Monetary Policy Mr. Clifford Explains Monetary Policy in 2 Minutes - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Monetary Policy

• Mr. Clifford Explains Monetary Policy in 2 Minutes
• Mr. Clifford Explains the Fed in 2 Minutes

The Fed Explains Itself in 4 Minutes

#1: Reserve Requirements

If you have a bank account, where is your money?

Only a small percent of your money is held in reserve. The rest of your money has been loaned out. This is called “Fractional Reserve Banking”…more on this later

The Fed sets the amount that banks must hold…this is called the “Reserve Requirement”

The reserve requirement (also called the “reserve ratio”) is the percent of deposits that banks must hold in reserve (the percent they can NOT loan out). Example: If the reserve requirement is 10% and you deposit $1000 in a bank, it can only add $900 of your deposit to its “loanable funds” and must keep at least $100 “in reserve” TAKE AWAYS

• When the Fed increases the money supply, it increases the amount of money in bank

deposits and therefore the amount of loanable funds.

• However, the Fed requires that banks must keep some percentage of deposits “in

reserve” and can only loan out “excess reserves”.

• These loans eventually become deposits for other bank that will loan out their excess
• reserves. (Called the “Money Multiplier”…more on this later)
• Lowering Reserve Ratios EXPANDS the Money Supply
• Increasing Reserve Requirements CONTRACTS the Money Supply

How Reserve Requirements Can Impact Monetary Policy to Stabilize the Economy

• 1. If there is a RECESSION, what could the Fed do to the reserve requirement?
• 2. If there is INFLATION, what could the Fed do to the reserve requirement?

Decrease the Reserve Ratio 1.

Banks hold less money and have more excess reserves.

2.

Banks create more money by loaning out excess.

3.

Money supply increases, interest rates fall, AD up.

Increase the Reserve Ratio

• 1. Banks hold more money and have fewer excess reserves.

2.

Banks create less money.

• 3. Money supply decreases, interest rates up, AD down.

#2: The Discount Rate

The Discount Rate is the interest rate that the Fed charges commercial banks.

Example: If Banks of America needs $10 million, they borrow it from the U.S. Treasury (which the Fed controls) but B of A must pay it back with 3% interest…3% is the “discount rate”

In a recession, the Fed wants to increase the Money supply, the Fed would _________ the Discount Rate

(This is called an “Easy Money” Policy).

To combat inflation and decrease the Money supply, the Fed would _________ the Discount Rate

(This is called a “Tight Money” Policy). DECREASE INCREASE

#3: Open Market Operations

• Open Market Operations is when the Fed buys or

sells government bonds (securities).

• This is the most important and widely used monetary

policy the Fed engages in. In a recession, the Fed wants to increase the Money supply, so it would _________ government securities. To combat inflation, the Fed wants to decrease the Money supply, so it would_________ government

securities.

A “Trick” to remember:

BUY=BIG - Buying bonds INCREASES money supply

Sell=Small - Selling bonds DECREASES money supply

BUY SELL

Open Market Operations Explained in 2 Minutes Crash Course Economics Explains Monetary Policy in 9 Minutes

Expansionary & Contractionary Monetary Policy…How & Why?

How Can Monetary Policy impacts the AD-AS & MS Models

The Goals of Monetary Policy

Loanable Funds Money Supply

The Fed increases the money supply to stimulate the economy…

20

DM SM

10% 5% 2%

Quantity of Money

Interest Rate (i) 25

SM1 DI

Quantity of Loans

10% 5% 2%

Interest Rate (i)

AD/AS

Qe

AD AS

GDPR PL

AD1

Q1 PL

e

PL1

• 1. Interest Rates Decreases
• 2. Investment Increases
• 3. AD, GDP and PL Increases

Loanable Funds Money Supply

The Fed decreases the money supply to slow down the economy…

20

DM SM

10% 5% 2%

Quantity of Money

Interest Rate (i) 17

SM1 DI

Quantity of Loans

10% 5% 2%

Interest Rate (i)

AD/AS

Qe

AD AS

GDPR PL

AD1

Q1 PL

e

PL1

• 1. Interest Rates increase
• 2. Investment decreases
• 3. AD, GDP and PL decrease

2011 Practice FRQ

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2011 Practice FRQ ANSWERS

2014 Practice FRQ

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EXPLAINED in 4 Minutes

2009 Practice FRQ ANSWERS