Regulatory Valuation In the business world, the rearview mirror is - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Regulatory Valuation

“In the business world, the rearview mirror is

always clearer than the windshield”

Warren Buffett

Valuation (Part – A)

What and Why How

Valuation in Indian Regulatory Environment (Part – B)

When and Who

Some Specific Tricky Issues (Part – C)

Tricky Issues

Part – A Valuation

WHAT & WHY

Value & Valuation

 Value is*

• An Economic concept;
• An Estimate of likely prices to be concluded by the buyer and seller of a good or

service that is available for purchase;

• Not a fact.

 Valuation is the process of determining

the “Economic Worth” of an Asset or Company under certain assumptions and limiting conditions and subject to the data available on the valuation date.

* Source -International Valuation Standard Council

Key Facts

PRICE IS NOT THE SAME AS VALUE TRANSACTION CONCLUDES AT NEGOTIATED PRICES VALUATION IS HYBRID OF ART & SCIENCE VALUE VARIES WITH PERSON, PURPOSE AND TIME

S Standard of Valuation T Thesis of Valuation E Economics of Valuation M Methodologies of Valuation

FAIR MARKET VALUE INTRINSIC VALUE FAIR VALUE INVESTMENT VALUE Standard of Valuation Thesis of Valuation Economics of Valuation Methodologies of Valuation

Standard of Value is the hypothetical conditions under which a business is valued.

While selecting the Standard of Value following points is to be taken care of

 Subject matter of Valuation;  Purpose of Valuation;  Statute;  Case Laws;  Circumstances. Types of Standard of Value:

Standard of Valuation Thesis of Valuation Economics of Valuation Methodologies of Valuation Thesis of Value is Premise of value which relates to the assumptions upon which the valuation is based.

Premise of Value

• Going Concern – Value as an ongoing operating business enterprise.
• Liquidation

– Value when business is terminated . It could be ‘forced’ or ‘orderly’.

• Value-in-use
• Value-in-exchange

Growing Cos.

• Turnover/Profits: Increasing still Low
• Proven Track Record: Limited
• Valuation Methodology: Substantially on Business Model
• Cost of Capital: Quite High

High Growth Cos.

• Turnover/Profits : Good
• Proven Track Record: Available
• Valuation Methodology: Business Model with Asset Base
• Cost of Capital: Reasonable

Mature Cos.

• Turnover/Profits: Saturated
• Proven Track Record: Widely Available
• Method of Valuation: More from Existing Assets
• Cost of Capital: May be High

Declining Cos.

`

• Turnover/Profits: Drops
• Proven Track Record: Substantial

Operating History

• Method of Valuation: Entirely

from Existing Assets

• Cost of Capital: N.A.
• Turnover/Profits: Negligible
• Proven Track Record: None
• Valuation Methodology: Entirely on Business Model
• Cost of Capital: Very High

Start Up Cos. Turnover / Profits Time

Valuation across business cycle follow the law of economics

Standard of Valuation Thesis of Valuation Economics of Valuation Methodologies of Valuation

HOW

Enterprise / Business Value

Enterprise Value

Net Debt# Equity# Fixed Assets# Net Current Assets# Intangibles# Stakeholders Assets

Value of Business

# Based on Market Values

Standard of Valuation Thesis of Valuation Economics of Valuation Methodologies of Valuation

Valuation Approaches

Income Based Method Asset Based Method

Capitalization of Earning Method (Historical) Discounted Cash Flow Method (Projected Time Value)

Market Based Method

Comparable Companies Market Multiples Method (Listed Peers) Comparable Transaction Multiples Method (Unlisted Peers) Market Value Method (For Quoted Securities) Book Value Method Liquidation Value Method Replacement Value Method Contingent Claim Valuation (Option Pricing) Price of Recent Investment Method Rule of Thumb (Multiples: Customers, Rooms, Seats, No. of visitors etc.) - Depends upon Industry

Fundamental Method Relative Method Other Method

While concluding Value, all the methodologies must be considered and then weights applied as per the facts of the case. In other words, Value conclusion should be based on the Professional Judgement and Simple Average should best be avoided while concluding Value.

Need of several valuation methods? Each has strengths and weaknesses Different methods useful in different situations Each gives a different “take” on the value of the company’s stock Provides a range of valuations instead of point estimates Helps in Sanity Check

Choice of Valuation Approaches “Value in Valuation is a question, and Your choice of Method is the first step towards answer”

Applicability of a particular approach depends upon:

On whose behalf? – one buyer vs another buyer, buyer vs seller; For what purpose? – independent strategic acquisition, group company consolidation, cross border transaction; When? – distress situation, industry downturn, boom etc;

Choice of Valuation Approaches

• In General, Income Approach is preferred;

The dominance of profits for valuation of share was emphasised in “McCathies case” (Taxation, 69 CLR 1) where it was said that “the real value of shares in a company will depend more on the profits which the company has been making and should be capable of making, having regard to the nature of its business, than upon the amount which the shares would realise on liquidation”.  This was also re-iterated by the Indian Courts in Commissioner of Wealth Tax v. Mahadeo Jalan’s case (S.C.) (86 ITR 621) and Additional Commissioner of Gift Tax v. Kusumben D. Mahadevia (S.C.) (122 ITR 38).

• However, Asset Approach is preferred in case of Asset heavy companies

and on liquidation;

• Market Approach is preferred in case of listed entity and to evaluate the

value of unlisted company by comparing it with its listed peers;

• Mergers
• IPO
• RBI
• Income Tax
• ESOP
• Companies Act
• SEBI
• Stock Exchange

Purpose Regulatory Accounting

• Purchase Price

Allocation Dispute Resolution

• Company Law

Board/ Courts

• Impairment /

Diminution

• Arbitration
• Mediation
• Acquisitions /

Investment

• Voluntary

Assessment Value Creation

• Equity Research
• Credit Rating
• Corporate

Planning

Valuation depends upon

Sources of Information for Valuation

Sources of Information

Historical financial results – Income Statement, Balance Sheets and Cash Flows Data available in Public Domain – Stock Exchange / MCA/SEBI/Independent Report Data on comparable companies – SALES/EV- EBITDA/ PAT/BV Promoters and Management background Data on projects planned/under implementation including future projection Discussion and Representation with/by the management of the Company Industry and Regulatory trends

CASH FLOW

Investor assign value based on the cash flow they expect to receive in the future

• Dividends / distributions
• Sale of liquidation proceeds

Value of a cash flow stream is a function of

• Timing of cash Receipt
• Risk associated with the cashflow

ASSETS

Operating Assets

• Assets used in the operation of the business including working capital, Property, Plant &

Equipment & Intangible assets

• Valuing of operating assets is generally reflected in the cash flow generated by the

business

Non - Operating Assets

• Assets not used in the operations including excess cash balances, and assets held for

investment purposes, such as vacant land & Securities

• Investors generally do not give much value to such assets and Structure modification

may be necessary

Key drivers of valuation

That’s why DCF is most prominent valuation method Need for Restructuring

Rule of Thumb

A rule of thumb or benchmark indicator is used as a reasonableness check against the values determined by the use of other valuation approaches.

Industry Valuation Parameters Hospital EV/Room Engineering Mcap/Order Book Mutual Fund Asset under management OIL EV/ Barrel of equivalent Print Media EV/Subscriber Power EV/MW, EBITDA/Per Unit Entertainment & Media EV/Per screen Metals EBITDA/Ton, EV/Metric ton Textiles EBITDA depend upon capacity utilization Percentage & per spindle value Pharma Bulk Drugs New Drug Approvals , Patents Airlines EV/Plane or EV/passenger Shipping EV/Order Book, Mcap/Order Book Cement EV/Per ton & EBITDA/Per ton Banks Non performing Assets , Current Account & Saving Account per Branch

However, Exclusive use of Rule of Thumb is not recommended

Part – B Valuation in Indian Regulatory Environment

WHEN & WHO

Inbound Investment DFCF Gift of Unquoted Equity Shares (Min) NAV Outbound Investment Valuer Discretion Gift of Unquoted Shares other than Equity Shares Price it would fetch if sold in open market Takeover Code/ Delisting - Infrequently Traded Only Parameters Prescribed – Return

• n Net Worth, EPS, NAV vis-a vis

Industry Average Takeover Code/ Delisting - Frequently Traded Based on Market Price Reserve Bank of India ESOP Tax Valuer Discretion ESOP Accounting Option – Pricing Model Income Tax SEBI CA / MB >5Mn$ - MB, otherwise CA/MB

• MB

MB

• CA/MB
• Stock Exchanges

Preferential Allotment to promoters / their relatives for consideration other than cash Valuer Discretion Companies Act, 1956 Sweat Equity Valuer Discretion CA / MB

• Transactions

Prescribed Methodologies Mandate to be done by

SNAPSHOT OF REGULATORY VALUATIONS IN INDIA

Gift of Unquoted Equity Shares from Resident (Max) DCF (Valuation Based on Assets, Business & Intangibles is also acceptable) FCA / MB Preferential Allotment to Others Based on 26 weeks / 2 weeks Market Price

• Companies Act,

2013 any property, stock, shares, debentures, securities or goodwill

• r any other assets or the net

worth of the Company or its liabilities To be prescribed REGISTERED VALUER Transfer Pricing Arm Length Price

RBI Valuation Guidelines

FDI VALUATION

• Notification No. FEMA 20/2000-RB dated May 3, 2000, as amended from time to time deals

with Foreign Exchange Management (Transfer or Issue of Security by a Person Resident Outside India) Regulations, 2000.

• In

terms

• f

Schedule 1

• f

the Notification, an Indian company may issue equity shares/compulsorily convertible preference shares and compulsorily convertible debentures (equity instruments) to a person resident outside India under the FDI policy, subject to inter alia, compliance with the pricing guidelines.

• The price/ conversion formula of convertible capital instruments should be determined upfront

at the time of issue of the instruments.

Particulars Valuation before April 21, 2010 Valuation after April 21, 2010 Guidelines in Force CCI Guidelines In case of FDI Transactions: Listed Company: Market Value as per SEBI Preferential Allotment Guidelines Unlisted Company: DFCF In case of ODI Transactions: No method has been prescribed Methods Prescribed Net Assets Value (NAV) Profit Earning Capacity Value(PECV) Market Value (in case of Listed Company) Discount 15% Discount has been prescribed on account of Lack of Marketability No such Discount has been prescribed Historical / Futuristic It is based on Historical Values It is based on Future Projections Possibility of variation in Value Conclusion As valuation is more Formulae based, final values came standardized As valuation is more dependent

• n Assumptions and choice of

factors like Growth Rate, Cost

• f Capital etc, value conclusion

may vary significantly.

FEMA Guidelines to Valuation Note: Valuation guidelines do not apply to SEBI registered venture capital

Discounted Free Cash Flow Method (DFCF)

Approaches to FDI Valuation

• RBI has prescribed DFCF as the only valuation method in case of FDI (excluding for

initial subscription); but has not provided any guidance on its technical aspects.

• Though DFCF is one of the most acceptable Valuation methods used by Business

valuers worldwide; however DFCF for all FDI transactions-excluding for initial subscription (like minority stake/start up valuation etc) may not yield Fair Value in line with the Commercial understanding. However Law being such, suitable Logical adjustments may be necessary on a case to case basis.

DFCF expresses the present value of the business as a function of its future cash earnings capacity. In this method, the appraiser estimates the

cash flows of any business after all operating expenses, taxes, and necessary investments in working capital and capital expenditure is being met. Valuing equity using the free cash flow to stockholders requires estimating only free cash flow to equity holders, after debt holders have been paid off.

 Forward Looking and focuses on cash generation  Recognizes Time value of Money  Allows operating strategy to be built into a model  Incorporates value of Tangible and Intangible assets  Only as accurate as assumptions and projections used  Works best in producing a range of likely values  It Represents the Control Value

Major Characteristics of DFCF Valuation

DFCF Valuation Process

 Understand Business Model  Identify Business Cycle  Analyze Historical Financial Performance  Review Industry and Regulatory Trends  Understand Future Growth Plans (including Capex needs)  Segregate Business and Other Cash Generating Assets  Identify Surplus Assets (assets not utilized for Business say Land/Investments)  Create Business Projections (Profitability statement and Balance Sheets)  Discount Business Projections to Present (Explicit Period and Perpetuity)  Add Value of Surplus Assets and Subtract Value of Contingent Liabilities

Free Cash Flows- Value Trend

Terminal Value is calculated for the Perpetuity period based on the Adjusted last year cash flows of the Projected period.

Free cash flows to firm (FCFF) is calculated as

EBITDA Taxes Change in Non Cash Working capital Capital Expenditure Free Cash Flow to Firm

Note that an alternate to above is following (FCFE) method in which the value of Equity is directly valued in lieu of the value of Firm. Under this approach, the Interest and Finance charges is also deducted to arrive at the Free Cash Flows. Adjustment is also made for Debt (Inflows and Outflows)

• ver the definite period of Cash Flows and also in Perpetuity workings.

Theoretically, the value conclusion should remain same irrespective of the method followed (FCFF or FCFE), (Provided, assumptions are consistent).

FREE CASH FLOWS

Free Cash Flow calculation

DISCOUNT RATE – WEIGHTED AVERAGE COST OF CAPITAL

Where:

D = Debt part of capital structure E = Equity part of capital structure Kd = Cost of Debt (Post tax) Ke = Cost of Equity

(Kd x D) + (Ke x E) (D + E)

In case of following FCFE, Discount Rate is Ke and Not WACC WACC

Cost of Capital calculation

DISCOUNT RATE - COST OF EQUITY

Where:

Rf = Risk free rate of return (Generally taken as 10-year Government Bond Yield) B = Beta Value (Sensitivity of the stock returns to market returns) Ke = Cost of Equity Rm= Market Rate of Return (Generally taken as Long Term average return

• f

Stock Market) SCRP = Small Company Risk Premium CSRP= Company specific Risk premium

• Mod. CAPM Model

ke = Rf + B ( Rm-Rf) + SCRP + CSRP The Cost of Equity (Ke) is computed by using Modified Capital Asset Pricing Model (Mod. CAPM)

Cost of Equity calculation

PERPETUITY FORMULA

– Usually comprises a Large part of Total Value and is sensitive to small changes – Capitalizes FCF after definite forecast period as a growing perpetuity; – Estimate Terminal Value using Terminal Value Multiplier applied on last year cash flows – Gordon Formula is often used to derive the Terminal Cash Flows by applying the last year cash flows as a multiple of the growth rate and discounting factor – Estimated Terminal Value is then discounted to present day at company’s cost of capital based on the discounting factor of last year projected cash flows

(1 + g) (WACC – g)

IMPORTANT TIP- It is advised to do Sanity check by applying Relative Valuation Multiples to the Terminal Year Financials and also doing Scenario Analysis.

Terminal value calculation

SEBI / Stock Exchange Valuation Guidelines

Traded Turnover of Shares ≥ 10% [In the Last Twelve Calendar Months preceding the Month of Public Announcement (P.A.)]

Takeover Regulations

APPLICABLE LAW: SEBI (Substantial Acquisition of Shares & Takeovers) Regulations, 2011

FREQUENTLY TRADED SHARES

Method of Valuation

1. Highest Negotiated Price Per Share under agreement attracting the obligation to make P.A. 2. The volume weighted avg. price paid or payable by acquirer or PAC during the 52 Weeks; 3. The Highest Price paid or payable by acquirer or PAC in last 26 Weeks; 4. Volume weighted average Market Price of Shares for a period of 60 trading days

HIGHEST PRICE AMONG ALL IS THE VALUE PER SHARE FOR P.A.

Traded Turnover of Shares < 10% [In the Last Twelve Calendar Months preceding the Month of Public Announcement (P.A.)]

INFREQUENTLY TRADED SHARES

Method of Valuation

1. Book value, 2. Comparable Trading Multiples;

Such other Parameters as are customary for valuation of shares of such companies

Preferential Issue (1 of 3)

APPLICABLE LAW: SEBI (ICDR) Regulations, 2009

Method of Valuation

1. The average of the weekly high and low of the closing prices of the related equity shares quoted on the recognised stock exchange during 26 weeks preceding the relevant date, or

2. The average of the weekly high and low of the closing prices of the related equity shares quoted on the recognised stock exchange during 26 weeks preceding the relevant date.

HIGHEST PRICE AMONG ALL IS THE VALUE PER SHARE

Equity shares of issuer have been listed on recognized stock exchange for a period of 26 weeks or more as on relevant date

Preferential Issue ( 2 of 3)

APPLICABLE LAW: SEBI (ICDR) Regulations, 2009

Method of Valuation

1.

The price at which equity shares were issued by the issuer in its IPO or value per share arrived at in a scheme of arrangement under section 391 to 394 of the Companies Act, 1956, pursuant to which the equity shares of the issuer were listed, as the case may be ,

• r

2. The average of the weekly high and low of the closing prices of the related equity shares quoted on the recognised stock exchange during the period shares have been listed preceding the relevant date, or 3. The average of the weekly high and low of the closing prices of the related equity shares quoted on the recognised stock exchange during 2 weeks preceding the relevant date.

HIGHEST PRICE AMONG ALL IS THE VALUE PER SHARE

Equity shares of issuer have been listed on recognized stock exchange for a period of less than 26 weeks as on relevant date

Preferential Issue ( 3 of 3)

APPLICABLE LAW: SEBI (ICDR) Regulations, 2009

Method of Valuation

No Method for Valuation has been prescribed. Where equity shares have been issued to promoters / their relatives for consideration other than cash, the valuation of assets in consideration for which the equity shares are issued shall be done by an independent valuer

Valuer

Chartered Accountant or a Merchant Banker

ESOP Accounting Valuation

APPLICABLE LAW: SEBI (ESOS and ESPS) Guidelines, 1999

Method of Valuation

Black-Scholes Model If a Company listed

• n recognised stock exchange in India and issued shares under an

ESOS / ESPS, the fair value of stock option shall be estimated using an option pricing model (Black-Scholes or a binomial model) which shall be treated as employee compensation cost for the Company.

Valuer

Not Prescribed

Income Tax Act-1961

Equity Shares Valuation

APPLICABLE LAW: Income Tax Act – 1961 and Rule 11UA

Method of Valuation

Minimum Valuation- Net Asset Value Maximum Valuation- DCF and other methods factoring Tangible and Intangibles If Individual, HUF, Firm or *closely held Company receives Equity shares of a closely held Company – Valuation norms shall apply.

Valuer

No specific Valuer prescribed for undertaking Minimum Value FCA / Merchant Banker for determining Maximum Value

*If a Public Listed Company receives any shares or anyone receives shares of a Public listed Company, valuation norms are not applicable if transaction takes at market price.

Valuation of shares other than Equity Shares

APPLICABLE LAW: Income Tax Act – 1961 and Rule 11UA Method of Valuation Price at which such shares will fetch in the open market. If Individual, HUF, Firm or *closely held Company receives shares other than Equity shares

• f a closely held Company – Valuation norms shall apply.

Valuer

Valuation report to be issued by Merchant Banker

ESOP Tax Valuation

APPLICABLE LAW: Income Tax Act – 1961 and Notification no. 94/2009 dated 18.12.2009 issued by CBDT Method of Valuation

No method has been prescribed

To determine the value of perquisite taxable in hands of employees

Valuer

SEBI registered category – I Merchant Banker

Transfer Pricing

APPLICABLE LAW: Section – 92 to 92F of Income Tax Act – 1961 and Rule 10A to 10E of Income-tax Rules, 1962 Method of Valuation

Arm Length Price

Any International transaction between associated enterprises at ARM LENGTH PRICE

Valuer

Not Prescribed

Role of TPO critical. Recent cases deliberating on Valuation aspects

Valuation for Merger Judicial Pronouncements;

WHETHER VALUATION IS REQUIRED FOR MERGER? In the matter of Shreya’s India (P) Ltd. v. Samrat Industries (P) Ltd. the Regional Director (RD) raised an objection that no valuation report has been filed and that the exchange ratio for amalgamation has not been worked out by an independent valuer. “The Hon’ble High Court of Rajasthan overruled this objection and sanctioned the scheme

• f amalgamation by holding that there was no legal or factual impediment to grant sanction

to the scheme of amalgamation.” WHETHER ANY VALUATION METHODOLDY IS REQUIRED FOR MERGER?

Though there are no specific methodology prescribed for valuation under Merger, however In Hindustan Lever Employees Union v. Hindustan Lever Ltd and Others,

Bombay High Court - “accepted the ratio of 2:2:1 as Income, Market and Asset Approach on which the valuation was based.”

“Valuation is generally the Starting Point of the M&A process”

Tool for planning Stamp Duty ?

Valuation for Merger.. Contd..

APPLICABLE LAW FOR VALUATION FOR MERGER INVOLVING LISTED COMPANY:

1. Companies Act, 1956 [Section 391- 394]; 2. Fairness Opinion [Clause 24 (h) of the Listing Agreement]; 3. SEBI Notification [CIR/CFD/DIL/5/2013], dated 4th February, 2013 and 21st May 2013 Circular

VALUATION REQUIREMENT UNDER SEBI NOTIFICATION After the SEBI notification, Valuation by Independent CA is required if shares are issued under the merger and there is change in shareholding pattern.

Valuation by independent chartered account mandatory other than those specifically exempted. ''Valuation Report from an Independent Chartered Accountant'' is not required in cases where there is no change in the shareholding pattern of the listed company / resultant company.

• In case of a merger valuation, the emphasis is on arriving at the relative values
• f the shares of the merging companies to facilitate determination of the swap

ratio – Hence, the purpose is not to arrive at absolute values of the shares of the companies

• The key issue to be addressed is that of fairness to all shareholders

– This is particularly important where the shareholding pattern and shareholders vary between the two companies

• There are established legal precedence for merger valuation methodologies

– Valuer’s role is to incorporate case specific factors and use appropriate methodologies so as to determine a fair ratio – Usually, best to give weight ages to valuation by all methods – Market price method and Earnings methods dominate.

Swap Ratio Valuation

Registered Valuer

Companies Act, 2013

Registered Valuers

Registered Valuers

Financial Valuer Technical Valuer

• A

Chartered Accountant, Company Secretary or Cost Accountant in whole time practice or retired member

• f

Indian Corporate law Service or any other person as prescribed.

• A

Merchant Banker registered with SEBI and which has in employment under it CA/CS/CWA for carrying

• ut

(signing) Valuation by such qualified persons.

• Member of the Institute
• f Engineers or Member
• f

the Institute

• f

Architects in whole time practice.

• A person or firm or LLP or

Merchant Banker possessing both qualifications may act in dual capacity. Shall have 5 Years

• f

Continuous Experience, Post Qualification Shall have 5 Years

• f

Continues Experience, Post Qualification

Stock, Shares, Debentures, Securities, Goodwill Property

Persons eligible to apply for being Registered as Valuer Registered Valuer to be appointed by Audit Committee

• r in its absence

by the Board of Directors.

Registered Valuers

Registered Valuer Further Issue

• f Shares

Compromise and Arrangements Winding up / Liquidation Non Cash Transactions with Directors Exit to Minority Shareholders Corporate Debt Restructuring

Registered Valuers (Financial Valuation)

Value

Responsibilities

• Valuer to make impartial, true and fair

valuation

• Not undertake valuation if directly or

indirectly interested

• Exercise due diligence
• Valuation to be done as per rules

Upon contravention

• Fine – 25,000 to 100,000

With intention to defraud

• Imprisonment upto 1 year and
• Fine- 1,00,000 to 5,00,000

Additionally upon contravention, to refund remuneration received and also liable for damages.

Section wise Requirement of Registered Valuers

Section 62(1)(c) – For Valuing further Issue of Shares Section 192(2) – For Valuing Assets involved in Arrangement of Non Cash transactions involving Directors Section 230(2)(c)(v) – For Valuing Shares, Property and Assets of the company under a Scheme of Corporate Debt Restructuring Section 230(3) and 232(2)(d) – For Valuation including Share swap ratio under a Scheme

• f

Compromise/Arrangement, a copy of Valuation Report by Expert, if any shall be accompanied Section 232(3)(h) - Where under a Scheme of Compromise/Arrangement the transferor company is a listed company and the transferee company is an unlisted company, for exit opportunity to the shareholders of transferor company, valuation may be required to be made by the Tribunal Section 236(2) – For Valuing Equity Shares held by Minority Shareholders Section 260(2)(c) – For preparing Valuation report in respect of Shares and Assets to arrive at the Reserve Price or Lease rent or Share Exchange Ratio for Company Administrator Section 281(1)(a) – For Valuing Assets for submission of report by Company Liquidator Section 305(2)(d) – For report on the Assets of the company for preparation of declaration of solvency under voluntary winding up Section 319(3)(b) – For Valuing the interest of any dissenting member of the transferor company who did not vote in favour of the special resolution, as may be required by the Company Liquidator Section 325(1)(b) – For valuation of annuities and future and contingent liabilities in winding up of insolvent company

Registered Valuers (Draft Rules) – Methods of Valuation

• I. Before adopting methods, decide Valuation Approach-
• Asset Approach
• Income Approach
• Market Approach
• II. Valuer to consider following points while undertaking Valuation-
• Nature of the Business and the History of the Enterprise from its inception
• Economic outlook in general and outlook of the specific industry in particular
• Book Value of the stock and the Financial condition of the business
• Earning Capacity of the company
• Dividend-Paying Capacity of the company.
• Goodwill or other Intangible value
• Sales of the stock and the Size of the block of stock to be valued
• Market prices of stock of corporations engaged in the same or a similar line of business
• Contingent Liabilities or substantial legal issues, within India and Abroad, impacting business
• Nature of Instrument proposed to be issued, and nature of transaction contemplated by parties

Registered Valuers (Draft Rules) – Methods of Valuation

• III. Registered Valuer shall make valuation of any asset in accordance with any one or more of the

following methods- a. Net Asset Value Method (NAV) b. Market Price Method c. Yield Method / PECV Method d. Discounted Cash Flow Method (DCF) e. Comparable Companies Multiples Method (CCM) f. Comparable Transaction Multiples Method (CTM) g. Price of Recent Investment Method (PORI) h. Sum of the parts Valuation Method (SOTP) i. Liquidation Value j. Weighted Average Method k. Any other method accepted or notified by RBI, SEBI or Income Tax Authorities l. Any other method that valuer may deem fit provided adequate justification for use of suh method (and not any of the above methods) is provided

• IV. Registered Valuer shall make valuation of any asset as on the Valuation date and in accordance

with applicable standards, if any stipulated for this purpose.

• V. Contents of Valuation report shall contain information as contained in Form 17.3

Registered Valuers (Forms) – Contents of Valuation report

1) Description of valuation engagement (a) Name of the client: (b) Other intended users: (c) Purpose for valuation: (2) Description of business/ asset / liability being valued (a) Nature of business or asset / liability (b) Legal background (c) Financial aspects (d) Tax matters (3) Description of the information underlying the valuation (a) Analysis of past results (b) Budgets, with underlying assumptions (c) Availability and quality of underlying data (d) Review of budgets for plausibility (e) Statement of responsibility for information received

Registered Valuers (Forms) – Contents of Valuation report

(4) Description of specific valuation of assets used in the business: (a)Basis or bases of value (b) Valuation Date (c) Description of the procedures carried out (d) Principles used in the valuation (e) The valuation method used and reasoning (f) Nature, scope and quality of underlying data and (g) The extent of estimates and assumptions together with considerations underlying them (5) Confirmation that the valuation has been undertaken in accordance with these Rules (6) Further it is certified that valuation has been undertaken after taking into account relevant conditions/regulations/rules/notifications, if any, issued by the Central/State Government(s) from time to time. (i) The valuation report must clearly state the significant assumptions upon which the value is based. When reporting there may be instances, where there are confidential figures, these must be summarized in a separate exhibit (ii) In his valuation report, the registered valuer must set out a clear value or range of values along with the reasoning (ii) In case the valuer has been involved in valuing any part of the subject matter of valuation in the past, the past valuation report(s) should be attached and referred to herein. In case a different basis has been adopted for valuation (than adopted in the past), the valuer should justify the reason for such differences

Part – C

Some Specific Tricky Issues

Discounts

• Discount for Entity Level

Discounts & Premiums come into picture when there exist difference between the subject being valued and the Methodologies applied. As this can translate control value to non-control and vise versa , so these should be judiciously applied.

– Impact on entity as a whole

• Key Person Discount
• Discount for Contingent Liability
• Discount for diversified company
• Discount for Holding Company
• Discount for Shareholders Level – Impact on specific ownership interest
• Discount Lack of Control (DLOC)
• Discount Lack of Marketability (DLOM)
• Size of distribution or dividends
• Dispute
• Revenue / Earning – Growth / Stability
• Private Company
• Tax Payout
• % stake & special rights
• Shareholders Agreement caveats

Global Studies over the years on diversified companies and holding companies has shown that companies trade at a discount in the range

• f 20%. to 40% each.

DLOM: As per CCI Guidelines, 15% discount has been prescribed; however practically DLOM and DLOC depends upon following factors:

Premium

“Beauty lies in the eyes of the beholder; valuation in those of the buyer”

• An investor seeking to acquire control of a company is

typically willing to pay more than the current market price of the company. Control premium is an amount that a buyer is usually willing to pay over the fair market value of a publicly traded company to acquire controlling stake in a company.

• Control can be direct (shareholding or Authority to appoint

Board) or indirect (veto power, casting vote etc)

• Research has shown that the control premium in India has

ranged from 20% to 37% in the past few years having median of 30%.

Financial Year

• No. of

Transactio ns Median Premium 2006 25 37% 2007 29 20% 2008 38 26% 2009 44 29% 2010 22 31% 2011 42 32% Total 228 30%

Excess Cash and Non Operating Assets

Excess cash is defined as ‘total cash (in balance sheet) – operating cash (i.e. minimum required cash) to sustain operations (working capital) and manage contingencies Key Issue: Estimation of Excess Cash ? Non operating Assets are the Surplus assets which are not used in operations of the business and does not reflect its value in the operating earnings of the company. Therefore the fair market value of such Assets should be separately added to the value derived through valuation methodologies to arrive at the value of the company.

One

• f

the solutions is to estimate average cash/sales

• r

total balance sheet size

• f

the company’s relevant Industry and then estimate if the company being valued has cash in excess of the industry’s average.

What is an asset is not yielding adequate returns ?

Cross Holding and Investments

Holdings in other firms can be categorized into:

Types of Cross Holding Meaning Minority, Passive Investments If the securities or assets owned in another firm represent less than 20% of the overall ownership of that firm Minority, Active Investments If the securities or assets owned in another firm represent between 20% and 50% of the overall ownership of that firm Majority, Active Investments If the securities or assets owned in another firm represent more than 50% of the overall ownership of that firm

Investment Value

Ways to value Cross Holding and Investments:

Dividend Yield Capitalization or DCF based on expected dividends Separate Valuation (Preferred) By way

• f

Shareholders Agreement even less % holding may command control value

Accounting Practices and Tax issues

Most of the information that is used in valuation comes from financial statements. which in turn are made

• n

certain Accounting practices considered appropriate.

• Cash Accounting v/s Accrual Accounting
• Operating Lease v/s Financial Lease
• Capitalization of Expenses
• Notional Tax vs. Actual Tax
• Treatment of Intangible Assets
• Companies Paying MAT
• Treatment of Tax benefits and Losses

Company Specific Factors

• Management, Promoter Group

It is the alignment of Company’s value via-a- vis to its external environment

• Operating, Capital and Corporate Finance Strategies
• Competitive advantages and cost position
• Product / Service offering / differentiation / pricing power
• Scale & Diversification
• Customer / Supplier concentration
• Corporate Governance
• Future prospects / Growth potential
• Industry peer group
• Regulatory environment

Valuation Methodologies and Value Impact

Major Valuation Methodologies Ideal for Result Net Asset Value Net Asset Value (Book Value) Minority Value Equity Value Net Asset Value (Fair Value) Control Value Comparable Companies Multiples (CCM) Method Price to Earning , Book Value Multiple Minority Value Equity Value EBIT , EBITDA Multiple Enterprise Value Comparable Transaction Multiples (CTM) Method Price to Earning , Book Value Multiple Control Value Equity Value EBIT , EBITDA Multiple Enterprise Value Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) Equity Control Value Equity Value Firm Enterprise Value

Reliance Group Market prices (In Rs) Pre demerger Post demerger Reliance Industries 702 698 Reliance Capital Ventures

• 23

Reliance Communication Ventures

• 292

Reliance Energy Ventures

• 43

Reliance Natural Resource

• 18

TOTAL 702 1074

Demerger resulted in increased shareholders value

“That is what learning is, you suddenly understand something you have understood all your life, but in a new way” …………………………….. Doris Lessing

Chander Sawhney, Vice President Corporate Professionals Capital Pvt. Ltd. SEBI registered merchant banker Email : chander@indiacp.com Mobile: 9810557353; Direct: 40622252 www.corporateprofessionals.com; D-28, South Extension, Part-I, New Delhi-110049