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Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial Ontological Engineering Ontological Engineering Asuncin Gmez-Prez (asun@fi.upm.es) Mari Carmen Surez -Figueroa (mcsuarez@fi.upm.es) Boris Villa n (b illa@delicias dia fi Boris Villazn

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Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial

Ontological Engineering Ontological Engineering

Asunción Gómez-Pérez (asun@fi.upm.es) Mari Carmen Suárez -Figueroa (mcsuarez@fi.upm.es) Boris Villa ón (b illa@delicias dia fi pm es) Boris Villazón (bvilla@delicias.dia.fi.upm.es) Work distributed under the license Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0

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Index de

I t d ti Introduction Scenarios in Ontology Building Methodological Guidelines for Ontology Specification Quick Search of Existing Knowledge Resources Quick Search of Existing Knowledge Resources Guidelines for Ontology development project Planning Methodological Guidelines for Non Ontological Resource Reuse and Reengineering Methodological Guideliness for Ontology Reuse Creating the final Ontology Model

Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial: Ontological Engineering

Creating the final Ontology Model

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SLIDE 3

I want to build my ontology y gy

– Which are the key process and activities in ontology – Which are the key process and activities in ontology development? – Which activities do I need in my development? y p – When should I carry out each activity? – Where is the relationship of one activity with the others? p y – How do I collect the requirements of my ontology? – Where can I find ontologies with the goal of reusing them? g g g – How can I reuse exiting knowledge resources? – ...

Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial: Ontological Engineering

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Limitations of current th d l i methodologies

  • Methontology, On-To-Knowledge are for

building ontologies from scratch

  • They lack guidelines for:

– building ontologies by reusing and reengineering g g y g g g existing knowledge aware resources – for contextualizing an existing ontology and plugging it in with existing ontologies that might plugging it in with existing ontologies that might be in continuous evolution – Building ontologies in a collaborative way Building ontologies in a collaborative way – software developers that need to include

  • ntologies into their IT developments

Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial: Ontological Engineering

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SLIDE 5

New Ontology Development Paradigm gy p g

Whose emphasis is on the reuse and reengineering

  • f

knowledge aware resources the collaborative and argumentative

  • ntology

development the building of ontology networks, as opposed to custom- building new ontologies from scratch.

Dynamic y Contextualized Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial: Ontological Engineering Collaboration

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Ontology Networks gy

Th S ti W b f th f t ill b The Semantic Web

  • f

the future will be characterized by using a very large number of

  • ntologies embedded in ontology networks

built by distributed teams in a collaborative way. y y

Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial: Ontological Engineering

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Index de

I t d ti Introduction Scenarios in Ontology Building Methodological Guidelines for Ontology Specification Quick Search of Existing Knowledge Resources Quick Search of Existing Knowledge Resources Guidelines for Ontology development project Planning Methodological Guidelines for Non Ontological Resource Reuse and Reengineering Methodological Guideliness for Ontology Reuse Creating the Ontology Model

Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial: Ontological Engineering

Creating the Ontology Model

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Too many activities…

  • a y act

t es

Merging Ontologies Ontology Reuse Ontology Design Patterns Restructuring Restructuring Ontologies

Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial: Ontological Engineering

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Building Ontologies: Use Case u d g O to og es Use Case

Classical

In our team, we want to build an OWL ontology in the pharmaceutical domain, but we want to use several pharmaceutical standards in XML and classification schemes in our own format

Classical

classification schemes in our own format.

Non Ontological Non Ontological Non Ontological Resource Reuse g Resource Reengineering

Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial: Ontological Engineering

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Building Ontologies: Use Case u d g O to og es Use Case

Classical

In our team, we want to build an OWL ontology in the fishery domain. We want to base on our ontologies about species and commodities, and we want to h th t l i l t l l have the ontology in several natural languages.

O t l i l Ontological Resource Reuse Ontological Ontological Resource Reengineering Localizing Ontological Resources

Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial: Ontological Engineering

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NeOn Scenarios

Knowledge Resources

5 4 6

Ontological Resources

  • O. Design Patterns

Non Ontological Resources

Dictionaries Glossaries Lexicons Classification

  • O. Repositories and Registries

Flogic

3 5 6 2

Thesauri Taxonomies Classification Schemas

2

RDF(S) OWL

Ontological Resource Reuse

  • O. Aligning
  • O. Merging

4 6

Non Ontological Resource Reuse

2

Ontology Design Pattern Reuse

3

Alignments

5

Ontological Resource Reengineering

4 6

Non Ontological Resource Reengineering

2 7

  • O. Specification
  • O. Conceptualization
  • O. Implementation
  • O. Formalization

1

RDF(S) Flogic OWL

Ontology Restructuring

(Pruning, Extension, Specialization, Modularization)

8

  • O. Localization

9

Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial: Ontological Engineering

Ontology Support Activities: Knowledge Acquisition (Elicitation); Documentation; Configuration Management; Evaluation (V&V); Assessment

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, 9

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Scenarios Sce a os

1 Building ontology networks from scratch without reusing existing

  • 1. Building ontology networks from scratch without reusing existing

resources.

  • 2. Building ontology networks by reusing and reengineering non
  • ntological resources.
  • ntological resources.
  • 3. Building ontology networks by reusing ontologies or ontology

modules.

  • 4. Building ontology networks by reusing and reengineering ontologies
  • 4. Building ontology networks by reusing and reengineering ontologies
  • r ontology modules.
  • 5. Building ontology networks by reusing and merging ontology or
  • ntology modules.

gy

  • 6. Building ontology networks by reusing, merging and reengineering
  • ntologies or ontology modules.
  • 7. Building ontology networks by reusing ontology design patterns.

g gy y g gy g p

  • 8. Building ontology networks by restructuring ontologies or ontology

modules.

  • 9. Building ontology networks by localizing ontologies or ontology

Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial: Ontological Engineering

modules.

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SLIDE 13

NeOn Methodology eO et odo ogy

Process and activities covered: All processes and activities are described with: Ontology Specification Scheduling N O t l i l R R p A filling card A workflow E l Non Ontological Resource Reuse Non Ontological Resource Reengineering Reuse General Ontologies Examples Reuse Domain Ontologies Reuse Ontology Statements R O t l D i P tt Reuse Ontology Design Patterns

Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial: Ontological Engineering

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Helping Job Seekers on their way

p ES n ES

  • ES

m

Local Matching algorithm

EURES ES (I nt)

Local Matching

q ES r l ES ES

Matching algorithm

Catalonia ES (Es) Cand Cand. . Cand Cand. .

Cand Cand. . Cand Cand. . Cand Cand. . Cand Cand. .

Vacan Vacan. . Vacan Vacan. .

Vacan Vacan. . Vacan Vacan. . Lombard

ES i ES ES

European European Employment Employment

ES (Es)

Cand Cand. . Cand Cand. . Cand Cand. . Cand Cand. .

Vacan Vacan. . Vacan Vacan. .

ES (I t)

a ES h ES

Employment Employment Mediators Mediators Marketplace Marketplace

Vacan Vacan. . Vacan Vacan. .

Cand Cand. . Cand Cand. .

g ES ES ES b ES Requester ES S LEGENDA

Local Matching algorithm

Private ES (I nt)

Cand Cand. . Cand Cand. .

Vacan Vacan. . Vacan Vacan. . Vacan Vacan. . Vacan Vacan. .

ES c ES e f ES d ES Responding ES ES not involved Job Seeker’s Candidacy

ES (I nt)

Local Matching algorithm

Wallonia

Cand Cand. . Cand Cand. .

Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial: Ontological Engineering

ES ES Job Seeker s Candidacy Employer Job Vacancy

ES (Be)

Vacan Vacan. . Vacan Vacan. .

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Index de

I t d ti Introduction Scenarios in Ontology Building Methodological Guidelines for Ontology Specification Quick Search of Existing Knowledge Resources Quick Search of Existing Knowledge Resources Guidelines for Ontology development project Planning Methodological Guidelines for Non Ontological Resource Reuse and Reengineering Methodological Guideliness for Ontology Reuse Creating the final Ontology Model

Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial: Ontological Engineering

Creating the final Ontology Model

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Ontology Requirements Specification

NeOn Deliverable D5.4.1

Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial: Ontological Engineering

(2008)

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Ontology Requirement Specification Document Template

  • Document. Template

1 Purpose “Software developers and ontology practitioners should include in this slot the purpose of the ontology” 2 Scope “Software developers and ontology practitioners should include in this slot the scope of the ontology” 3 Level of Formality “Software developers and ontology practitioners should include in this slot the level of formality of the ontology” 4 Intended Users “Software developers and ontology practitioners should include in this slot the intended users of the ontology” 5 Intended Uses “Software developers and ontology practitioners should include in this slot the intended uses of the ontology” 6 Groups of Competency Questions “Software developers and ontology practitioners should include in this slot the groups of competency questions and their answers, including priorities for each group” 7 Pre-Glossary of Terms 7 Pre Glossary of Terms Terms “Software developers and ontology practitioners should include in this slot the list of terms included in the CQs and their frequencies”

Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial: Ontological Engineering

Objects “Software developers and ontology practitioners should include in this slot a list of objects and their frequencies”

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SEEMP Ontology Requirement Specification Document Specification Document

Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial: Ontological Engineering

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Index de

Introduction Scenarios in Ontology Building Methodological Guidelines for Ontology Specification Quick Search and Selection of Existing Knowledge Resources Guidelines for Ontology development project Planning gy p p j g Methodological Guidelines for Non Ontological Resource Reuse and Reengineering Reuse and Reengineering Methodological Guideliness for Ontology Reuse

Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial: Ontological Engineering

Creating the final Ontology Model

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Searching Resources Sea c g esou ces

  • Use the terminology from the ORSD

Use the terminology from the ORSD

  • Find resources covering the terminology

Find resources covering the terminology

Knowledge Resources Ontological Resources Non Ontological Resources

  • O. Design Patterns

2

  • O
  • og ca

esou ces

Thesauri Dictionaries Glossaries Lexicons Taxonomies Classification Schemas

  • O. Repositories and Registries

Flogic RDF(S) OWL

2

  • Where:

I t t

  • Internet
  • Standardization bodies (ISO,…)
  • Intranet of the organization

Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial: Ontological Engineering

  • Intranet of the organization
  • Ontology Registries
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Searching t l i l non ontological resources

  • We select the most appropriate

standards and taxonomies for:

– Occupation Classification

ISCO 88 (COM) SOC ISCO 88

Language Classification

ISCO-88 (COM), SOC, ISCO-88, ONET, Eures Taxonomy.

– Classification of Economic Activities

ISIC R 3 1 NACE R 1 1

ISO 6392, CEF Driving License Classification European Legislation Skill Cl ifi i

ISIC Rev. 3.1, NACE Rev. 1.1, NAICS

– Apprenticeship classifications

ISCED 97, FOET

C Cl ifi ti

Skill Classification Eures Taxonomy Contract Types Classification LE FOREM E d BLL Cl ifi ti

– Currency Classification

ISO 4217

– Geography Classification

ISO 3166, Eures Taxonomy

LE FOREM, Eures and BLL Classification Work Condition Classification LE FOREM, Eures and BLL Classification Is the terminology included in th O t l R i t S ifi ti D t

Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial: Ontological Engineering

the Ontology Requirements Specification Document covered by the resources?

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Selection of Ontologies Se ect o

  • O to og es
  • Search ontologies
  • Compare ontologies in the same
  • Compare ontologies in the same

domain using a set of criteria A if th t l i th t f

  • Assess if the ontologies cover the set of

competency questions

  • Select the best ontology based on

– Coverage of the domain g – Expressivity of the Implementation language

Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial: Ontological Engineering

g g

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Searching Ontologies in Watson g g

O t l R i t Ontology Requirement Specification Document

Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial: Ontological Engineering

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The Time Ontology Selection e e O to ogy Se ect o

Checking which temporal properties are needed for answering the CQ g p p p g

a. When the job seeker completed his/her first degree? b. Is the job seeker older than 30 years? c. How much time did the job seeker spend completing his/her first degree? c. How much time did the job seeker spend completing his/her first degree? d. How long is the duration of the contract? e. Which job offers were posted in last 24 hours? f

Cyc’s Upper Ontology Unrestricted Time Ontology Simple Time Ontology Reusable Time Ontology Kestrel Time Ontology SRI’s Time Ontolog y SUMO Time Ontology DAML Time Ontology AKT Time Ontology Time Points

f. ……

Time Points Time Interval Absolute and Relative Time Relations between time intervals Convex and non convex intervals Convex and non convex intervals Distinction between open and closed intervals Explicit modeling of proper intervals Concatenation of intervals

Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial: Ontological Engineering

Different temporal granularities Provides axioms

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Index de

I t d ti Introduction Scenarios in Ontology Building Methodological Guidelines for Ontology Specification Quick Search of Existing Knowledge Resources Quick Search of Existing Knowledge Resources Guidelines for Ontology development project Planning Methodological Guidelines for Non Ontological Resource Reuse and Reengineering Methodological Guideliness for Ontology Reuse Creating the final Ontology Model

Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial: Ontological Engineering

Creating the final Ontology Model

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Life Cycle Models and Life Cycles

  • An ontology life cycle model is the framework (waterfall, evolving

i i l ) l d b h i i i hi h prototyping, spiral, etc.), selected by each using organization, on which to map the activities identified in the ontology development process.

Waterfall

  • The ontology life cycle is the specific sequence of activities that the

gy y p q

  • ntology practitioners carry out for developing an ontology.
  • There is no a unique life cycle model valid for all the ontology

development projects

Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial: Ontological Engineering

development projects

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SLIDE 27

How software developers and ontology practitioners select the

  • ntology

life cycle model and the select the

  • ntology

life cycle model and the particular ontology life cycle for developing his/her

  • ntology?

NeOn Deliverable D5.3.1 (2007) I-SEMANTICS 2008 I-SEMANTICS 2008

Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial: Ontological Engineering

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SLIDE 28

Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial: Ontological Engineering

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Index de

I t d ti Introduction Scenarios in Ontology Building Methodological Guidelines for Ontology Specification Quick Search of Existing Knowledge Resources Quick Search of Existing Knowledge Resources Guidelines for Ontology development project Planning Methodological Guidelines for Non Ontological Resource Reuse and Reengineering Methodological Guideliness for Ontology Reuse Creating the final Ontology Model

Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial: Ontological Engineering

Creating the final Ontology Model

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The resource type and its data model influence the reengineering process influence the reengineering process

NeOn Deliverable D5.4.1

Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial: Ontological Engineering

(2008)

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Types of non ontological resources

Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial: Ontological Engineering

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Reengineering resources ee g ee g esou ces

EURES Taxonomy EURES Taxonomy

Oracle DB HTML MS Access

I SCO I SCO-

  • 88 (COM)

88 (COM) EURES Taxonomy EURES Taxonomy

(proprietary) (proprietary)

ONET ONET

Extend Extend Specialize Specialize Prune Prune Ad hoc wrapper Ad hoc wrapper WSML exporter WSML exporter

Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial: Ontological Engineering

Occupation Occupation Ontology Ontology

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Knowledge Resource R i i

R i T bl

Reengineering

ISO 3166-1 (XML) Regions Table (Eures Oracle DB)

…. <ISO_3166-1_Entry> <ISO_3166-1_Country_name>SPAIN</ISO_3166-1_Country_name> <ISO 3166-1 Alpha-2 Code element>ES</ISO 3166-1 Alpha- <ISO_3166 1_Alpha 2_Code_element>ES</ISO_3166 1_Alpha 2_Code_element> </ISO_3166-1_Entry> …

Location

Excerpt of the Geography Ontology

Country Region

subClass-Of has region

Ontology model

Geography Ontology

g

Spain Cataluña Canarias

Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial: Ontological Engineering

Galicia Andalucía Ontology instances

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Index de

I t d ti Introduction Scenarios in Ontology Building Methodological Guidelines for Ontology Specification Quick Search of Existing Knowledge Resources Quick Search of Existing Knowledge Resources Guidelines for Ontology development project Planning Methodological Guidelines for Non Ontological Resource Reuse and Reengineering Methodological Guideliness for Ontology Reuse Creating the final Ontology Model

Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial: Ontological Engineering

Creating the final Ontology Model

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Ontological Resource Reuse Process

Ontological Resource Reuse is defined as the process

  • f

using defined as the process

  • f

using available

  • ntological

resources (ontologies, modules, statements) in the solution of different problems the solution of different problems. NeOn Deliverable D5 4 1

Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial: Ontological Engineering

Slide 35

NeOn Deliverable D5.4.1 (2008)

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SLIDE 36

Detailed descriptions in D5.4.1 eta ed desc pt o s 5

Reuse Common Ontologies Reuse Domain Ontologies euse Co

  • O to og es

Reuse Domain Ontologies Reuse Ontology Statements Reuse ODPs by naive users Reuse Ontology Statements Reuse ODPs by naive users

Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial: Ontological Engineering

Watson plug Watson plug-

  • in

in

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SLIDE 37

Watson NeOn Toolkit plugin

  • While building an ontology

with the Neon toolkit

  • Find descriptions of existing

entities in Web ontologies

  • Integrate these descriptions
  • Integrate these descriptions

into the edited ontology

  • Thus allowing knowledge

g g reuse at the scale of the Semantic Web I i l i t t d

  • In one simple, integrated,

and interactive tool

Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial: Ontological Engineering

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Index de

I t d ti Introduction Scenarios in Ontology Building Methodological Guidelines for Ontology Specification Quick Search of Existing Knowledge Resources Quick Search of Existing Knowledge Resources Guidelines for Ontology development project Planning Methodological Guidelines for Non Ontological Resource Reuse and Reengineering Methodological Guideliness for Ontology Reuse Creating the Ontology Model

Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial: Ontological Engineering

Creating the Ontology Model

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Conceptualization: Modular approach for ontology construction Modular approach for ontology construction

  • Reusability

+

Usability Application Domain O. : Job Seeker, Job Offer

+

Domain O.: Economic Activity, Occupation, Education, Skill, Driving

License, Compensation, Labour Regulatory, Competence

Representation Ontology: WSML General/Common Ontologies: Time, Geography, Language

+

  • Representation Ontology: WSML

+

Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial: Ontological Engineering

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The SEEMP Ontology

EURES ISO 6392 CEF ISCO-88 COM ONET EURES

Ontology

Skill Ontology Language Ontology Occupation Ontology

EURES

LE FOREM + BLL + EURES

ISO 3166 EURES

subClass-Of

Labour Regulatory Ontology Geography Ontology

DAML Time Ontology

Time Job Offer Ontology Job Seeker Ontology

Ontology has date of birth / is date of birth of

Competence Ontology e Ontology

FOET ISCED97 ISO 4217 subClass-Of

Education Ontology Driving Compensation Ontology

ISCED97 European Legislation

Ad hoc wrapper

Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial: Ontological Engineering

License Ontology Economic Activity Ontology

NACE Rev. 1.1

External Sources

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SLIDE 41

Ed i

has education / i d ti f requires education /

Details of the ontology

Competence Education Language W k C diti

has mother language / is mother tongue of has competence / is competence of is education of ition / d to is associated with requires competence / is associated with has work condition / Language Language Ontology Ontology Education Education Ontology Ontology Competence Competence Ontology Ontology Labour Labour

Contract Type Work Condition

speaks / is spoken by has work cond is associated contract type / associated to is associated with has contract type / is associated with has compensation / is associated with Job Offer Job Offer Ontology Ontology Job Seeker Job Seeker Ontology Ontology Labour Labour Regulatory Regulatory Ontology Ontology

Job Seeker Organization Compensation Country

has candidacy/ belongs to has nationality from / is nation of resides in / is residence of has is

  • mpensation /

ssociated to has job vacancy/ belongs to has location / is location of is associated with Compensation Compensation Ontology Ontology Geography Geography

Candidacy Job Vacancy Location

has objective / belongs to has work experience / belongs to has co is as ciated with / location has job category / has vacancy/ belongs to is located in / is associated with

has activity sector / is associated with

Geography Geography Ontology Ontology

Offered Work Experience Objective Vacancy Requested Work Experience Sector

g subClass-Of is assoc has l has activity sector / is associated with has job category / is associated with belongs to subClass-Of is associated with / requires work experience has activity sector / is associated with

ICT Objective ICT Vacancy Computing Professionals

subClass Of has job category is associated with subClass-Of has activity sector / is associated with has job category / subClass Of is associated with has job category/ is associated with has job category/ is associated with Occupation Occupation Ontology Ontology Economic Economic Activity Activity Ontology Ontology

Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial: Ontological Engineering

Occupation

is associated with has job category / is associated with is associated with Ontology Ontology

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SLIDE 42

Conclusions Co c us o s

  • The NeOn methodology leads the way to a new

paradigm for ontology development G id li f d i i f f

  • Guidelines are focused on engineering for software

developers

  • Reuse and reengineering of knowledge aware
  • Reuse and reengineering of knowledge aware

resources

– decreases the time spent in ontology development – eases sharing – improves quality and consensus because agreement was previously reached by domain experts p e ous y eac ed by do a e pe ts

  • There are more enabling technologies that support

this new paradigm

Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial: Ontological Engineering

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SLIDE 43

Main References a e e e ces

http://www.neon-project.org

D5.3.1. NeOn Development Process and Ontology Life Cycle D5.4.1. NeOn Methodology for Building Contextualized Ontology Networks Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial: Ontological Engineering

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SLIDE 44

Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial

Ontological Engineering Ontological Engineering

Asunción Gómez-Pérez (asun@fi.upm.es) Mari Carmen Suárez -Figueroa (mcsuarez@fi.upm.es) Boris Villa ón (b illa@delicias dia fi pm es) Boris Villazón (bvilla@delicias.dia.fi.upm.es) Work distributed under the license Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0