Proto-Ersuic, Qiangic, and PTB Dominic Yu UC Berkeley ICSTLL45 - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

SLIDE 1

Proto-Ersuic, Qiangic, and PTB

Dominic Yu UC Berkeley ICSTLL45 (Singapore - NTU) 2012 October 27

SLIDE 2

internal structure of Ersuic areal influences on historical development relation to Qiangic and PTB

Questions

SLIDE 3

SLIDE 4

SLIDE 5

three-way VOT contrast (two in PTB) four-way place contrast for coronals (two in PTB) prenasalized, preaspirated initials rhymes with /r/ no final consonants; nasalized vowels are rare no syllable tone

The Proto-Ersuic Syllable

SLIDE 6

Lizu *j > ȵ / __ Ṽ *riu > ri (merger) *e > ɯ / [velar] __ *jõ¹ ‘sheep’ > Mn. ȵo *riu¹ ‘write’, *ri¹ ‘laugh’ >

• Mn. `ʐɨ

*hke1 ‘eagle / hawk’ > xkɯ

Shared innovations (Lizu)

SLIDE 7

Lizu *st > k *HC > C (loss of preaspiration) *stẽ² ‘seven’ > Kl. `tŋ~`kŋ *hke1 ‘eagle / hawk’ >

• Kl. `kɯ

Shared innovations (Central Lizu)

SLIDE 8

Lizu j > ȵ / _ Ṽ Baber (1882) Ersu *tɕ > ts (except _ /o/) *ʃ > ʂ (mostly) *du > bu /ja-/ as adjectival prefix? lexical innovations?

Shared Innovations (Ersu)

A JOURNEY OF EXPLORATION IN WESTERN SSU..CH'UAN.

75

S t F u

(properlyll:au.) Low of ฀฀

B a n k

• f Tsll-t&otl.
• fT'nnc RlYer.

bon ..

.. She ••

..

Shl}-thdhru C

• p

p e r

..

Nuo• Lead ..

··}Hie

T i n

..

B

• n

e ..

..

Bo-ku Shih-wo

G l ' U I I ..

..

Ndl£1}1

Jih-}lll

Rice

. .

..

T c h ' e

..

Dze-tch'uo Rawrioe

..

N-toh'e

lfai.ze ••

Yi-mi (Chinese?) ••

..

Yi-mi-dZI} (Chineae ?)

T

• b

a c c

• ..

Pi-tch'a

..

T a

• b

a

฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀

dialect) Barley

..

Ml}•-dza• ..

. .

Z

• Wheat ••

..

S h a Rhuwb

..

}(Chinese)

Silk

Opium •• Hnlberry

. .

Bbu-dza

Potato

(Chineee) Cotton ••

..

Namee borrowed from ( C h i n e s e ) Hemp .• Chinese (Chinese) Nettle ••

..

Dl}·p'u Turnip

..

(Chinese) C&rrot ••

..

(Chinese)

l d t u c e

Ooion ••

Tea

..

Dja-t.cha

.. La

Willow

.. Mbo-u

..

Mo-shoa

Bamboo

..

฀฀฀฀฀฀฀

..

Ma-tchie

B

• r

i e d piue ..

..

Tchu-si Wine ..

..

Wo ..

..

Djih

Cow

..

Mwe

..

LlJ, or Ll}gh

D

• g

..

T c h '

• ..

K ' e

Goat

..

Tcb'i

. .

Tch'i

Pig

..

Rgo ••

. . Wo1-}lll (male), Wo1

• m

a (female) Fowl ..

..

Rga'

..

Wo• Duck

..

Nta-tsv

..

E-pu

(male), E-ma (female)

Sheep ••

..

Yo ..

..

Yo

Yak

..

Rga'

H a r e ..

.. Mi-dzv

..

T ' a

• l

a

Rat

.. Gu ..

..

H e

Snake

..

B•}r ••

..

Vu

H a n k e y

..

M i ..

.. A-nuo

Tiger

. .

.. La ..

.. La

Dragon

..

Ri-dji

..

Luo

B i r d ..

..

A

• t

S l } Ylah ..

..

Hai-yi

H a w k

• ..

T c b u

• Sparrow

..

A-t.chso Pigeon

..

Si-atSl} Huak deer

.. Lie ..

..

Lv-pu

(mole), Lv-ma (female) Wolf ..

..

NdZtJ1

..

Vii} Fox Mie-guo

Leopard

..

( S a m e as Wolf)

.. zv

Bear ..

..

R g e

.. Wo (in a deep tone)

Digitized by Coogle

SLIDE 9

Lizu j > ȵ / _ Ṽ Baber (1882) Ersu *tɕ > ts (except _ /o/) *ʃ > ʂ (mostly) *du > bu /ja-/ as adjectival prefix? lexical innovations?

Shared Innovations (Ersu)

A JOURNEY OF EXPLORATION IN WESTERN SSU..CH'UAN.

75

S t F u

(properlyll:au.) Low of ฀฀

B a n k

• f Tsll-t&otl.
• fT'nnc RlYer.

bon ..

.. She ••

..

Shl}-thdhru C

• p

p e r

..

Nuo• Lead ..

··}Hie

T i n

..

B

• n

e ..

..

Bo-ku Shih-wo

G l ' U I I ..

..

Ndl£1}1

Jih-}lll

Rice

. .

..

T c h ' e

..

Dze-tch'uo Rawrioe

..

N-toh'e

lfai.ze ••

Yi-mi (Chinese?) ••

..

Yi-mi-dZI} (Chineae ?)

T

• b

a c c

• ..

Pi-tch'a

..

T a

• b

a

฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀

dialect) Barley

..

Ml}•-dza• ..

. .

Z

• Wheat ••

..

S h a Rhuwb

..

}(Chinese)

Silk

Opium •• Hnlberry

. .

Bbu-dza

Potato

(Chineee) Cotton ••

..

Namee borrowed from ( C h i n e s e ) Hemp .• Chinese (Chinese) Nettle ••

..

Dl}·p'u Turnip

..

(Chinese) C&rrot ••

..

(Chinese)

l d t u c e

Ooion ••

Tea

..

Dja-t.cha

.. La

Willow

.. Mbo-u

..

Mo-shoa

Bamboo

..

฀฀฀฀฀฀฀

..

Ma-tchie

B

• r

i e d piue ..

..

Tchu-si Wine ..

..

Wo ..

..

Djih

Cow

..

Mwe

..

LlJ, or Ll}gh

D

• g

..

T c h '

• ..

K ' e

Goat

..

Tcb'i

. .

Tch'i

Pig

..

Rgo ••

. . Wo1-}lll (male), Wo1

• m

a (female) Fowl ..

..

Rga'

..

Wo• Duck

..

Nta-tsv

..

E-pu

(male), E-ma (female)

Sheep ••

..

Yo ..

..

Yo

Yak

..

Rga'

H a r e ..

.. Mi-dzv

..

T ' a

• l

a

Rat

.. Gu ..

..

H e

Snake

..

B•}r ••

..

Vu

H a n k e y

..

M i ..

.. A-nuo

Tiger

. .

.. La ..

.. La

Dragon

..

Ri-dji

..

Luo

B i r d ..

..

A

• t

S l } Ylah ..

..

Hai-yi

H a w k

• ..

T c b u

• Sparrow

..

A-t.chso Pigeon

..

Si-atSl} Huak deer

.. Lie ..

..

Lv-pu

(mole), Lv-ma (female) Wolf ..

..

NdZtJ1

..

Vii} Fox Mie-guo

Leopard

..

( S a m e as Wolf)

.. zv

Bear ..

..

R g e

.. Wo (in a deep tone)

Digitized by Coogle

X

SLIDE 10

Lizu j > ȵ / _ Ṽ Baber (1882) Ersu *tɕ > ts (except _ /o/) *ʃ > ʂ (mostly) *du > bu /ja-/ as adjectival prefix? lexical innovations?

Shared Innovations (Ersu)

A JOURNEY OF EXPLORATION IN WESTERN SSU..CH'UAN.

75

S t F u

(properlyll:au.) Low of ฀฀

B a n k

• f Tsll-t&otl.
• fT'nnc RlYer.

bon ..

.. She ••

..

Shl}-thdhru C

• p

p e r

..

Nuo• Lead ..

··}Hie

T i n

..

B

• n

e ..

..

Bo-ku Shih-wo

G l ' U I I ..

..

Ndl£1}1

Jih-}lll

Rice

. .

..

T c h ' e

..

Dze-tch'uo Rawrioe

..

N-toh'e

lfai.ze ••

Yi-mi (Chinese?) ••

..

Yi-mi-dZI} (Chineae ?)

T

• b

a c c

• ..

Pi-tch'a

..

T a

• b

a

฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀

dialect) Barley

..

Ml}•-dza• ..

. .

Z

• Wheat ••

..

S h a Rhuwb

..

}(Chinese)

Silk

Opium •• Hnlberry

. .

Bbu-dza

Potato

(Chineee) Cotton ••

..

Namee borrowed from ( C h i n e s e ) Hemp .• Chinese (Chinese) Nettle ••

..

Dl}·p'u Turnip

..

(Chinese) C&rrot ••

..

(Chinese)

l d t u c e

Ooion ••

Tea

..

Dja-t.cha

.. La

Willow

.. Mbo-u

..

Mo-shoa

Bamboo

..

฀฀฀฀฀฀฀

..

Ma-tchie

B

• r

i e d piue ..

..

Tchu-si Wine ..

..

Wo ..

..

Djih

Cow

..

Mwe

..

LlJ, or Ll}gh

D

• g

..

T c h '

• ..

K ' e

Goat

..

Tcb'i

. .

Tch'i

Pig

..

Rgo ••

. . Wo1-}lll (male), Wo1

• m

a (female) Fowl ..

..

Rga'

..

Wo• Duck

..

Nta-tsv

..

E-pu

(male), E-ma (female)

Sheep ••

..

Yo ..

..

Yo

Yak

..

Rga'

H a r e ..

.. Mi-dzv

..

T ' a

• l

a

Rat

.. Gu ..

..

H e

Snake

..

B•}r ••

..

Vu

H a n k e y

..

M i ..

.. A-nuo

Tiger

. .

.. La ..

.. La

Dragon

..

Ri-dji

..

Luo

B i r d ..

..

A

• t

S l } Ylah ..

..

Hai-yi

H a w k

• ..

T c b u

• Sparrow

..

A-t.chso Pigeon

..

Si-atSl} Huak deer

.. Lie ..

..

Lv-pu

(mole), Lv-ma (female) Wolf ..

..

NdZtJ1

..

Vii} Fox Mie-guo

Leopard

..

( S a m e as Wolf)

.. zv

Bear ..

..

R g e

.. Wo (in a deep tone)

Digitized by Coogle

X

SLIDE 11

Lizu j > ȵ / _ Ṽ Baber (1882) Ersu *tɕ > ts (except _ /o/) *ʃ > ʂ (mostly) *du > bu /ja-/ as adjectival prefix? lexical innovations?

Shared Innovations (Ersu)

A JOURNEY OF EXPLORATION IN WESTERN SSU..CH'UAN.

75

S t F u

(properlyll:au.) Low of ฀฀

B a n k

• f Tsll-t&otl.
• fT'nnc RlYer.

bon ..

.. She ••

..

Shl}-thdhru C

• p

p e r

..

Nuo• Lead ..

··}Hie

T i n

..

B

• n

e ..

..

Bo-ku Shih-wo

G l ' U I I ..

..

Ndl£1}1

Jih-}lll

Rice

. .

..

T c h ' e

..

Dze-tch'uo Rawrioe

..

N-toh'e

lfai.ze ••

Yi-mi (Chinese?) ••

..

Yi-mi-dZI} (Chineae ?)

T

• b

a c c

• ..

Pi-tch'a

..

T a

• b

a

฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀

dialect) Barley

..

Ml}•-dza• ..

. .

Z

• Wheat ••

..

S h a Rhuwb

..

}(Chinese)

Silk

Opium •• Hnlberry

. .

Bbu-dza

Potato

(Chineee) Cotton ••

..

Namee borrowed from ( C h i n e s e ) Hemp .• Chinese (Chinese) Nettle ••

..

Dl}·p'u Turnip

..

(Chinese) C&rrot ••

..

(Chinese)

l d t u c e

Ooion ••

Tea

..

Dja-t.cha

.. La

Willow

.. Mbo-u

..

Mo-shoa

Bamboo

..

฀฀฀฀฀฀฀

..

Ma-tchie

B

• r

i e d piue ..

..

Tchu-si Wine ..

..

Wo ..

..

Djih

Cow

..

Mwe

..

LlJ, or Ll}gh

D

• g

..

T c h '

• ..

K ' e

Goat

..

Tcb'i

. .

Tch'i

Pig

..

Rgo ••

. . Wo1-}lll (male), Wo1

• m

a (female) Fowl ..

..

Rga'

..

Wo• Duck

..

Nta-tsv

..

E-pu

(male), E-ma (female)

Sheep ••

..

Yo ..

..

Yo

Yak

..

Rga'

H a r e ..

.. Mi-dzv

..

T ' a

• l

a

Rat

.. Gu ..

..

H e

Snake

..

B•}r ••

..

Vu

H a n k e y

..

M i ..

.. A-nuo

Tiger

. .

.. La ..

.. La

Dragon

..

Ri-dji

..

Luo

B i r d ..

..

A

• t

S l } Ylah ..

..

Hai-yi

H a w k

• ..

T c b u

• Sparrow

..

A-t.chso Pigeon

..

Si-atSl} Huak deer

.. Lie ..

..

Lv-pu

(mole), Lv-ma (female) Wolf ..

..

NdZtJ1

..

Vii} Fox Mie-guo

Leopard

..

( S a m e as Wolf)

.. zv

Bear ..

..

R g e

.. Wo (in a deep tone)

Digitized by Coogle

X ?

SLIDE 12

Lizu j > ȵ / _ Ṽ Baber (1882) Ersu *tɕ > ts (except _ /o/) *ʃ > ʂ (mostly) *du > bu /ja-/ as adjectival prefix? lexical innovations?

Shared Innovations (Ersu)

A JOURNEY OF EXPLORATION IN WESTERN SSU..CH'UAN.

75

S t F u

(properlyll:au.) Low of ฀฀

B a n k

• f Tsll-t&otl.
• fT'nnc RlYer.

bon ..

.. She ••

..

Shl}-thdhru C

• p

p e r

..

Nuo• Lead ..

··}Hie

T i n

..

B

• n

e ..

..

Bo-ku Shih-wo

G l ' U I I ..

..

Ndl£1}1

Jih-}lll

Rice

. .

..

T c h ' e

..

Dze-tch'uo Rawrioe

..

N-toh'e

lfai.ze ••

Yi-mi (Chinese?) ••

..

Yi-mi-dZI} (Chineae ?)

T

• b

a c c

• ..

Pi-tch'a

..

T a

• b

a

฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀

dialect) Barley

..

Ml}•-dza• ..

. .

Z

• Wheat ••

..

S h a Rhuwb

..

}(Chinese)

Silk

Opium •• Hnlberry

. .

Bbu-dza

Potato

(Chineee) Cotton ••

..

Namee borrowed from ( C h i n e s e ) Hemp .• Chinese (Chinese) Nettle ••

..

Dl}·p'u Turnip

..

(Chinese) C&rrot ••

..

(Chinese)

l d t u c e

Ooion ••

Tea

..

Dja-t.cha

.. La

Willow

.. Mbo-u

..

Mo-shoa

Bamboo

..

฀฀฀฀฀฀฀

..

Ma-tchie

B

• r

i e d piue ..

..

Tchu-si Wine ..

..

Wo ..

..

Djih

Cow

..

Mwe

..

LlJ, or Ll}gh

D

• g

..

T c h '

• ..

K ' e

Goat

..

Tcb'i

. .

Tch'i

Pig

..

Rgo ••

. . Wo1-}lll (male), Wo1

• m

a (female) Fowl ..

..

Rga'

..

Wo• Duck

..

Nta-tsv

..

E-pu

(male), E-ma (female)

Sheep ••

..

Yo ..

..

Yo

Yak

..

Rga'

H a r e ..

.. Mi-dzv

..

T ' a

• l

a

Rat

.. Gu ..

..

H e

Snake

..

B•}r ••

..

Vu

H a n k e y

..

M i ..

.. A-nuo

Tiger

. .

.. La ..

.. La

Dragon

..

Ri-dji

..

Luo

B i r d ..

..

A

• t

S l } Ylah ..

..

Hai-yi

H a w k

• ..

T c b u

• Sparrow

..

A-t.chso Pigeon

..

Si-atSl} Huak deer

.. Lie ..

..

Lv-pu

(mole), Lv-ma (female) Wolf ..

..

NdZtJ1

..

Vii} Fox Mie-guo

Leopard

..

( S a m e as Wolf)

.. zv

Bear ..

..

R g e

.. Wo (in a deep tone)

Digitized by Coogle

X ? ???

SLIDE 13

Lizu j > ȵ / _ Ṽ Baber (1882) Ersu *tɕ > ts (except _ /o/) *ʃ > ʂ (mostly) *du > bu /ja-/ as adjectival prefix? lexical innovations?

Shared Innovations (Ersu)

A JOURNEY OF EXPLORATION IN WESTERN SSU..CH'UAN.

75

S t F u

(properlyll:au.) Low of ฀฀

B a n k

• f Tsll-t&otl.
• fT'nnc RlYer.

bon ..

.. She ••

..

Shl}-thdhru C

• p

p e r

..

Nuo• Lead ..

··}Hie

T i n

..

B

• n

e ..

..

Bo-ku Shih-wo

G l ' U I I ..

..

Ndl£1}1

Jih-}lll

Rice

. .

..

T c h ' e

..

Dze-tch'uo Rawrioe

..

N-toh'e

lfai.ze ••

Yi-mi (Chinese?) ••

..

Yi-mi-dZI} (Chineae ?)

T

• b

a c c

• ..

Pi-tch'a

..

T a

• b

a

฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀

dialect) Barley

..

Ml}•-dza• ..

. .

Z

• Wheat ••

..

S h a Rhuwb

..

}(Chinese)

Silk

Opium •• Hnlberry

. .

Bbu-dza

Potato

(Chineee) Cotton ••

..

Namee borrowed from ( C h i n e s e ) Hemp .• Chinese (Chinese) Nettle ••

..

Dl}·p'u Turnip

..

(Chinese) C&rrot ••

..

(Chinese)

l d t u c e

Ooion ••

Tea

..

Dja-t.cha

.. La

Willow

.. Mbo-u

..

Mo-shoa

Bamboo

..

฀฀฀฀฀฀฀

..

Ma-tchie

B

• r

i e d piue ..

..

Tchu-si Wine ..

..

Wo ..

..

Djih

Cow

..

Mwe

..

LlJ, or Ll}gh

D

• g

..

T c h '

• ..

K ' e

Goat

..

Tcb'i

. .

Tch'i

Pig

..

Rgo ••

. . Wo1-}lll (male), Wo1

• m

a (female) Fowl ..

..

Rga'

..

Wo• Duck

..

Nta-tsv

..

E-pu

(male), E-ma (female)

Sheep ••

..

Yo ..

..

Yo

Yak

..

Rga'

H a r e ..

.. Mi-dzv

..

T ' a

• l

a

Rat

.. Gu ..

..

H e

Snake

..

B•}r ••

..

Vu

H a n k e y

..

M i ..

.. A-nuo

Tiger

. .

.. La ..

.. La

Dragon

..

Ri-dji

..

Luo

B i r d ..

..

A

• t

S l } Ylah ..

..

Hai-yi

H a w k

• ..

T c b u

• Sparrow

..

A-t.chso Pigeon

..

Si-atSl} Huak deer

.. Lie ..

..

Lv-pu

(mole), Lv-ma (female) Wolf ..

..

NdZtJ1

..

Vii} Fox Mie-guo

Leopard

..

( S a m e as Wolf)

.. zv

Bear ..

..

R g e

.. Wo (in a deep tone)

Digitized by Coogle

X ? ???

SLIDE 14

Lizu j > ȵ / _ Ṽ Baber (1882) Ersu *tɕ > ts (except _ /o/) *ʃ > ʂ (mostly) *du > bu /ja-/ as adjectival prefix? lexical innovations?

Shared Innovations (Ersu)

A JOURNEY OF EXPLORATION IN WESTERN SSU..CH'UAN.

75

S t F u

(properlyll:au.) Low of ฀฀

B a n k

• f Tsll-t&otl.
• fT'nnc RlYer.

bon ..

.. She ••

..

Shl}-thdhru C

• p

p e r

..

Nuo• Lead ..

··}Hie

T i n

..

B

• n

e ..

..

Bo-ku Shih-wo

G l ' U I I ..

..

Ndl£1}1

Jih-}lll

Rice

. .

..

T c h ' e

..

Dze-tch'uo Rawrioe

..

N-toh'e

lfai.ze ••

Yi-mi (Chinese?) ••

..

Yi-mi-dZI} (Chineae ?)

T

• b

a c c

• ..

Pi-tch'a

..

T a

• b

a

฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀

dialect) Barley

..

Ml}•-dza• ..

. .

Z

• Wheat ••

..

S h a Rhuwb

..

}(Chinese)

Silk

Opium •• Hnlberry

. .

Bbu-dza

Potato

(Chineee) Cotton ••

..

Namee borrowed from ( C h i n e s e ) Hemp .• Chinese (Chinese) Nettle ••

..

Dl}·p'u Turnip

..

(Chinese) C&rrot ••

..

(Chinese)

l d t u c e

Ooion ••

Tea

..

Dja-t.cha

.. La

Willow

.. Mbo-u

..

Mo-shoa

Bamboo

..

฀฀฀฀฀฀฀

..

Ma-tchie

B

• r

i e d piue ..

..

Tchu-si Wine ..

..

Wo ..

..

Djih

Cow

..

Mwe

..

LlJ, or Ll}gh

D

• g

..

T c h '

• ..

K ' e

Goat

..

Tcb'i

. .

Tch'i

Pig

..

Rgo ••

. . Wo1-}lll (male), Wo1

• m

a (female) Fowl ..

..

Rga'

..

Wo• Duck

..

Nta-tsv

..

E-pu

(male), E-ma (female)

Sheep ••

..

Yo ..

..

Yo

Yak

..

Rga'

H a r e ..

.. Mi-dzv

..

T ' a

• l

a

Rat

.. Gu ..

..

H e

Snake

..

B•}r ••

..

Vu

H a n k e y

..

M i ..

.. A-nuo

Tiger

. .

.. La ..

.. La

Dragon

..

Ri-dji

..

Luo

B i r d ..

..

A

• t

S l } Ylah ..

..

Hai-yi

H a w k

• ..

T c b u

• Sparrow

..

A-t.chso Pigeon

..

Si-atSl} Huak deer

.. Lie ..

..

Lv-pu

(mole), Lv-ma (female) Wolf ..

..

NdZtJ1

..

Vii} Fox Mie-guo

Leopard

..

( S a m e as Wolf)

.. zv

Bear ..

..

R g e

.. Wo (in a deep tone)

Digitized by Coogle

X X ? ???

SLIDE 15

Some data from Baber (1882)

SLIDE 16

Some data from Baber (1882)

SLIDE 17

(yes, this root is < PTB *sat)

Areal sound changes (0)

PEr Ersu Naiqu Mianning Kala(TBL) ? sɿ⁵⁵ sɿ⁵³ sɿ sɿ⁵³ ‘hit/kill’

SLIDE 18

(yes, this root is < PTB *sat)

Areal sound changes (0)

PEr Ersu Naiqu Mianning Kala(TBL) ? sɿ⁵⁵ sɿ⁵³ sɿ sɿ⁵³ ‘hit/kill’

*sɿ

SLIDE 19

(yes, this root is < PTB *sat)

Areal sound changes (0)

PEr Ersu Naiqu Mianning Kala(TBL) ? sɿ⁵⁵ sɿ⁵³ sɿ sɿ⁵³ ‘hit/kill’

*sɿ

SLIDE 20

• 1. Apicalization

Preceded by depalatalization change in Ersu: *mphi² ‘throw up, vomit’ > mphɕi (extrusional ɕ) > mphsi (depalatalization) > nphsɿ⁵⁵ (apicalization)

Areal sound changes (1)

SLIDE 21

• 2. x > f / _ u

Preceded by *ʃ > x in Mianning: *ʃu² ‘highland barley’ > xu- > fu- *ʃ > x happened after apicalization: *ʃi ‘meat’ > ʃɿ, followed by ʃɿ > xɯ (not *ʃi > xi > ?)

Areal sound changes (2)

SLIDE 22

Areal sound changes (2)

SLIDE 23

PEr had *s, *ɕ, *ʂ, *ʃ Most dialects merged *ʂ and *ʃ Mianning had *ʃ > x

• cf. 16th century Spanish: [s̪, s, ʃ], then ʃ > x (e.g.

“gente” [xente] ‘people’ < [ʃente] (< [ʒ-], etc.)

Tangent: ʃ > x

SLIDE 24

both (1) apicalization and (2) x > f / _u happened after other sound changes danger relying on areal features for subgrouping importance of phonetic motivations for reconstructions

Areal sound changes (3)

SLIDE 25

Naxi Na Laze correspondence Proto- Naish kh kh kh :: *a/aC1 tshe tshe tshe e:e:e *a ŋi ŋi ŋi i:i:i *a/*i h hi fithu :i:i *a khw qhwγʂe khwγbie w:wγ:wγ *a ʂ ʂe ʂ :e: *a mbe bi bie e:i:ie *a

Table 2. E

meaning bitter salt to borrow tooth hoof meat thin (not thick)

Note:

from Jacques and Michaud (2011:476)

SLIDE 26

directional prefixes verbs of existence genitive *ji mood prefixes *æ- ‘interrog.’, *mæ- ‘neg.’, *thæ- ‘neg. imp.’?

Other areal features

SLIDE 27

Examples from Mianning egophoric non-egophoric imperfective particle bo gɤ go (perf.) phi(-æ) dɑ go (imperf.) ji ji

Ersuic-defining morphosyntactic features

egophoric particles, etc. specific forms of the directional prefixes, verbs of existence perfective suffix *-A; “object” marker *wA

SLIDE 28

“Core” Qiangic Qiang, Prinmi, Minyak (Thurgood 2003) probably also Tangut, rGyalrongic*, Choyo and possibly nDrapa Naish Naxi, Na, Laze (Jacques and Michaud 2011) Namuyi and Shixing

Ersuic and Qiangic

*but see LaPolla 2003 on Rung

SLIDE 29

shared lexical items minimal pair of ‘water’ and ‘sweet’ /r/ component in ‘die’

Ersuic and Naish

• 11
• 2
• 2

SLIDE 30

Ikeda (2007): ‘kidney’, ‘urine’, ‘pus’, ‘sharpen’, ‘forget’, ‘year’ Proto-Naish ‘kidney’ *Smbu, ‘urine’ *mbi, ‘pus’ *priN, ‘forget’ *mi15, and ‘year’ *Cba and *khu.

Naish and Qiangic

SLIDE 31

Ersuic/Naish and Lolo-Burmese

• 1

SLIDE 32

Something to think about...

Burmo-Qiangic Lolo-Burmese "Greater" Qiangic "Naic" "Core" Qiangic Qiang, Prinmi, Minyak, etc. Naish Namuyi Shixing Ersuic Burmish Loloish Lizu Tosu Ersu

more or less like Jacques and Michaud (2011)

SLIDE 33

Ersuic is interesting be careful of areal features To do: collect more data and reconstruct more!

Conclusion

dypc@berkeley.edu http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~dom/