NBER Working Paper 17392 September 2011 Journal of Monetary - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

فیطللاوه

نابآ1392

cyclicality of credit supply firm level evidence

NBER Working Paper 17392 September 2011 Journal of Monetary Economics, November 2013

Becker and Ivashina

Corporate credit growth: Loans vs. Bonds, 1953-2010

Introduction

• Credit is highly pro-cyclical
• banks are not willing to lend (a supply shift)
• firms do not desire to borrow (a demand shift)
• Both
• This paper proposes a measure that improves identification of

shifts in bank-loan supply.

• To isolate movement in loan-supply, we examine substitution between

bank credit and public debt at the firm level, conditional on firms’ raising new debt financing.

• Aggregated data cannot address whether compositional

changes in the type of firms raising debt finance can explain the observed cyclicality. We therefore turn to firm level data.

• Of firms receiving a loan but not issuing a bond in

2003, in 2004, 27% only received a loan, 6% only issued bonds, and 5% did both (52% did neither)

• Firms getting a bank loan are likely to stay with that form
• f debt in the near future
• Of firms receiving a bank loan in 2007, in 2008, only

6% received a loan but did not issue bonds, whereas 17% issued bonds but did not get a loan, and 2% did both (75% did neither).

Data

• U.S. firms raising new debt financing between 1990

and 2010.

• two recessions,
• large fluctuations in bank stock prices,
• significant changes in monetary policy,
• the LTCM crisis in the late 1990s,
• firms that issued bonds in the last five years
• for our base-line results, compare term loans to bonds

Frequency of new debt finance

Proxies for availability of bank credit

• Tightening in lending standards based on the

Federal Reserve Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey

• weighted average of banks’ non-performing loans

as a fraction of total loans

• weighted average of banks’ loan allowances as a

fraction of total loans

• a market-adjusted stock price index for banks
• a measure of monetary policy shocks based on the

federal funds rate deviation from the Taylor-rule

Time series variables correlations

Share of bank debt as a percentage of total corporate debt financing

0.37

Share of bank debt as a percentage of total corporate debt financing

0.46

Corporate credit growth: Loans vs. Bonds, 1953-2010

• bank debt is both more volatile and more cyclical than public debt
• bank debt often shrinks rapidly, whereas the outstanding stock of market debt

never falls year-to-year

• several recessions exhibit rapidly shrinking bank debt at some point during the
• recession. Public debt is more stable and less affected by recessions.

Growth of Nonfarm, Nonfinancial Corporate Debt Stock

• The stock outstanding at the end of quarter 2011:Q1 was 1.65 trillion dollars
• f bank debt and 4.66 trillion dollars of market debt, 11% and 31% of GDP
• Bank debt was more important in relative terms in the middle of the sample,

and actually exceeded the value of market debt in 1982 and 1983.

• bank debt outstanding it is also much more cyclical.

Regression of real growth on lagged growth, real GDP and recessions

Cyclicality of bank and public debt at the firm-level 𝐸𝑗𝑢 = 𝛽𝑗 + 𝛾𝑐𝑢 + 𝛿𝑌𝑗𝑢

• where 𝐸𝑗𝑢 = 1 if the firm i obtained a bank loan in quarter t and 0 if the

firm obtained a bond;

• 𝑐𝑢 is a time-series measure capturing banks’ willingness to lend;
• 𝑌𝑗𝑢 is a set of controls, specific to the firm i.
• log of assets (lagged),
• the log of property, plant and equipment (lagged),
• the return on assets (operating income before depreciation divided by

preceding quarter’s assets, lagged),

• one year lagged return to the end of the previous quarter,
• leverage (long term debt over assets, lagged),
• a dummy indicating whether a firm pays a dividend in the current quarter.
• The benchmark specification does not include the amounts, maturity, and

many other features of the debt.

Within-Firm Evidence on Loan vs. Bond Choice

the fraction of new credit that is sourced from banks falls rapidly with bank financial health and economic environment

Alternative explanations

• a switch from bank debt to bonds in times of low

growth and poor bank health could be caused by countercyclical bond supply (instead of cyclical loan supply)

• the fact that the substitution between bond and loans has

predictive power for loan issuance and investments outof- sample (for firms that lack access to the bond market) makes it unlikely that our results are driven by shifts in bond supply

• examining the relative cost of bonds and loans

Correlations between Relative Cost of Corporate Loans vs. Bonds and Indicators of Credit Conditions

• Most of these correlations are economically small and statistically insignificant. In cases

where correlations are statistically different from zero, the sign of the correlations suggest that bank loans are actually cheaper in bad economic times

It appears that firms issue bonds when banks are reluctant to lend, and that they do it despite bonds being marginally more expensive.

Loan vs. Bond Choice: By Firms’ Characteristics

Loan vs. Bond Choice: Further Controls

Including Short Term Financing: Commercial Paper and Revolving Credit Lines

Out-of-sample Prediction Effect of the Loan-Bond Substitution Measure

Real Effects of Loan Supply