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Saving Lives through Protective Design Saving Lives through - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Saving Lives through Protective Design Saving Lives through Protective Design Tod Rittenhouse, PE Tod Rittenhouse, PE W eidlinger Associates, I nc. W eidlinger Associates, I nc. For For Urban Hazards Forum Urban Hazards Forum New York, NY

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Tod Rittenhouse, PE Tod Rittenhouse, PE W eidlinger Associates, I nc. W eidlinger Associates, I nc. For For Urban Hazards Forum Urban Hazards Forum New York, NY New York, NY January 2 3 , 2 0 0 2 January 2 3 , 2 0 0 2

Saving Lives through Protective Design Saving Lives through Protective Design

w w w .w ai.com

New York • Cambridge • Los Altos • Los Angeles • Washington, DC • Princeton

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Weidlinger Associates Inc Weidlinger Associates Inc www. www.wai wai.com .com

Outline of Discussion Topics Outline of Discussion Topics

  • History of Terrorist Attacks

History of Terrorist Attacks – – Need for Protection Need for Protection

  • Current facilities incorporating Protective Design

Current facilities incorporating Protective Design

  • Defining Blast Loading

Defining Blast Loading

  • Perim eter Protection

Perim eter Protection

  • Facades and Glazing

Facades and Glazing

  • Progressive Collapse

Progressive Collapse

  • Structural Hardening

Structural Hardening

  • Retrofitting

Retrofitting

  • Conclusions

Conclusions

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Terrorist Attacks & Technology Tim eline Terrorist Attacks & Technology Tim eline

U.S. Em bassy, U.S. Em bassy, Beirut, Lebanon Beirut, Lebanon March 1 9 8 3 Khobar Khobar Tow ers Tow ers Dhahran, Saudi Arabia Dhahran, Saudi Arabia Novem ber 1 9 9 6 Murrah Murrah Fed. Bldg.

  • Fed. Bldg.

Oklahom a City, OK Oklahom a City, OK February 1 9 9 5 U.S. Em bassies U.S. Em bassies Kenya & Tanzania Kenya & Tanzania July 1 9 9 8

US Dept of US Dept of State State Guidelines Guidelines

W orld Trade Center W orld Trade Center New York, NY New York, NY February 1 9 9 3

Military Military Technologies Technologies Progressive Progressive Collapse Collapse Curtain W all Curtain W all Testing & Testing & Analysis Analysis

Major Recent Events Major Recent Events Technical Advances Technical Advances

Dom esticated Dom esticated Protective Protective Design and Design and Reverse Reverse Engineering Engineering I nitial I nitial I m plem entation of I m plem entation of GSA Guidelines GSA Guidelines

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U.S. Em bassies U.S. Em bassies -

  • ( W orldw ide

( W orldw ide -

  • DOS/ FBO)

DOS/ FBO)

  • Lessons Learned

Lessons Learned

  • Need for Mitigation of Terrorist Attacks

Need for Mitigation of Terrorist Attacks

  • Vulnerability of Em bassies and Sensitive

Vulnerability of Em bassies and Sensitive Structures to Such an Attack Structures to Such an Attack

  • Urgent Need for a System atic and

Urgent Need for a System atic and Com prehensive Solution to the Vulnerability of Com prehensive Solution to the Vulnerability of Structures Structures U.S. Embassy, Lebanon U.S. Embassy, Lebanon U.S. Em bassy, Kuw ait U.S. Em bassy, Kuw ait

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W orld Trade Center W orld Trade Center New York, NY New York, NY

  • I nternal Explosion Effects

I nternal Explosion Effects

  • Reinforced Concrete Slab Behavior

Reinforced Concrete Slab Behavior

  • Steel Colum n Behavior

Steel Colum n Behavior

At approxim ately 12 noon on February 26, At approxim ately 12 noon on February 26, 19 9 3, a m assive explosion rocked the 19 9 3, a m assive explosion rocked the World Trade Center in New York City, World Trade Center in New York City, causing m illions of dollars in dam age ... causing m illions of dollars in dam age ...

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Murrah Murrah Federal Building, Oklahom a City Federal Building, Oklahom a City Prim ary Lessons Learned Prim ary Lessons Learned

  • Architectural

Architectural – Protective Design Conflicts Protective Design Conflicts

  • Collateral Dam age/ I njury from Glazing Failure

Collateral Dam age/ I njury from Glazing Failure

  • Progressive Collapse of Structure

Progressive Collapse of Structure

  • Sym pathetic Building Dam age

Sym pathetic Building Dam age

  • 253 Sustained Minor Dam age

253 Sustained Minor Dam age

  • 21 Sustained Structural Dam age

21 Sustained Structural Dam age

  • 10 Collapsed

10 Collapsed

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Collateral Dam age Collateral Dam age -

  • Low er Manhattan

Low er Manhattan

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U.S. Em bassies U.S. Em bassies -

  • Engineering Guidelines

Engineering Guidelines Technical Advances Technical Advances

U.S. Em bassy, Nicosia U.S. Em bassy, Nicosia U.S. Em bassy, Singapore U.S. Em bassy, Singapore

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GSA Projects GSA Projects – – Protective Design Protective Design

Brooklyn GPO Brooklyn GPO Courthouse Courthouse Oklahom a City Oklahom a City Brooklyn Federal Brooklyn Federal Courthouse Courthouse Las Vegas Las Vegas Courthouse Courthouse

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Client Shift Client Shift

  • Private Sector Security

Private Sector Security Requirem ents Requirem ents – – Sept. 1 1 th

  • Sept. 1 1 th
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Design Threat Design Threat

  • Explosives

Explosives

Tractor Trailer

Tractor Trailer up to 3 0 ,0 0 0 lbs. up to 3 0 ,0 0 0 lbs.

Truck

Truck 5 ,0 0 0 lbs. 5 ,0 0 0 lbs.

Van

Van 1 ,5 0 0 lbs. 1 ,5 0 0 lbs.

Car

Car 5 0 0 lbs. 5 0 0 lbs.

Loading Dock Package

Loading Dock Package 1 0 0 lbs. 1 0 0 lbs.

Lobby Package

Lobby Package 5 0 lbs. 5 0 lbs.

Letter

Letter 5 lbs. 5 lbs.

  • Vehicle I m pact

Vehicle I m pact 1 0 ,0 0 0 lbs. @ 5 0 MPH 1 0 ,0 0 0 lbs. @ 5 0 MPH

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Threat = Explosion + Standoff Threat = Explosion + Standoff

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Garage Garage Garage Garage Garage Garage Sallyport Loading Dock Sallyport Sallyport Loading Dock Loading Dock

Perim eter Protection Perim eter Protection

Proper Lighting Proper Lighting Proper Lighting Surveillance Cameras to Monitor Facility Surveillance Surveillance Cameras to Cameras to Monitor Facility Monitor Facility Stationary Anti-Ram Bollards to Guarantee Stand-Off Distance Stationary Anti Stationary Anti-Ram Ram Bollards to Guarantee Bollards to Guarantee Stand Stand-Off Distance Off Distance Operable Bollards Operable Bollards Operable Bollards Guard Booth for Active Access Control Guard Booth for Guard Booth for Active Access Control Active Access Control Roll Up Garage Door for Off Hour Protection Roll Up Garage Door Roll Up Garage Door for Off Hour Protection for Off Hour Protection

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Package Or Letter Bomb Package Or Letter Bomb In Pre In Pre-Screened Area Screened Area

Lobby I nterior Lobby I nterior

Security Office Protected With Bullet Resistant Glazing to Monitor Lobby & Building Activity Security Office Protected With Security Office Protected With Bullet Resistant Glazing to Bullet Resistant Glazing to Monitor Lobby & Building Activity Monitor Lobby & Building Activity Windows & Walls Exposed to Lobby Threat Need to be Strengthened Windows & Walls Windows & Walls Exposed to Lobby Exposed to Lobby Threat Need to Threat Need to be Strengthened be Strengthened Turnstiles in Lobby Turnstiles in Lobby Turnstiles in Lobby Magnitomiter to Screen All Persons, Visitors and Employees Magnitomiter to Magnitomiter to Screen All Persons, Screen All Persons, Visitors and Visitors and Employees Employees X-ray Machine to Screen All Packages X-ray Machine to ray Machine to Screen All Packages Screen All Packages Columns Within Pre- Screened Areas Need to be Strengthened Columns Within Pre Columns Within Pre- Screened Areas Need Screened Areas Need to be Strengthened to be Strengthened

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W I DESPREAD DAMAGE to CONVENTI ONAL GLAZI NG W I DESPREAD DAMAGE to CONVENTI ONAL GLAZI NG BLAST EFFECTS ON BUI LDI NGS BLAST EFFECTS ON BUI LDI NGS

Courtesy G.C. Mays and P.D. Sm ith Courtesy G.C. Mays and P.D. Sm ith

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Design Solutions Design Solutions

  • Heat Strengthened Glass

Heat Strengthened Glass

  • Lam inated Glass

Lam inated Glass

  • Balanced W indow Design

Balanced W indow Design

Match Capacity of Glass to Mullions and anchorages

Match Capacity of Glass to Mullions and anchorages

  • Retrofit Existing Buildings

Retrofit Existing Buildings

  • Energy Absorbing Materials/ Designs

Energy Absorbing Materials/ Designs

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W all Section W all Section

Window of Protected Spaces May Be Bullet Resistant Window of Protected Window of Protected Spaces May Be Bullet Spaces May Be Bullet Resistant Resistant

Strengthened Façade to Hold Window in Place and Prevent Wall Failure Strengthened Façade to Strengthened Façade to Hold Window in Place and Hold Window in Place and Prevent Wall Failure Prevent Wall Failure

Strengthened Mullion System Must Be Stronger Than Glass To Hold Fractured Window In Place Strengthened Mullion System Strengthened Mullion System Must Be Stronger Than Glass Must Be Stronger Than Glass To Hold Fractured Window In To Hold Fractured Window In Place Place Window Adhered to the Frame With Structural Silicone Sealant to Keep Fractured Window in Frame Window Adhered to the Frame Window Adhered to the Frame With Structural Silicone Sealant With Structural Silicone Sealant to Keep Fractured Window in Frame to Keep Fractured Window in Frame Insulated Glazing With Laminated Inner Lite Insulated Glazing With Insulated Glazing With Laminated Inner Lite Laminated Inner Lite Strong Attachment to Secure Mullion Strong Attachment Strong Attachment to Secure Mullion to Secure Mullion

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FLEX Finite Elem ent Analyses FLEX Finite Elem ent Analyses

ARPAL 9 .8 5 ARPAL 9 .8 5

  • First Principles Finite

First Principles Finite Elem ent Analysis. Elem ent Analysis.

  • I nteraction Betw een

I nteraction Betw een Various W indow Various W indow Com ponents. Com ponents.

  • Model Calibrated to Test

Model Calibrated to Test Data Data

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Conventional W indow Protection Conventional W indow Protection

  • 6 2 ” x 8 6 ” Rough Opening Lam inated Annealed Glass

6 2 ” x 8 6 ” Rough Opening Lam inated Annealed Glass

Before Before After After

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Curtain W alls Curtain W alls

  • The Challenge

The Challenge

I ncrease the Blast W orthiness for Curtain

I ncrease the Blast W orthiness for Curtain W alls W alls

Reduce Load Transfer to Supporting

Reduce Load Transfer to Supporting Structural Elem ents Structural Elem ents

  • Better Understanding Gained Through

Better Understanding Gained Through Com putational Sim ulation and Com putational Sim ulation and Experim entation Experim entation

Com puter Model Com puter Model Blast Test Blast Test

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Failure of Masonry W all Failure of Masonry W all

  • I n

I n-

  • fill m asonry w alls are

fill m asonry w alls are vulnerable external blasts vulnerable external blasts

  • Analytical sim ulation can help

Analytical sim ulation can help

Structural design

Structural design

Understanding of the behavior of

Understanding of the behavior of the structure the structure

  • Possible retrofit schem es

Possible retrofit schem es

I nterior concrete panel

I nterior concrete panel

Use of com posite m aterial

Use of com posite m aterial

Exterior View Exterior View I nterior View I nterior View

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Exterior Upgrade Exterior Upgrade

  • High Consequence Facility Glass and W all Upgrade

High Consequence Facility Glass and W all Upgrade

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Progressive Collapse Progressive Collapse

  • Progressive Collapse

Progressive Collapse

“The spread of an initial local

“The spread of an initial local failure from elem ent to elem ent failure from elem ent to elem ent resulting, eventually, in the resulting, eventually, in the collapse of an entire structure or collapse of an entire structure or a disproportionately large part of a disproportionately large part of it.” it.” - ANSI / ASCE 7 ANSI / ASCE 7 -9 5 9 5

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Ronan Point Collapse Ronan Point Collapse

  • May 1 6 , 1 9 6 8

May 1 6 , 1 9 6 8 -

  • Collapse of the Flats at Ronan Point, England

Collapse of the Flats at Ronan Point, England

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Autom obile Collision Loading Autom obile Collision Loading

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Exam ples Of Progressive Collapse Exam ples Of Progressive Collapse

  • Typical Reinforced Concrete Flat Plate Structure

Typical Reinforced Concrete Flat Plate Structure

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Below Grade Concerns Below Grade Concerns

Exposed Columns Should Be Protected Against Threat Exposed Columns Should Exposed Columns Should Be Protected Against Threat Be Protected Against Threat Slabs & Walls Between Threat And Occupied Spaces Are to Be Hardened Slabs & Walls Between Threat Slabs & Walls Between Threat And Occupied Spaces Are to And Occupied Spaces Are to Be Hardened Be Hardened Beams & Frame Designed Against Progressive Collapse Beams & Frame Designed Beams & Frame Designed Against Progressive Collapse Against Progressive Collapse Loading Dock

Large Package Bomb

Loading Dock Loading Dock

Large Package Large Package Bomb Bomb

Restricted Parking

Surreptitiously Place Package Bomb

Restricted Parking Restricted Parking

Surreptitiously Place Surreptitiously Place Package Bomb Package Bomb

Slabs Reinforced to Prevent Collapse From Blast Slabs Reinforced to Prevent Slabs Reinforced to Prevent Collapse From Blast Collapse From Blast Column Beam & Beam Girder Joints Reinforced to Prevent Progressive Collapse Column Beam & Beam Column Beam & Beam Girder Joints Reinforced Girder Joints Reinforced to Prevent Progressive to Prevent Progressive Collapse Collapse Mail Room

Small Package Bomb

Mail Room Mail Room

Small Package Small Package Bomb Bomb

Public Parking

Car Bomb, if Parking Permitted

Public Parking Public Parking

Car Bomb, if Car Bomb, if Parking Permitted Parking Permitted

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Above Grade Cutaw ay Above Grade Cutaw ay

Slabs Reinforced to Prevent Collapse From Blast Slabs Reinforced to Prevent Slabs Reinforced to Prevent Collapse From Blast Collapse From Blast Column Beam & Beam Girder Joints Reinforced to Prevent Progressive Collapse Column Beam & Beam Girder Column Beam & Beam Girder Joints Reinforced to Prevent Joints Reinforced to Prevent Progressive Collapse Progressive Collapse Structural Frame Designed Against Progressive Collapse Through Redundancy & Ductility Structural Frame Designed Structural Frame Designed Against Progressive Collapse Against Progressive Collapse Through Redundancy & Ductility Through Redundancy & Ductility Columns Exposed to Threat of Mail Room, Loading Dock Or Lobby Hardened Against Blast Columns Exposed to Threat of Columns Exposed to Threat of Mail Room, Loading Dock Or Lobby Mail Room, Loading Dock Or Lobby Hardened Against Blast Hardened Against Blast Columns Along Building Perimeter Hardened Against Blast Columns Along Building Columns Along Building Perimeter Hardened Against Blast Perimeter Hardened Against Blast Structural Frame Designed to Resist Blast Base Shear Structural Frame Designed to Structural Frame Designed to Resist Blast Base Shear Resist Blast Base Shear

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Non Non-

  • structural Com ponents ( NSC)

structural Com ponents ( NSC)

  • Unsecured

Unsecured Non Non-

  • structural

structural Com ponents Com ponents Are One of Are One of the Main the Main Sources of Sources of I njuries in a I njuries in a Blast Event Blast Event

Unsecured Fallen Bookshelves

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Weidlinger Associates Inc Weidlinger Associates Inc www. www.wai wai.com .com

Renovation of Existing Structures Renovation of Existing Structures

U.S. Em bassy U.S. Em bassy - Stockholm Stockholm U.S. Em bassy U.S. Em bassy - London London U.S. Em bassy U.S. Em bassy - Copenhagen Copenhagen U.S. Em bassy U.S. Em bassy – Athens Athens

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Special Structures Special Structures -

  • Tunnels

Tunnels

  • Particularly Susceptible to

Particularly Susceptible to blast pressures blast pressures

Not designed for the

Not designed for the “expansion” of the tunnel “expansion” of the tunnel w alls w hich m ight occur w alls w hich m ight occur from blast event from blast event

  • Soil based tunnels vs. Rock

Soil based tunnels vs. Rock based tunnels based tunnels

  • Susceptible to Car/ Truck

Susceptible to Car/ Truck Bom bs Bom bs

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Special Structures Special Structures -

  • Airports

Airports

  • I m portance of security precautions

I m portance of security precautions

  • I nteraction betw een Architects,

I nteraction betw een Architects, Engineers and Security officials. Engineers and Security officials.

  • Vulnerability to Satchel Bom bs

Vulnerability to Satchel Bom bs

  • Large Glazing surfaces

Large Glazing surfaces

  • Open spaces

Open spaces

  • Large crow ds

Large crow ds

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Special Structures Special Structures -

  • Bridges

Bridges

  • Easy Access

Easy Access

Cars / Trucks

Cars / Trucks

Floating Tankers

Floating Tankers

  • Susceptible to accidental

Susceptible to accidental explosions explosions

  • Structural system

Structural system

Less redundancy

Less redundancy

exposed m ain structural

exposed m ain structural elem ents elem ents

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Weidlinger Associates Inc Weidlinger Associates Inc www. www.wai wai.com .com

Optim al Blast Design Optim al Blast Design

  • Protection Keyed to

Protection Keyed to Criticality of Facility Criticality of Facility

Mission Critical

Mission Critical

High Consequence Event

High Consequence Event

  • Balance Cost of Protection

Balance Cost of Protection

  • vs. Cost of Regret.
  • vs. Cost of Regret.

Site Protection

Site Protection

Facility Protection

Facility Protection

Structural Protection

Structural Protection

Façade Protection

Façade Protection

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Weidlinger Associates Inc Weidlinger Associates Inc www. www.wai wai.com .com

Levels of Protection Levels of Protection

  • Level of Protection ( cost

Level of Protection ( cost

  • f that protection) can
  • f that protection) can

be tailored to individual be tailored to individual clients clients

  • Must balance need for

Must balance need for protection w ith protection w ith functionality of facility functionality of facility being designed being designed

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Weidlinger Associates Inc Weidlinger Associates Inc www. www.wai wai.com .com

Bottom Line Bottom Line

W e as design professionals can provide

W e as design professionals can provide reasonable levels of protection for reasonable levels of protection for building occupants w hile m aintaining building occupants w hile m aintaining the aesthetics and program m atic the aesthetics and program m atic requirem ents of the facility requirem ents of the facility