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Sep 07, 2022 33 likes •254 views

rtr t Prss t rPrst r r rtt

SLIDE 1

❆❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ Pr♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t✿ ❆ ▼✐❝r♦✲P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡

❏❡✛r❡② ❉✳ ▼✐❝❤❧❡r

❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❆❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ✫ ❘❡s♦✉r❝❡ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝s✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❙❛s❦❛t❝❤❡✇❛♥

❆❆❊❆ ❆♥♥✉❛❧ ▼❡❡t✐♥❣✱ ❲❛s❤✐♥❣t♦♥✱ ❉✳❈✳✱ ✺✲✼ ❆✉❣✉st ✷✵✶✽

▼✐❝❤❧❡r ✭❯❙❛s❦✮ ❆❣✳ ✐♥ t❤❡ Pr♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❆❆❊❆ ✷✵✶✽ ✶ ✴ ✶✹

SLIDE 2

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥

▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥

◮ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ✐s ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❜② str✉❝t✉r❛❧ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✭▲❡✇✐s✱ ✶✾✺✹❀ ❑✉③♥❡ts✱ ✶✾✺✼✮✳ ◮ ❲❤✐❧❡ t❤❡ ❝❛✉s❡s ♦❢ str✉❝t✉r❛❧ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛r❡ ❞❡❜❛t❡❞✱ t❤❡ ♦✉t❝♦♠❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ r❡♠❛r❦❛❜❧② ✉♥✐❢♦r♠ ❛❝r♦ss t✐♠❡ ❛♥❞ ❝♦✉♥tr② ✭Pr❡❜✐s❤✱ ✶✾✺✵❀ ❏♦❤♥st♦♥ ❛♥❞ ▼❡❧❧♦r✱ ✶✾✻✶❀ Pr❡♦❜❛③❤❡♥s❦②✱ ✶✾✻✺✮✳ ◮ ❚❤✐s ❤❛s ❣✐✈❡♥ r✐s❡ t♦ ❛ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ st②❧✐③❡❞ ❢❛❝ts ✭❙②rq✉✐♥✱ ✶✾✽✽❀ ❚✐♠♠❡r✱ ✶✾✽✽❀ ❈❤❛✈❛s✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳

▼✐❝❤❧❡r ✭❯❙❛s❦✮ ❆❣✳ ✐♥ t❤❡ Pr♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❆❆❊❆ ✷✵✶✽ ✷ ✴ ✶✹

SLIDE 3

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥

❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝ts

✶✳ ❆❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❡✬s ♦✉t♣✉t s❤❛r❡ ❛♥❞ s❤❛r❡ ♦❢ ❡♠♣❧♦②♠❡♥t ❞❡❝❧✐♥❡✱ ✐♥ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ✐♥❞✉str② ❛♥❞ s❡r✈✐❝❡✱ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❡❝♦♥♦♠②✳ ✷✳ ❚♦t❛❧ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ♦✉t♣✉t ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s✳ ✸✳ ❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇s ❛ ♣❛t❤ ♦❢ ✐♥❞✉❝❡❞ ✐♥♥♦✈❛t✐♦♥✳ ✹✳ ❲✐t❤✐♥ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❡✱ s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s✳ ✺✳ ❋❛r♠ ✐♥❝♦♠❡ ✜rst ❞❡❝❧✐♥❡s ❜✉t t❤❡♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡✳

▼✐❝❤❧❡r ✭❯❙❛s❦✮ ❆❣✳ ✐♥ t❤❡ Pr♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❆❆❊❆ ✷✵✶✽ ✸ ✴ ✶✹

SLIDE 4

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥

❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❖❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡

✶✳ ❉♦ t❤❡ st②❧✐③❡❞ ❢❛❝ts r❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ s❡❝t♦r❛❧ ♦r ♠❛❝r♦ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♣♣❡❛r ✐♥ ♠✐❝r♦ ❞❛t❛❄ ✷✳ ❲❤❛t ❛r❡ t❤❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t✐❡s✴❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ str✉❝t✉r❛❧ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠❛❝r♦ ❛♥❞ ♠✐❝r♦ ❞❛t❛❄

▼✐❝❤❧❡r ✭❯❙❛s❦✮ ❆❣✳ ✐♥ t❤❡ Pr♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❆❆❊❆ ✷✵✶✽ ✹ ✴ ✶✹

SLIDE 5

❉❛t❛

❉❛t❛ ❙♦✉r❝❡s

◮ ▼❛❝r♦ ♦r ♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛t❛

◮ ❲♦r❧❞ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ■♥❞✐❝❛t♦rs ◮ ❋❆❖st❛t

◮ ▼✐r❝♦ ♦r ❤♦✉s❡❤♦❧❞ ❞❛t❛

◮ ■❈❘■❙❆❚✬s ❱▲❙✴❱❉❙❆ ❞❛t❛ ❢r♦♠ ✈✐❧❧❛❣❡ ■♥❞✐❛ ◮ ✶✸✱✽✻✷ ❝r♦♣ ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥s ◮ ❋r♦♠ ✻✱✺✷✸ ♣❧♦ts ◮ ❋r♦♠ ✼✻✻ ❤♦✉s❡❤♦❧❞s ◮ ❋r♦♠ ✻ ✈✐❧❧❛❣❡ ◮ ❋r♦♠ ♦✈❡r ✺✵ s❡❛s♦♥s

▼✐❝❤❧❡r ✭❯❙❛s❦✮ ❆❣✳ ✐♥ t❤❡ Pr♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❆❆❊❆ ✷✵✶✽ ✺ ✴ ✶✹

SLIDE 6

❉❛t❛

❚✐♠❡❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ ❱❉❙❆ ❉❛t❛ ❈♦❧❧❡❝t✐♦♥

❚❛❜❧❡ ✶✿ ❱✐❧❧❛❣❡s ❛♥❞ ❨❡❛rs ♦❢ ❉❛t❛ ❈♦❧❧❡❝t✐♦♥

❙t❛t❡ ❱✐❧❧❛❣❡s ❨❡❛rs ❚✐♠❡ ❖❜s✳ ❆♥❞❤r❛ Pr❛❞❡s❤ ❆✉r❡♣❛❧❧❡ ✶✾✼✺✲✶✾✽✹✱ ✶✾✽✾✱ ✷✵✵✶✲✷✵✶✹ ✺✵ ❉♦❦✉r ✶✾✼✺✲✶✾✼✾✱ ✶✾✽✸✱ ✶✾✽✾✱ ✷✵✵✶✲✷✵✶✹ ✹✷ ▼❛❤❛r❛s❤tr❛ ❑❛❧♠❛♥ ✶✾✼✺✲✶✾✼✾✱ ✶✾✽✸✱ ✶✾✽✾✱ ✷✵✵✶✲✷✵✶✹ ✹✷ ❑❛♥③❛r❛ ✶✾✼✺✲✶✾✽✹✱ ✶✾✽✾✱ ✷✵✵✶✲✷✵✶✹ ✺✵ ❑✐♥❦❤❡❞ ✶✾✼✺✲✶✾✼✾✱ ✶✾✽✸✱ ✶✾✽✾✱ ✷✵✵✶✲✷✵✶✹ ✹✷ ❙❤✐r❛♣✉r ✶✾✼✺✲✶✾✽✹✱ ✶✾✽✾✱ ✷✵✵✶✲✷✵✶✹ ✺✵

▼✐❝❤❧❡r ✭❯❙❛s❦✮ ❆❣✳ ✐♥ t❤❡ Pr♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❆❆❊❆ ✷✵✶✽ ✻ ✴ ✶✹

SLIDE 7

❉❛t❛

❋♦❝✉s ♦♥ ✼ ❈r♦♣s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❱❉❙❆

❚❛❜❧❡ ✷✿ ❋r❡q✉❡♥❝② ♦❢ ❝r♦♣ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ❜② s❡❛s♦♥

❑❤❛r✐❢ ❘❛❜✐ ❚♦t❛❧ ❈❛st♦r ✾✸✻ ✵ ✾✸✻ ❈♦tt♦♥ ✷✱✸✶✵ ✵ ✷✱✸✶✵ ❘✐❝❡ ✶✱✺✼✹ ✽✽✾ ✷✱✹✻✸ P✐❣❡♦♥ ♣❡❛ ✾✶✺ ✵ ✾✶✺ ❙♦r❣❤✉♠ ✾✾✹ ✸✱✼✼✹ ✹✱✼✻✽ ❙♦②❜❡❛♥ ✽✾✽ ✵ ✽✾✽ ❲❤❡❛t ✵ ✶✱✺✼✷ ✶✱✺✼✷ ❚♦t❛❧ ✼✱✻✷✼ ✻✱✷✸✺ ✶✸✱✽✻✷

▼✐❝❤❧❡r ✭❯❙❛s❦✮ ❆❣✳ ✐♥ t❤❡ Pr♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❆❆❊❆ ✷✵✶✽ ✼ ✴ ✶✹

SLIDE 8

❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝ts

❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝t ✶✿ ❉❡❝❧✐♥✐♥❣ ♦✉t♣✉t ❛♥❞ ❡♠♣❧♦②♠❡♥t s❤❛r❡

Agriculture Industry Service

25 50 75 100

% of GDP

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Year Agriculture Industry Service

25 50 75 100

% of Income

1975 1979 1984 2004 2009 2014

Year

▼✐❝❤❧❡r ✭❯❙❛s❦✮ ❆❣✳ ✐♥ t❤❡ Pr♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❆❆❊❆ ✷✵✶✽ ✽ ✴ ✶✹

SLIDE 9

❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝ts

❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝t ✶✿ ❉❡❝❧✐♥✐♥❣ ♦✉t♣✉t ❛♥❞ ❡♠♣❧♦②♠❡♥t s❤❛r❡

Agriculture Industry Service

25 50 75 100

% of Employment

1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Year Agriculture Industry Service

25 50 75 100

% of Employment

1975 1979 1984 2004 2009 2014

Year

▼✐❝❤❧❡r ✭❯❙❛s❦✮ ❆❣✳ ✐♥ t❤❡ Pr♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❆❆❊❆ ✷✵✶✽ ✽ ✴ ✶✹

SLIDE 10

❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝ts

❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝t ✷✿ ❚♦t❛❧ ♦✉t♣✉t ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

ln(yield)

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Year

Castor Cotton Pigeon pea Rice Sorghum Soybean Wheat 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

ln(yield)

1975 1978 1982 2001 2005 2009 2013

Year

Castor Cotton Pigeon pea Rice Sorghum Soybean Wheat

▼✐❝❤❧❡r ✭❯❙❛s❦✮ ❆❣✳ ✐♥ t❤❡ Pr♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❆❆❊❆ ✷✵✶✽ ✾ ✴ ✶✹

SLIDE 11

❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝ts

❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝t ✸✿ ■♥❞✉❝❡❞ ✐♥♥♦✈❛t✐♦♥

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

ln(value added)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Year

Value added per hectare Value added per worker 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

ln(revenue)

1975 1979 1984 2004 2009 2014

Year

Revenue per hectare Revenue per worker days

▼✐❝❤❧❡r ✭❯❙❛s❦✮ ❆❣✳ ✐♥ t❤❡ Pr♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❆❆❊❆ ✷✵✶✽ ✶✵ ✴ ✶✹

SLIDE 12

❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝ts

❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝t ✸✿ ■♥❞✉❝❡❞ ✐♥♥♦✈❛t✐♦♥

2 4 6 8 10

ln(output/area)

1 2 3 4

ln(output/labor)

verall

castor cotton rice pigeon pea sorghum soybean wheat ▼✐❝❤❧❡r ✭❯❙❛s❦✮ ❆❣✳ ✐♥ t❤❡ Pr♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❆❆❊❆ ✷✵✶✽ ✶✵ ✴ ✶✹

SLIDE 13

❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝ts

❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝t ✸✿ ■♥❞✉❝❡❞ ✐♥♥♦✈❛t✐♦♥

▼✐❝❤❧❡r ✭❯❙❛s❦✮ ❆❣✳ ✐♥ t❤❡ Pr♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❆❆❊❆ ✷✵✶✽ ✶✵ ✴ ✶✹

SLIDE 14

❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝ts

❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝t ✸✿ ■♥❞✉❝❡❞ ✐♥♥♦✈❛t✐♦♥

▼✐❝❤❧❡r ✭❯❙❛s❦✮ ❆❣✳ ✐♥ t❤❡ Pr♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❆❆❊❆ ✷✵✶✽ ✶✵ ✴ ✶✹

SLIDE 15

❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝ts

❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝t ✸✿ ■♥❞✉❝❡❞ ✐♥♥♦✈❛t✐♦♥

▼✐❝❤❧❡r ✭❯❙❛s❦✮ ❆❣✳ ✐♥ t❤❡ Pr♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❆❆❊❆ ✷✵✶✽ ✶✵ ✴ ✶✹

SLIDE 16

❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝ts

❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝t ✸✿ ■♥❞✉❝❡❞ ✐♥♥♦✈❛t✐♦♥

▼✐❝❤❧❡r ✭❯❙❛s❦✮ ❆❣✳ ✐♥ t❤❡ Pr♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❆❆❊❆ ✷✵✶✽ ✶✵ ✴ ✶✹

SLIDE 17

❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝ts

❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝t ✸✿ ■♥❞✉❝❡❞ ✐♥♥♦✈❛t✐♦♥

▼✐❝❤❧❡r ✭❯❙❛s❦✮ ❆❣✳ ✐♥ t❤❡ Pr♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❆❆❊❆ ✷✵✶✽ ✶✵ ✴ ✶✹

SLIDE 18

❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝ts

❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝t ✸✿ ■♥❞✉❝❡❞ ✐♥♥♦✈❛t✐♦♥

▼✐❝❤❧❡r ✭❯❙❛s❦✮ ❆❣✳ ✐♥ t❤❡ Pr♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❆❆❊❆ ✷✵✶✽ ✶✵ ✴ ✶✹

SLIDE 19

❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝ts

❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝t ✹✿ ■♥❝r❡❛s❡❞ s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥

.15 .3 .45 .6 .75 .9

Herfindahl Index

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Year

.15 .3 .45 .6 .75 .9

Herfindahl Index

1975 1979 1984 2004 2008 2014

Year

▼✐❝❤❧❡r ✭❯❙❛s❦✮ ❆❣✳ ✐♥ t❤❡ Pr♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❆❆❊❆ ✷✵✶✽ ✶✶ ✴ ✶✹

SLIDE 20

❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝ts

❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝t ✺✿ ❉❡❝❧✐♥✐♥❣ t❤❡♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ❢❛r♠ ✐♥❝♦♠❡

−50 −25 25 50 75 100

Share (%)

1994 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012

Year

Agri. (% of GDP)
Agri. (% of employment)
Agri. earnings gap

−50 −25 25 50 75 100

Share (%)

1975 1979 1984 2004 2009 2014

Year

Agri. (% of income)
Agri. (% of employment)
Agri. earnings gap

▼✐❝❤❧❡r ✭❯❙❛s❦✮ ❆❣✳ ✐♥ t❤❡ Pr♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❆❆❊❆ ✷✵✶✽ ✶✷ ✴ ✶✹

SLIDE 21

❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝ts

❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s

✶✳ ❉♦ t❤❡ st②❧✐③❡❞ ❢❛❝ts r❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ s❡❝t♦r❛❧ ♦r ♠❛❝r♦ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♣♣❡❛r ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠✐❝r♦ ❞❛t❛❄

◮ ❨❡s✦

✷✳ ❲❤❛t ❛r❡ t❤❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t✐❡s✴❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ str✉❝t✉r❛❧ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠❛❝r♦ ❛♥❞ ♠✐❝r♦ ❞❛t❛❄

◮ ❍♦✉s❡❤♦❧❞s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❱❉❙❆ ❛r❡ ❧❛❣❣✐♥❣ ❜❡❤✐♥❞ ♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ tr❡♥❞s✳ ◮ ❋❛r♠s ❤❛✈❡ ②❡t t♦ s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❡ ✐♥ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥✳ ◮ ❋❛r♠ ✐♥❝♦♠❡s ❤❛✈❡ ②❡t t♦ ❝❧♦s❡ t❤❡ ❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❣❛♣✳

▼✐❝❤❧❡r ✭❯❙❛s❦✮ ❆❣✳ ✐♥ t❤❡ Pr♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❆❆❊❆ ✷✵✶✽ ✶✸ ✴ ✶✹

SLIDE 22

❙t②❧✐③❡❞ ❋❛❝ts

P♦❧✐❝② ◗✉❡st✐♦♥s

◮ ❍❛s ♠❛❝r♦❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ♣♦❧✐❝② ❞r✐✈❡♥ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s t❤❛t ❤❛✈❡ tr✐❝❦❧❡❞ ❞♦✇♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡❤♦❧❞ ♦r ❤❛✈❡ ♠✐❝r♦❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥t✐♦♥s ❞r✐✈❡♥ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡❤♦❧❞ t❤❛t✱ ✇❤❡♥ ❛❣❣r❡❣❛t❡❞✱ ❤❛✈❡ ❤❛❞ ❛ ♠❛❝r♦❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ✐♠♣❛❝t❄ ◮ ❲❤② ❤❛✈❡ ❤♦✉s❡❤♦❧❞s ♥♦t s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❡❞ ✐♥ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥❄ ◮ ❲❤② ❤❛s t❤❡ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❡ ❡❛r♥✐♥❣s ❣❛♣ ❢❛✐❧❡❞ t♦ ❝❧♦s❡❄ ◮ ❍♦✇ ♠✉❝❤ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t ✐♥ ②✐❡❧❞s✱ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❝♦♠❡✱ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡❞ ❜② ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥t✐♦♥s ❛t t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡❤♦❧❞✲❧❡✈❡❧❄

▼✐❝❤❧❡r ✭❯❙❛s❦✮ ❆❣✳ ✐♥ t❤❡ Pr♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❆❆❊❆ ✷✵✶✽ ✶✹ ✴ ✶✹