Protective and Risk Factors in Low-Income Hispanic Childrens Early - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Protective and Risk Factors in Low-Income Hispanic Children’s Early Home Environments

Lisa Gennetian, Lina Guzman, Natasha Cabrera

October 3, 2018 Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin-Madison

Natasha Cabrera, Ph.D. Professor, University of Maryland, College Park ncabrera@umd.edu

Presenters

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Lisa Gennetian, Ph.D. Research Professor, New York University lg1864@nyu.edu Lina Guzman, Ph.D. Director, Child Trends Hispanic Institute Co-Principal Investigator, NRCHCF lguzman@childtrends.org

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Funder

The National Research Center on Hispanic Children and Families is funded by a five-year cooperative agreement (grant #90PH0025-01-01) from the Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation within the Administration for Children and Families in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The content of this presentation is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not represent the

• fficial views of OPRE, ACF, or HHS.

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About the Center

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Low-income Hispanic children:

• Lag behind their peers in cognitive and

academic skills.

• Have social skills that are at par or exceed

those of their peers.

• Experience steeper improvements in cognitive

skills, catching up (and at times) exceeding their African American peers.

• What are the contributing family life and home

environment ingredients?

Conundrum from a Hispanic child lens

About the Center

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Deepen our understanding of racial/ethnic differences by considering:

• Economic investment
• Family stress
• Socio-cultural
• Developmental cascades
• Model for the Study of Developmental

Competencies in Minority Children *Actively incorporating role of mothers and fathers For better policy and practice, we need better

• verarching frameworks

About the Center

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Important role of generating descriptive facts What we’ve learned from existing data:

• Survey of Income and Program Participation
• American Time Use Survey
• National Survey on Family Growth
• Early Childhood Longitudinal Program – Birth

Cohort

• Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing

Lives of Hispanic children and families

About the Center

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Family demographic portraits Household economic circumstances Time use Child care Maternal well- being Parenting Home environment Cognitive and social skills By Hispanic ethnicity

Our presentation today

Family Portrait

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About the Center

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Families and Households

• Low-income Hispanic families and households,

especially those with immigrant parents, are advantaged in a number of ways

• Family and economic stability:
• High levels of employment
• Stable two-parent families
• High levels of family functioning
• Divergent family experiences between U.S.-born and

foreign-born Hispanic families

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Low-income, foreign-born Hispanics are more likely to be married than any other group

36% 26% 27% 13% 35% 24% 28% 18%

10 20 30 40

F

• re ig n-b o rn

Hispa nic U.S.-b o rn Hispa nic White Bla c k

Females Males

Percent Currently Married

Source: National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG),2006-2010

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Roughly half of low-income Hispanic women have had a birth by age 20

47% 50% 43% 57% 14% 30% 17% 27%

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50 75

F

• re ig n-b o rn Hispa nic

U.S.-b o rn Hispa nic White Bla c k

Females Males

Percent with Birth by Age 20

Source: National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG),2006-2010

About the Center

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Most births to low-income Hispanic men and women occur in a two-parent union

79% 68% 75% 25% 88% 69% 82% 50%

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

F

• re ig n-b o rn Hispa nic

U.S.-b o rn Hispa nic White Bla c k

Females Males

Percent of Births in Two-Parent Union

Source: National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG),2006-2010

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Majority of low-income Hispanic children live with an employed adult

81% 64% 67% 54%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Foreign-born parent Hispanic U.S.-born parent White Black

Percent of Children Living with Employed Adult

Source: American Community Survey, 2012

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Most low-income fathers are employed. Less than half of low-income mothers are employed.

61% 83% 66% 58% 49% 38% 49% 52% U.S.-born Hispanic Foreign- born Hispanic NH White NH Black U.S.-born Hispanic Foreign- born Hispanic NH White NH Black Fathers Mothers

Percent of low-income parents of children under the age of 18 in the United States who are employed, by gender, SIPP (2014)

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82% 85% 80% 68%

6% 6% 6% 12%

U.S.-born Hispanic Foreign-born Hispanic NH White NH Black

Most employed low-income Hispanic fathers have a full-time job.

Any full-time Any involuntary part-time

Employment status of low-income fathers of children under the age of 18 in the United States, SIPP (2014)

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High levels of employment is coupled with low levels of education

46% 31% 23% 59% 27% 14% 22% a 38% a 39% a 0% 100%

L e ss tha n HS HS de g re e / GE D Po st-se c o nda ry Ove ra ll I mmig ra nt US Bo rn

Hispanic fathe r s' e duc ational attainme nt by nativity status, 2006- 2010

Source: National Survey of F a mily Growth (NSFG), 2006-2010

• a. Indicates significant differences between immigrant and non-immigrant Hispanic fathers at the p=.05 level or below.

About the Center

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45% 51% 45% 36% 24% 26% 19% 21% 13% 9% 11% 19% 11% 8% 19% 17% 6% 3% 4… 4%

U.S.-born Hispanic Foreign-born Hispanic NH White NH Black Fathers

Daytime, no weekends Daytime with weekends Evening or night shift

One-quarter of low-income foreign-born Hispanic fathers work daytime with weekend schedules.

Work schedules of low-income fathers of children under the age of 18 in the United States, SIPP (2014)

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50% 35% 55% 48%

U.S.-born Hispanic Foreign-born Hispanic NH White NH Black Fathers

Just a third of low-income foreign-born Hispanic fathers have access to employer- sponsored health insurance.

Access to employer-sponsored health insurance benefits for low-income fathers

• f children under the age of 18 in the United States, SIPP (2014)

About the Center

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Summary

• Low-income Hispanic families possess many characteristics

that are associated with adult and child wellbeing

• High levels of two-parent, stable families
• Especially among foreign-born
• High levels of employment and…
• Low levels of education
• Jobs may not be ideal for family life
• Gender differences
• Nativity matters

Economic Stability, Time Use, & Child Care

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About the Center

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• Low income but stable.
• Source of income stability is earnings, primarily from fathers.
• Lower take-up of public benefits with lack of knowledge as one

barrier, but also immigration concerns. Thus, less likely than peers to extract benefits from stabilizing aspect of monthly public benefits.

• Father’s time spent with children is traded with time spent in paid

work (vs. leisure or other tasks).

• Nonparental care use among 3-5 year low income Hispanic

children is comparable to white peers, though lower than Black peers.

Highlights

About the Center

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28.7% 27.0% 21.1% 14.6% 8.6% 15.7% 17.4% 20.5% 21.8% 24.5%

0.0% 20.0%

Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5

Hispanic Non-Hispanic

Figure 1. Household Income Quintile Distribution of Children, SIPP 2004, by Hispanic Ethnicity

The gap between rich and poor is much larger among children in Hispanic HHs than children in nonHispanic HHs

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0.51 0.34 0.32 0.29 0.41 0.62 0.37 0.31 0.27 0.29

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5

Hispanic Non-Hispanic

Figure 2. CV of households with Children, SIPP 2004, by Hispanic Ethnicity and Income Quintile

Income instability is higher among all low-income HHs vs. high

• income. But, Hispanic low-income HHs are more income stable

than other low-income HHs

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0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 Hispanic non-Hispanic White non-Hispanic Black non-Hispanic Other CV Income CV Income plus food stamps 0.05 0.06 0.16 0.07

Figure 3. CV of income vs. income plus cash value of food stamps, among HHs in quintile 1

Children in low income black HHs benefit the most from the income stabilizing influence of social assistance

About the Center

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$1,784 $2,229 $1,009 $1,482 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Hispanic non-Hispanic White non-Hispanic Black non-Hispanic Other

Monthly earned income mean

Figure 4. Monthly earnings mean and monthly earnings standard deviation, among HHs in quintile 1

Higher earned income stability among Hispanic children

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Source: 2003-2013 American Time Use Survey

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Source: 2003-2013 American Time Use Survey

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Source: 2003-2013 American Time Use Survey

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Source: 2003-2013 American Time Use Survey

Use of any nonparental care for low-income children (ages 0-5), by household nativity and race/ethnicity, NSECE 2012

49%

Approximately half of young Hispanic children in low-income households are in ECE arrangements

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46% 53% 56% 67% 0% 100% Immigrant household U.S.-born household Hispanic White Black

a,b b b

Source: 2012 National Survey of Early Care and Education

37% 44% 50% 58% 57% 63% 63% 77% 0% 100% Immigrant household U.S.-born household Hispanic White Black

ECE participation gaps by race/ethnicity are smaller for preschoolers than infants and toddlers

Use of any nonparental care for low-income children, by child age, household nativity and race/ethnicity, NSECE 2012

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Source: 2012 National Survey of Early Care and Education

3-5 yrs 3-5 yrs 3-5 yrs 3-5 yrs

b b b

0-2 yrs 0-2 yrs

a,b b

0-2 yrs 0-2 yrs

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Summary

Income and Income Instability

• Hispanic children concentrated in lower income groups
• Despite higher income instability among poorest groups overall,

lowest-income Hispanic children are more income-stable than lowest- income non-Hispanic children No evidence of less time spent with children compared to peers

• Residential low-income Hispanic mothers spend more time with

children than low-income black mothers

• Time spent with children converges among low-income fathers by

race/ethnicity Hispanic preschoolers appear to be accessing nonparental care arrangements at similar levels as peers

Maternal well-being

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About the Center

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• Children’s wellbeing depends on large part on the

wellbeing of their parents, the quality of the parenting they receive, and the early home experiences

• We use ECLSB, sample of babies born in 2001, to
• Look at parent’s mental health and the quality of the

marital relationship

• Examine Latino children’s skills as compared to

white boys, a group that generally excels on skills needed for school

Latino parents and their children

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• 1
• 0.8
• 0.6
• 0.4
• 0.2

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Maternal depression Parenting stress

Throughout early childhood, Latino boys have mothers who reported similar levels of mental health as mothers of white boys and Latina girls.

Latina girls Latino boys White boys

NS NS NS NS

Significant differences (d= Cohen’s d effect size) between Latino boys and their peers in family functioning; adjusted for household resources

Source: Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort, 2001-2008

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• 1
• 0.8
• 0.6
• 0.4
• 0.2

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Coparenting conflict Couple happiness

Throughout early childhood, Latino boys were more likely to have mothers who reported coparenting conflict than white boys and Latina girls.

Latina girls Latino boys White boys

d= -.21 d= -.44 NS NS

Source: Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort, 2001-2008

Significant differences (d= Cohen’s d effect size) between Latino boys and their peers in family functioning; adjusted for household resources

Parenting

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About the Center

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Mothers of Latino boys (and girls) exhibit less responsive/sensitive parenting than mothers of White boys

1 2 3 4 5 24 Months Preschool Latina Girls Latino Boys White Boys

Source: Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort, 2001-2008

On a composite scale of 0-5 (not responsive to highly responsive), mothers rate their responsiveness as a parent.

About the Center

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Significant differences (d= Cohen’s d effect size) between Latino boys and their peers in parental investments; adjusted for household resources

*Parental reading, singing, and storytelling is a composite of mother and father-reports for children living in two-parent households and is mother-report only for children living in one-parent households. Source: Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort, 2001-2008

• 1
• 0.8
• 0.6
• 0.4
• 0.2

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Parental reading* Books in the home

Compared to white boys, Latino boys were less frequently read to and had fewer children's books.

Latina girls Latino boys White boys

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• 1
• 0.8
• 0.6
• 0.4
• 0.2

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Parental singing* Parental storytelling

Compared to white boys, Latino boys were less frequently told stories.

Latina girls Latino boys White boys

NS NS d=.19 d= .20

Significant differences (d= Cohen’s d effect size) between Latino boys and their peers in parental investments; adjusted for household resources

*Parental reading, singing, and storytelling is a composite of mother and father-reports for children living in two-parent households and is mother-report only for children living in one-parent households. Source: Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort, 2001-2008

Cognitive and social skills

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About the Center

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• 1
• 0.8
• 0.6
• 0.4
• 0.2

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Cognitive Skills (9 Months) Cognitive Skills (24 Months)

Latina girls Latino boys White boys

At 9 months, Latino boys' cognitive skills (e.g., language, active exploration, problem-solving) are similar to white boys' and Latina girls'. But by 24 months, Latino boys' cognitive skills are lower than white boys' and Latina girls.

Significant differences (d=Cohen's d effect size) between Latino boys and their peers in cognitive skills at 9 and 24 months; adjusted for household resources

Source: Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort, 2001-2008

d=.42 d=.31 NS NS

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• 1
• 0.8
• 0.6
• 0.4
• 0.2

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Preschool Kindergarten

At preschool, Latino boys had fewer expressive language skills (i.e., ability to reproduce a narrative in their own words) than white boys and Latina girls.

Latina girls Latino boys White boys

Significant differences (d=Cohen's d effect size) between Latino boys and their peers in cognitive and social skills at 9 and 24 months; adjusted for household resources

Source: Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort, 2001-2008

d=.21 NS d=.20 d=.28

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• 1
• 0.8
• 0.6
• 0.4
• 0.2

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Preschool Kindergarten

Latino children's social skills are similar to white boys at preschool and kindergarten

Latina girls Latino boys White boys

NS NS NS NS

Significant differences (d=Cohen's d effect size) between Latino boys and their peers in cognitive and social skills at 9 and 24 months; adjusted for household resources

Source: Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort, 2001-2008

About the Center

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Summary

• Latino children live with two parents who are relatively

happy, report low conflict and depressive symptoms

• Although Latino children are read to less often than white

boys, they hear stories as often as white boys especially when they are older

• Latino infants show similar levels of cognitive abilities in

infancy, but their language skills lag behind their white peers by Kindergarten

• However, in terms of social skills Latino children show no

deficits

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Implications for early childhood programs

• Latino children live with two parents who are relatively involved and

provide warmth and support, but do not provide as much cognitive stimulation as peers.

• Targeted support for Latino parents and children:
• Enriching activities
• Encouraging story telling
• Supporting social skill development
• Family functioning is also relatively positive
• Offer support for parents – improve mental health and coparenting
• Be deliberate about reaching BOTH parents for programs and

services

About the Center

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Policy implications

• Demographic and economic imperative
• Public policies
• Education
• Poverty
• Immigration
• Understanding which specific dimensions of

public policy and practice facilitate or impede access

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@NRCHispanic

Center Mission and Objectives

Mission: A hub for research to help programs and policy better serve low-income Hispanics across three priority areas:

• Poverty reduction and economic self-sufficiency
• Healthy marriage and responsible fatherhood
• Early care and education

Primary Objectives:

• 1. Conduct Research
• 2. Build Capacity
• 3. Communication and Dissemination

www.hispanicresearchcenter.org

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Questions and Answers

Contact us: Lina Guzman, lguzman@childtrends.org; Lisa Gennetian, lg1864@nyu.edu; Natasha Cabrera, ncabrera@umd.edu Visit our site: http://www.hispanicresearchcenter.org/ Tweet us at: @NRCHispanic Connect on LinkedIn: Collaborative Mentoring/Networking Forum on Hispanic Research

Thank you!

Sources

• Cabrera, N., Malin, J., Kuhns, C., & West, J. (2017). The development and early home experiences of

young Latino boys. Bethesda, MD: National Research Center on Hispanic Children & Families. from http://www.hispanicresearchcenter.org/publications/the-development-and-early-home-experiences-of- young-latino-boys/

• Gennetian, L., Rodrigues, C., Hill, H., & Morris, P. (2015). Income instability in the lives of Hispanic
• children. Bethesda, MD: National Research Center on Hispanic Children & Families. from

http://www.hispanicresearchcenter.org/publications/income-instability-in-the-lives-of-hispanic-children/

• Gennetian, L., Rodrigues, C., Hill, H., & Morris, P. (2015). Low and stable income: Comparisons among

Hispanic children, from 2004 through the period following the Great Recession. Bethesda, MD: National Research Center on Hispanic Children & Families. from http://www.hispanicresearchcenter.org/publications/low-and-stable-income-comparisons-among-hispanic- children-from-2004-through-the-period-following-the-great-recession/

• Karberg, E., Guzman, L., Cook, E., Scott, M., & Cabrera, N. (2017). A portrait of Latino fathers: Strengths

and challenges. Bethesda, MD: National Research Center on Hispanic Children & Families. http://www.hispanicresearchcenter.org/publications/a-portrait-of-latino-fathers-strengths-and-challenges/

• Turner, K., Guzman, L., Wildsmith, E., & Scott, M. (2015). The complex and varied households of low-

income Hispanic children. Bethesda, MD: National Research Center on Hispanic Children & Families. from http://www.hispanicresearchcenter.org/ publications/the-complex-and-varied-households-of-low- income-hispanic-children/

• Wildsmith, E., Alvira-Hammond, M., & Guzman, L. (2016). A national portrait of Hispanic children in need.

Bethesda, MD: National Research Center on Hispanic Children & Families. from http://www.hispanicresearchcenter.org/publications/a-national-portrait-of-hispanic-children-in-need/

• Wildsmith, E,. Scott, M., Guzman, L., & Cook, E. (2014). Family structure and family formation among

low-income Hispanics in the U.S. Bethesda, MD: National Research Center on Hispanic Children &

• Families. from http://www.hispanicresearchcenter.org/publications/family-structure-and-family-formation-

among-low-income-hispanics-in-the-u-s-3/

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More resources

• Data Tool. (2018). Measuring Hispanic families and households. Retrieved from

http://www.hispanicresearchcenter.org/resources/data-tool-measuring-hispanic-families-and-households/

• Infographic. (2018). The average day of low-income Latino parents. Retrieved from

http://www.hispanicresearchcenter.org/multimedia/infographic-the-average-day-of-low-income-latino- parents/

• Infographic. (2017). Latino Fathers in the U.S. Retrieved from

http://www.hispanicresearchcenter.org/?multimedia=latino-fathers-in-the-u-s

• Infographic. (2016). A national portrait of Hispanic children in need. Retrieved from

http://www.hispanicresearchcenter.org/multimedia/infographic-a-national-portrait-of-hispanic-children-in- need/

• Fact Sheet. (2017). 7 components for developing culturally responsive approaches to serving diverse
• populations. Retrieved from http://www.hispanicresearchcenter.org/multimedia/7-components-for-

developing-culturally-responsive-approaches-to-serving-diverse-populations/

• Data Tool. (2016). Early care and education search and decision-making. Retrieved from

http://www.hispanicresearchcenter.org/resources/data-tool-early-care-and-education-search-and- decision-making/

• Data Tool. (2016). Families’ utilization of early care and education. Retrieved from

http://www.hispanicresearchcenter.org/resources/data-tool-families-utilization-of-ece/

• Data Tool. (2015). Unpacking Hispanic diversity. Retrieved from

http://www.hispanicresearchcenter.org/resources/data-tool-unpacking-hispanic-diversity/

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