CCR : constructed as extensions by the lattice ◮ E(F)CAR : second quantization unitaries in the CAR algebra

(analogous like the CCR case). E(F)CAR ∩ E(F)CCR = trivial elements.

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Boson-Fermion correspondence

Extensions by the lattice Zn (not even!) yields Fermi (=twisted local) net F = Fer⊗n

C . Even part A := FZ2 local conformal net, i.e.

Fer⊗n

C

= AZn But FerC can be realized on antisymmetric Fock space (CAR). Using second quantization. . . . . . we have two methods to construct elements in E(F) (and E(A)).

◮ E(F)CCR : constructed as extensions by the lattice ◮ E(F)CAR : second quantization unitaries in the CAR algebra

(analogous like the CCR case). E(F)CAR ∩ E(F)CCR = trivial elements.

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Boson-Fermion correspondence

Extensions by the lattice Zn (not even!) yields Fermi (=twisted local) net F = Fer⊗n

C . Even part A := FZ2 local conformal net, i.e.

Fer⊗n

C

= AZn But FerC can be realized on antisymmetric Fock space (CAR). Using second quantization. . . . . . we have two methods to construct elements in E(F) (and E(A)).

◮ E(F)CCR : constructed as extensions by the lattice ◮ E(F)CAR : second quantization unitaries in the CAR algebra

(analogous like the CCR case). E(F)CAR ∩ E(F)CCR = trivial elements.

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Boson-Fermion correspondence

Extensions by the lattice Zn (not even!) yields Fermi (=twisted local) net F = Fer⊗n

C . Even part A := FZ2 local conformal net, i.e.

Fer⊗n

C

= AZn But FerC can be realized on antisymmetric Fock space (CAR). Using second quantization. . . . . . we have two methods to construct elements in E(F) (and E(A)).

◮ E(F)CCR : constructed as extensions by the lattice ◮ E(F)CAR : second quantization unitaries in the CAR algebra

(analogous like the CCR case). E(F)CAR ∩ E(F)CCR = trivial elements.

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Summary

We have constructed

◮ Elements of the semigroup E(A) for a large class of rational

conformal field theories is found : New models of boundary quantum field theory. Open questions

◮ Loop group nets at higher level (Coset construction/Orbifold) ◮ Restriction of a net of free fermions (semigroup elements by second

quantization) should give more examples.

◮ Construction of 1+1D massive models one-parameter semigroup.

Until yet just examples from free field construction.

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

Merci beaucoup!! Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and boundary quantum field theory

Marcel Bischoff

http://www.mat.uniroma2.it/~bischoff

Dipartimento di Matematica Universit` a degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata

Meeting of GDRE GREFI-GENCO Institut Henri Poincar´ e Paris, 1 June 2011

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

References I

Buchholz, D., Mack, G., and Todorov, I. (1988). The current algebra on the circle as a germ of local field theories. Nuclear Physics B-Proceedings Supplements, 5(2):20–56. Dong, C. and Xu, F. (2006). Conformal nets associated with lattices and their orbifolds. Adv. Math., 206(1):279–306. Fredenhagen, K. and J¨

• rß, M. (1996). conformal haag-kastler nets,

pointlike localized fields and the existence of operator product

• expansions. Communications in mathematical physics, 176(3):541–554.

Gabbiani, F. and Fr¨

• hlich, J. (1993). Operator algebras and conformal

field theory. Communications in mathematical physics, 155(3):569–640. Guido, D. and Longo, R. (1995). An algebraic spin and statistics theorem. Communications in Mathematical Physics, 172:517–533. 10.1007/BF02101806. Kawahigashi, Y. and Longo, R. (2004). Classification of local conformal

• nets. Case c¡ 1. The Annals of Mathematics, 160(2):493–522.

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011

References II

Kawahigashi, Y., Longo, R., and M¨ uger, M. (2001). Multi-Interval Subfactors and Modularityof Representations in Conformal Field Theory. Communications in Mathematical Physics, 219:631–669. Longo, R. and Rehren, K. (2004). Local Fields in Boundary Conformal

• QFT. Reviews in Mathematical Physics, 16:909–960.

Longo, R. and Witten, E. (2010). An Algebraic Construction of Boundary Quantum Field Theory. Communications in Mathematical Physics, 1:179. Staszkiewicz, C. (1995). Die lokale Struktur abelscher Stromalgebren auf dem Kreis. PhD thesis, Freie Universit¨ at Berlin. Xu, F. (2000). Jones-wassermann subfactors for disconnected intervals. Communications in Contemporary Mathematics, 2(3):307–347. Xu, F. (2009). On affine orbifold nets associated with outer

• automorphisms. Communications in Mathematical Physics,

291:845–861. 10.1007/s00220-009-0763-y.

Marcel Bischoff (Uni Roma II) Semigroup elements associated to conformal nets and BQFT Paris, 1 June 2011