Outline Hydraulic fracturing and field development Hydraulically - - PDF document

▶
outline
SMART_READER_LITE
LIVE PREVIEW

Outline Hydraulic fracturing and field development Hydraulically - - PDF document

Mar 15, 2024 508 likes •773 views

Role of multiple fracturing of vertical and Horizontal Wells in Maximizing production and extending life of the field M. Y. Soliman, Ali Rezaei, Fahd Siddiqui, University of Houston HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) Drilling and

slide-1
SLIDE 1

1

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

Role of multiple fracturing of vertical and Horizontal Wells in Maximizing production and extending life of the field

  • M. Y. Soliman, Ali Rezaei, Fahd Siddiqui, University of Houston

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

Outline

  • Hydraulic fracturing and field development
  • Hydraulically‐fractured systems: design and arrangement

– Why multiple fractures – Effect on production – Geomechanical consequences

  • Fracturing and reservoir depletion

– Low permeability formations – Naturally‐fractured formations – Effect of pore pressure depletion on local stresses

  • Re‐fracturing and infill well fracturing

– Is it required? – Vertical well: re‐fracturing – Horizontal well: re‐fracturing, infill well fracturing – Geomechanical considerations for infill drilling and refracturing

  • Summary
slide-2
SLIDE 2

2

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

Hydraulic Fracturing and Field Development

Horizontal well fracturing Pad drilling

Haynesville Shale

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

Fracturing Low Permeability Formation

  • High density fracturing is important to maximize fluid flow
  • Re‐fracturing may be necessary
  • Both have Geomechanics consequence
slide-3
SLIDE 3

3

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

Oil Phase Pressure, Permeability = 1 md

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

Oil Phase Pressure, Permeability = 0.1 md

slide-4
SLIDE 4

4

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

Oil Phase Pressure, Permeability = 0.01 md

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

Oil Phase Pressure, Permeability = 0.001 md

slide-5
SLIDE 5

5

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

Oil Phase Pressure, Permeability = 0.0005 md

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

Fracturing Naturally‐Fractured Formations

Kazemi et al, 1992

  • Model consists of matrix and fracture

(other than hydraulic fractures)

  • Flow from both matrix and fractures
slide-6
SLIDE 6

6

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

Oil Phase Pressure, Fracture System

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

Oil Phase Pressure, Matrix

slide-7
SLIDE 7

7

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Cumulative Gas Production, Bscf

Time, days

Fractured Fractured After 2 Years Fractured After 4 years Fractured After 6 Years Un‐Fractured

Cumulative Gas Production

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Cumulative Condensate Production, 1000 STB Time, days

Fractured Fractured After 2 Years Fractured After 4 years Fractured After 6 Years Un‐Fractured

Cumulative Condensate Production

slide-8
SLIDE 8

8

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

Hydrocarbon Recovery at 10 Years; Permeability vs. Well Type

Vertical Vertical Fraced Horizontal Horizontal Axial Frac Horizontal 5 Transv. Fracs Horizontal 11 Transv. Fracs Incr Lf 5 0.5 0.05 0.005 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%

Recovery at 10 Years (Cum/OOIP) Well Type Permeability md

Oil Well

Vertical Vertical Fraced Horizontal Horizontal Axial Frac Horizontal 5 Transv. Fracs Horizontal 11 Transv. Fracs Incr Lf 0.5 0.05 0.005 0.0005 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Recovery at 10 Years (Cum/OGIP) Well Type Permeability md

Gas Well

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

Fractured Systems

  • Design and arrangement
  • Effect on production
  • Geomechanical consequences
slide-9
SLIDE 9

9

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

Effect of Fracturing and Refracturing

All fractures Some fractures Re‐fracturing

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

Multiple Fracturing of Vertical Wells

  • Proposed for

– Low perm formation – Declining fracture productivity

  • Observed during drill cutting re‐injection
slide-10
SLIDE 10

10

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Stress, psi Theta, degree

Tangential Stress No Fracture Tangential Stress after One Fracture

Tangential Stress at Wellbore Wall

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

Tangential Stress at Wellbore Wall

Tangential Stress along the Wellbore Wall

  • 10000
  • 5000

5000 10000 15000 20000 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 

Tangential Stress, psi

W Frac, SH=Sh W/O Frac, SH=Sh W Frac, SH=1.5Sh W/O Frac, SH=1.5Sh W Frac, SH=2Sh W/O Frac, SH=2Sh W Frac, SH=3Sh W/O Frac, SH=3Sh

Sh=3000 psi Pw=6000 psi Pf =2000 psi rw=4.25 inch Lf=6 inch E=1,090,000 psi =0.225 Wang, et al, SPE 201719

slide-11
SLIDE 11

11

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

Multiple Fractures in Vertical Wells

Cumulative production comparison for one and two fractures

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 Time, days Total Production, mmcf Single Frac Two fracs

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

Multiple Fractures in Horizontal Wells

Alternating Fracturing

slide-12
SLIDE 12

12

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

Propagation of Multiple Fractures (Clusters) from a Horizontal Well

  • Intra‐Well fracture Interaction (frac‐hits)

– Interaction between active and passive fractures

  • Inter‐Well fracture Interactions

– Interaction between fracture and offsetting wells

  • Stress Shadowing

– Stress alteration caused by deformation due to fracturing

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

25

Swain 1978, Pollard 1984, Atkinson 1987

Microcrack in Glass A vein in granite Rock a dike Overlapping spreading centers

Fracture Interactions in Nature

slide-13
SLIDE 13

13

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

Propagation of Clusters

Horizontal well Displacement, m Stress anisotropy, MPa Shear stress, MPa

Minimum horizontal stress, MPa Maximum horizontal stress, MPa

Y, m Y, m Y, m Y, m Y, m

X (horizontal well direction), m X (horizontal well direction), m X (horizontal well direction), m X (horizontal well direction), m X (horizontal well direction), m

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

Overlapping Zones of Two Interacting Fractures

Rezaei, et al 2015 ARMA-2015-449

slide-14
SLIDE 14

14

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

Modified Zipper Frac (MZF), Non‐Symmetric

27

Well A Well B

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

Modified Zipper Frac, Symmetric

Rezaei, et al 2015 ARMA-2015-449

slide-15
SLIDE 15

15

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

Six SurgiFrac Waterfracs performed consecutively for an Openhole Chert horizontal wellbore

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

Re‐Fracturing and Infill Fracturing

  • Purpose
  • Vertical wells: re‐fracturing
  • Horizontal wells: re‐fracturing, infill well fracturing
  • Geomechanical considerations
slide-16
SLIDE 16

16

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

Why is Re‐fracturing Needed?

Original Original + re‐fracturing SPE 134330

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

Effect of Re‐Fracturing on Flow Rate

SPE 136757

slide-17
SLIDE 17

17

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

Example of a Successful Re‐Fracturing

SPE 136757

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

Re‐fracturing

  • In Early 80’s
  • Multiple fractures in different orientations from a vertical well

– Perpendicular Fractures from late 80’s – Testing and refrac of a vertical well – Multiple fractures/application to drill cuttings injections

slide-18
SLIDE 18

18

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

Vertical Well Re‐fracturing

  • Proposed for

– Low perm formation – Declining fracture productivity

  • Improves reservoir access
  • Restore production
  • Reorientation is desirable

– Stress reversal helps

  • Usually one fracture exist in the wellbore

Figure Source: American Oil and Gas Reporter

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

Issues with Refrac of Horizontal Wells

  • Plug existing fracs

– Natural loss of conductivity with time – Use plugging agent –chemical – Multiple proppant sizes – Perforate newer areas

  • Drill Infill wells (Child Wells)
  • Intra‐Well Interaction (frac‐hits)
  • Inter‐Well Interactions
  • Stress Shadowing and reversal
slide-19
SLIDE 19

19

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

Pore Pressure Depletion

37

1 day 1 month 1 year 3 years

Rezaei et al (doi: nag.2792)

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

Changes of Magnitude and Direction of Stresses with Time

1 day 1 month 1 year 3 years

Black lines are the direction on top of pore pressure depletion Rezaei et al (doi: nag.2792)

slide-20
SLIDE 20

20

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

Effect of the Pore Pressure Depletion on Refarc Propagation

Rezaei et al (doi: nag.2792)

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

Infill Well Fracturing

SPE-181656-MS SPE-181767-MS

Parent well attracts the fractures that are initiated in the infill well Microseismic activity around parent well

slide-21
SLIDE 21

21

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

Infill Well Fracturing Problems

Fracture shadow Direct hit Variable pressure hit SPE 171628

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

SPE 189853

Consequences of Frac‐Hit

slide-22
SLIDE 22

22

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

Safari et al, SPE 178513

Propagation Path for Infill Well Fracture

2 years 6 months 1 year 3 years

= 57 MPa Both parent and child wells are pressurized Only infill well is pressurized

Rezaei et al, 2019 URTeC 2667433

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019 10

Other Factors Affecting Propagation of Infill Well Fracture

Well spacing Parent well fracture spacing

slide-23
SLIDE 23

23

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

= 56 MPa

Stress anisotropy 1.38 MPa

= 56 MPa Stress anisotropy 2 MPa Stress anisotropy 3 MPa = 56 MPa

Other Factors Affecting Propagation of Infill Well Fracture. Cont.'s

Stress anisotropy

= 56 MPa = 57 MPa = 59 MPa

Pump pressure

HGS Applied Geoscience Conference (AGC) “Drilling and Completion Through the Life of the Field” November 2019

Summary

  • Hydraulic fracturing is an integrated part of field development
  • Behavior of a hydraulic fractures are affected by:

– Induced mechanical changes in stress regime (stress shadow) – Pore pressure depletion that causes redistribution of stress (stress reversal)

  • Stress shadow affects the fracture behavior in multi‐fracture systems
  • Stress reversal:

– Helps re‐fracturing vertical wells – Not desirable for horizontal wells

  • Both stress shadow and reversal affect the final recovery from

reservoir by influencing hydraulic fractures behavior.

slide-24
SLIDE 24

24

mysoliman@uh.edu

47