R ESEARCH (IWPR) The Institute for Womens Policy Research conducts - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

THE TENNESSEE REPORT CARD: INDICATORS OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC WELL- BEING FOR WOMEN

www.iwpr.org | www.statusofwomendata.org |@IWPResearch

ABOUT THE INSTITUTE FOR WOMEN’S POLICY RESEARCH (IWPR)

The Institute for Women’s Policy Research conducts and communicates research to inspire public dialogue, shape policy, and improve the lives and opportunities of women of diverse backgrounds, circumstances, and experiences.

Status

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Women

STATUS OF WOMEN IN THE STATES TOPICS

Political Participation Employment & Earnings Poverty & Opportunity Work & Family Violence & Safety Reproductive Rights Health & Well-Being

TENNESSEE’S REPORT CARD

Improved Since Subject Grade Rank 2015?

Political Participation D- 38 N/A Employment & Earnings D+ 38 No Work & Family D 41 N/A Poverty & Opportunity D 40 Yes Reproductive Rights D- 47 N/A Health & Well-Being D- 45 N/A

MORE TENNESSEE WOMEN REGISTER AND VOTE

THAN MEN, EVEN DURING MIDTERMS

More women registered to vote than men (63% of women, 59% of men) More women voted than men (49% of women, 47% of men)

Note: Includes those aged 18 and older. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Voting and Registration in the Election of November 2018.

WOMEN ARE VASTLY UNDERREPRESENTED IN POLITICAL OFFICE

Tennessee 2018:

0% of US Senators 22% of US Representatives 16% of State Legislators

Source: Center on American Women and Politics.

Tennessee 2019:

50% of US Senators 0% of US Representatives 15% of State Legislators

TENNESSEE WOMEN, ESPECIALLY MOTHERS, WORK

56% 66%

Women in the labor force Moms with kids under 5 yrs old in the labor force

26%

Women working part-time

Source: IWPR analysis of American Community Survey microdata.

WOMEN EARN LESS THAN COMPARABLY EDUCATED MEN

$36,000 $22,000 $28,000 $34,100 $48,000 $45,000 $29,000 $36,000 $46,000 $70,000

Total Less than High School High school Some college

• r AA degree

Bachelor's or higher

Earnings by Education Level, Tennessee

Women Men

Source: IWPR analysis of American Community Survey microdata.

WOMEN ARE CONCENTRATED IN LOWER-WAGE JOBS

TN women’s median annual earnings: $21,000 TN women’s median annual earnings: $50,000

55% 45%

Service Occupations Women Men

45% 55%

Management, Business, and Financial Occupations Women Men

Source: IWPR analysis of American Community Survey microdata.

TENNESSEE RANKS IN THE BOTTOM THIRD FOR WOMEN’S EARNINGS

Median Annual Earnings

$35,000

Source: IWPR analysis of American Community Survey microdata.

WOMEN OF COLOR EARN FAR LESS

Hispanic women in Tennessee earn $21,000 less per year than White men. Black women in Tennessee earn $15,000 less per year than White men.

Source: IWPR analysis of American Community Survey microdata.

WOMEN HAVE A LONG WAIT FOR PAY EQUITY

The wage gap in Tennessee is

81%.

At the current rate of progress, women in Tennessee will not earn the same pay as men until

2054.

Note: Linear projection based on the rate of progress in closing the gender wage gap (the ratio of women's to men's earnings among full-time, year-round workers aged 16 and older) since 1959. Source: IWPR calculations based on the 1960 to 2000 Decennial Census (for the calendar years 1959, 1969, 1979, 1989, and 1999) and the 2001-2015 American Community Surveys.

TO PUT THE WAGE GAP INTO PERSPECTIVE

Source: IWPR analysis of American Community Survey microdata. The 2015-16 average undergraduate tuition and required fees for in-state, full-time students in degree-granting public two-year institutions in Tennessee is $3,940.

CLOSING THE GENDER WAGE GAP WOULD CUT POVERTY DRAMATICALLY

Source: IWPR calculations based on the Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic supplements, 2014-2016, for calendar years 2013-2015.

8.1% 34.8% 4.0% 18.2% All Working Women (-50.6%) Working Single Mothers (-47.7%)

Poverty Rates With and Without Equal Pay

Current If working women earned the same as comparable men

TENNESSEE WOMEN’S POVERTY RATES ARE HIGHER THAN MEN’S

1 in 4 Black women live in poverty. Hispanic women are twice as likely to be in poverty as White women.

Source: IWPR analysis of American Community Survey microdata.

ECONOMIC SECURITY GOES POVERTY FOR TENNESSEE FAMILIES

68% 27% 49% 61% 67% 66% 85% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% All Single Women with Children Single Men with Children Single Women without Children Single Men without Children Married Couples with Children Married Couples without Children

Notes: Children are under the age of 19 and the number of children is capped at 6 to make it comparable to the BEST indices. Married couples include cohabiting partners. Source: IWPR analysis of five years (2012–2016) of data from American Community Survey (Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, Version 7.0) and the Basic Economic Security Tables Index.

Percent of Households with Economic Security by Household Type, 2016

EQUAL PAY IS ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT TO BLACK AND HISPANIC WOMEN IN TENNESSEE

69% 74% 54% 46% 73% 60% 73% 77% 65% 42% 74% 69% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% All White Black Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander Other Race/Ethnicity Women Men

Notes: Includes working adults aged 19–64. Racial groups are non-Hispanic. Sources: IWPR analysis of five years (2012–2016) of data from American Community Survey (Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, Version 7.0) and the Basic Economic Security Tables Index.

Percent of Working Adults Living with Economic Security by Gender and Race/Ethnicity, 2016

TENNESSEE FAMILIES INCREASINGLY RELY ON WOMEN’S EARNINGS

About 1/2 of White and Hispanic mother are breadwinners More than 4 out of 5 Black mothers are breadwinners Black breadwinner mothers are much more likely to be single than married

21.4% 27.4% 63.7% 29.2% 17.8% 19.1% 49.4% 54.8% 17.2%

White Mother Households (n=450,592) Hispanic Mother Households (n=38,198) Black Mother Households (n=108,609)

Percent of Households with a Single Mother Breadwinner Percent of Households with a Married Mother Breadwinner Percent of Households without a Breadwinner Mother

Notes: A breadwinner mother is defined as a single mother who heads a household (irrespective of earnings) or a married mother who earns at least 40 percent of the couple's joint earnings; single mothers who live in someone else's household (such as with their parents) are not included in breadwinners. Racial categories are non-Hispanic. Data, calculated using three-year averages (2012-2014), include households with a mother and children under age 18. Source: IWPR analysis of American Community Survey microdata.

WOMEN ARE THE MAJORITY OF FAMILY CAREGIVERS

One in three workers has kids under 18. A third of families with kids are headed by a single parent. One in seven women under 65 lives with an adult with a disability. 10,000 baby boomers a day will turn 65 until 2030.1 The number of men and women age 50 plus who provide care for someone age 65 plus tripled in the last 15 years.2

Sources: Pew Research Center. 2010. Baby Boomers Retire. MetLife, 2011. “The MetLife Study of Caregiving Costs to Working Caregivers: Double Jeopardy for Baby Boomers Caring for Their Parents.”

TENNESSEE LACKS WORK-FAMILY POLICIES

Paid leave legislation including:

Temporary Disability Insurance for All Workers Statewide Paid Family Care Leave Paid Sick Days

Sources: National Partnership for Women and Families. 2016. Expecting Better: A State-by-State Analysis of Laws That Help New Parents.

TRENDS IN TENNESSEE WOMEN’S HEALTH & WELL-BEING ARE MIXED

Where women’s health improved: Heart disease deaths Lung cancer deaths Breast cancer deaths AIDS incidence for women Where women’s health worsened: Diabetes Mental health—MUCH worse! Suicide Activity limitations due to health

HEALTH OUTCOMES FOR BLACK WOMEN ARE WORSE ACROSS A RANGE OF MEASURES

Source: IWPR compilation of data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

22.0 2.3 6.9 20.7 0.6 5.7 29.6 10.1 11.4 15.5 0.9 5.2 14.6 1.9 6.6 Breast Cancer Mortality Rate, 2014-2016 (per 100,000) Diagnoses of AIDS, 2016 (per 100,000) Infant Mortality Rate, 2013-2015 (per 1,000)

All Women White Black Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander

WHAT CAN BE DONE – POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS

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Recommendation Political Participation

• 1. Strengthen the pipeline for women in elected office.
• 2. Remove restrictive voter identification laws.

Employment & Earnings

• 1. Expose girls to “non-traditional” occupations.
• 2. Raise the minimum wage.
• 3. Ban employer’s from requiring salary history.

Work & Family

• 1. Supplement child care subsidies for women in training or education.
• 2. Pass paid leave legislation.

Poverty & Opportunity

• 1. Invest in scholarships and grants for women of color.
• 2. Defend the social safety net.
• 3. Invest in supports that can help single mothers complete college

Health & Well-Being

• 1. Expand access to health services to address disparities,
• 2. Ensure that all women have access to prenatal and infant care.

INSTITUTE FOR WOMEN’S POLICY RESEARCH

www.iwpr.org | www.statusofwomendata.org |@IWPResearch

ELYSE SHAW STUDY DIRECTOR

SHAW@IWPR.ORG