Protective and Risk Factors in Low-Income Hispanic Children’s Early Home Environments Lisa Gennetian, Lina Guzman, Natasha Cabrera October 3, 2018 Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin-Madison
Presenters Lina Guzman, Ph.D. Lisa Gennetian, Ph.D. Natasha Cabrera, Director, Child Trends Research Professor, New York Ph.D. Hispanic Institute University Professor, University of Co-Principal Investigator, lg1864@nyu.edu Maryland, College Park NRCHCF ncabrera@umd.edu lguzman@childtrends.org 2
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Funder The National Research Center on Hispanic Children and Families is funded by a five-year cooperative agreement (grant #90PH0025-01-01) from the Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation within the Administration for Children and Families in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The content of this presentation is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not represent the official views of OPRE, ACF, or HHS. 4
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Conundrum from a Hispanic child lens About the Center Low-income Hispanic children: Lag behind their peers in cognitive and academic skills. Have social skills that are at par or exceed those of their peers. Experience steeper improvements in cognitive skills, catching up (and at times) exceeding their African American peers. What are the contributing family life and home environment ingredients? 6
For better policy and practice, we need better overarching frameworks About the Center Deepen our understanding of racial/ethnic differences by considering: • Economic investment • Family stress • Socio-cultural • Developmental cascades • Model for the Study of Developmental Competencies in Minority Children *Actively incorporating role of mothers and fathers 7
Lives of Hispanic children and families About the Center Important role of generating descriptive facts What we’ve learned from existing data: • Survey of Income and Program Participation • American Time Use Survey • National Survey on Family Growth • Early Childhood Longitudinal Program – Birth Cohort • Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing 8
Our presentation today About the Center Family Time use demographic portraits Child care Cognitive and social Maternal well- skills Household being economic circumstances Parenting Home environment By Hispanic ethnicity 9
Family Portrait 10
Families and Households About the Center • Low-income Hispanic families and households, especially those with immigrant parents, are advantaged in a number of ways • Family and economic stability : o High levels of employment o Stable two-parent families o High levels of family functioning • Divergent family experiences between U.S.-born and foreign-born Hispanic families 11
Low-income, foreign-born Hispanics are more likely to be married than any other group About the Center 40 Females 36% 35% Males 30 28% 27% 26% 24% 20 18% 13% 10 0 F o re ig n-b o rn U.S.-b o rn Hispa nic White Bla c k Hispa nic Percent Currently Married Source: National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG),2006-2010 12
Roughly half of low-income Hispanic About the Center women have had a birth by age 20 Females Males 75 57% 50% 47% 50 43% 30% 27% 25 17% 14% - F o re ig n-b o rn Hispa nic U.S.-b o rn Hispa nic White Bla c k Percent with Birth by Age 20 Source: National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG),2006-2010 13
Most births to low-income Hispanic men About the Center and women occur in a two-parent union 100% Females 88% 82% Males 79% 75% 75% 69% 68% 50% 50% 25% 25% 0% F o re ig n-b o rn Hispa nic U.S.-b o rn Hispa nic White Bla c k Percent of Births in Two-Parent Union Source: National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG),2006-2010 14
Majority of low-income Hispanic children About the Center live with an employed adult 100% 90% 81% 80% 67% 70% 64% 60% 54% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Foreign-born parent U.S.-born parent White Black Hispanic Percent of Children Living with Employed Adult Source: American Community Survey, 2012 15
Most low-income fathers are employed. Less than half of low-income mothers are About the Center employed. Percent of low-income parents of children under the age of 18 in the United States who are employed, by gender, SIPP (2014) 83% 66% 61% 58% 52% 49% 49% 38% U.S.-born Foreign- NH White NH Black U.S.-born Foreign- NH White NH Black Hispanic born Hispanic born Hispanic Hispanic Fathers Mothers 16
Most employed low-income Hispanic About the Center fathers have a full-time job. 6% 6% 6% 12% 85% 82% 80% 68% U.S.-born Hispanic Foreign-born Hispanic NH White NH Black Any full-time Any involuntary part-time Employment status of low-income fathers of children under the age of 18 in the United States, SIPP (2014) 17
High levels of employment is coupled About the Center with low levels of education 100% Ove ra ll I mmig ra nt US Bo rn 59% 46% 39% a 38% a 31% 27% 23% 22% a 14% 0% L e ss tha n HS HS de g re e / GE D Po st-se c o nda ry Hispanic fathe r s' e duc ational attainme nt by nativity status, 2006- 2010 Source: National Survey of F a mily Growth (NSFG), 2006-2010 a. Indicates significant differences between immigrant and non-immigrant Hispanic fathers at the p=.05 level or below. 18
One-quarter of low-income foreign-born Hispanic fathers work daytime with weekend schedules. About the Center Work schedules of low-income fathers of children under the age of 18 in the United States, SIPP (2014) Daytime, no weekends Daytime with weekends Evening or night shift 36% 21% 19% 17% 4% NH Black 45% 19% 11% NH White 19% 4… Fathers Foreign-born 51% 26% 9% 8% 3% Hispanic 45% 24% 13% 11% U.S.-born Hispanic 6% 19
Just a third of low-income foreign-born Hispanic fathers have access to employer- About the Center sponsored health insurance. Access to employer-sponsored health insurance benefits for low-income fathers of children under the age of 18 in the United States, SIPP (2014) 55% 50% 48% 35% U.S.-born Hispanic Foreign-born NH White NH Black Hispanic Fathers 20
Summary About the Center • Low-income Hispanic families possess many characteristics that are associated with adult and child wellbeing o High levels of two-parent, stable families o Especially among foreign-born • High levels of employment and… o Low levels of education o Jobs may not be ideal for family life o Gender differences • Nativity matters 21
Economic Stability, Time Use, & Child Care 22
Highlights About the Center Low income but stable. Source of income stability is earnings, primarily from fathers. Lower take-up of public benefits with lack of knowledge as one barrier, but also immigration concerns. Thus, less likely than peers to extract benefits from stabilizing aspect of monthly public benefits. Father’s time spent with children is traded with time spent in paid work (vs. leisure or other tasks). Nonparental care use among 3-5 year low income Hispanic children is comparable to white peers, though lower than Black peers. 23
The gap between rich and poor is much larger among About the Center children in Hispanic HHs than children in nonHispanic HHs 28.7% 27.0% 24.5% 21.8% 21.1% 20.5% 20.0% 17.4% 15.7% 14.6% 8.6% 0.0% Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 Hispanic Non-Hispanic Figure 1. Household Income Quintile Distribution of Children, SIPP 2004, by Hispanic Ethnicity 24
Income instability is higher among all low-income HHs vs. high About the Center income. But, Hispanic low-income HHs are more income stable than other low-income HHs 0.7 0.62 0.6 0.51 0.5 0.41 0.4 0.37 0.34 0.32 0.31 0.29 0.29 0.3 0.27 0.2 0.1 0 Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 Hispanic Non-Hispanic Figure 2. CV of households with Children, SIPP 2004, by Hispanic Ethnicity and Income Quintile 25
Children in low income black HHs benefit the most from the About the Center income stabilizing influence of social assistance 0.06 0.07 0.16 0.70 0.05 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 Hispanic non-Hispanic White non-Hispanic Black non-Hispanic Other CV Income CV Income plus food stamps Figure 3. CV of income vs. income plus cash value of food stamps, among HHs in quintile 1 26
Higher earned income stability among Hispanic children About the Center 2500 $2,229 2000 $1,784 $1,482 1500 $1,009 1000 500 0 Hispanic non-Hispanic White non-Hispanic Black non-Hispanic Other Monthly earned income mean Figure 4. Monthly earnings mean and monthly earnings standard deviation, among HHs in quintile 1 27
About the Center Source: 2003-2013 American Time Use Survey 28
About the Center Source: 2003-2013 American Time Use Survey 29
About the Center Source: 2003-2013 American Time Use Survey 30
About the Center Source: 2003-2013 American Time Use Survey 31
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