Mesa College Bio 230 Human Anatomy Fall 2010 Tim Plagge, Instructor
Course Objectives • Upon successful completion of this course you should: � Know and be able to identify relevant tissues and microscopic structures of the human body � Know and be able to identify the relevant gross anatomical structures of the human body � Understand the inter ‐ relationships between the different systems of the body & how the structures of the systems relate to the functioning of the systems.
What I expect from you: 1. to be ready for class at the scheduled start time, 2. read the assigned material prior to class, this allows for more discussion & less blah, blah, blah…., 3. to be prepared for quizzes, 4. to fully utilize the lab time we have as well as open labs… if you are planning on attending open labs, please consider being an open lab volunteer, 5. to handle and treat the lab materials care, the models are very expensive to replace.
Examinations & Quizzes – There will be 5 lecture exams and 6 lab practical exams. – Each lecture exam will be 50 points. – Each lab exam will be 50 points. – I will hand out lab guides and exercises. They are designed to help you in lab as well as lecture. – Practical exams will be on models, as well as preserved specimens & cadavers (if available). – Quizzes will be unannounced and will be worth 5 points each. They will start at 6:00 promptly, and there are no make ‐ ups for quizzes.
Lab protocol • You should not: � You should: � Wear open toed shoes in � Bring your book and any lab hand outs that were given � Have long hair that is not or emailed to you pulled back (so it doesn’t � Be prepared to use the hang into specimens you entire lab time may be working with) � Bring gloves, or better yet, � Eat or drink in lab keep a few pair in your � Dissect the cadavers book bag. when they are out… that is another classes job.
Some FAQ’s
1. What are your tests like?
Sample Lecture Exam Question Level One (knowledge) Question 1. Intercalated discs are found in what tissue? a. intervertebral cartilage b. cardiac muscle c. duodeno ‐ jujenum junction d. osseous tissue Exams may consist of multiple choice, matching, true and false and short answer questions.
Sample Lecture Exam Question Level 6 Question (evaluation) 1. The best tissue for increasing the stability of a diarthritic joint would be? a. osseous tissue b. dense irregular tissue c. dense irregular tissue d. hyaline cartilage Exams may consist of multiple choice, matching, true and false and short answer questions.
Some Sample Lab Exam Items 1. This tissue would be best identified as _____.
2. Does spelling count?
3. Why?
4. I’m done… what should I do?
The Human Body: An Orientation
Today’s Topics. . . – Overview of Anatomy – Structural Organization – System Overview – Microscopic and Anatomical Study Techniques – Gross Anatomy – Terminology – Planes & Sections, Regions & Quadrants – The Body Plan & Body Cavities
How The Body is Studied . . . • Anatomical Study – the examination of the structures from • Microscopic to gross anatomical structures • Using different “tools” such as: – Microscopy (light & electron), CT scans, MRI, X ‐ rays, dissection . . . more later • Physiological Study – the study of how the body functions • Also uses “tools” such as: – PET scans, ECG, sphygmomanometer . . .
An Overview of Anatomy • Divisions of anatomy – Developmental anatomy – Embryology – Pathological anatomy (pathology) – Radiographic anatomy – Functional morphology Menu
An Overview of Anatomy • Anatomical terminology – based on ancient Greek or Latin – Provides standard nomenclature worldwide
Microscopic Anatomy • Preparing human tissue for microscopy – Specimen is fixed (preserved) and sectioned – Specimen is stained to distinguish anatomical structures • Acidic stain – negatively charged dye molecules • Basic stain – positively charged dye molecules – Specimen is then imaged
Microscopic Anatomy • Microscopy – examining small structures through a microscope – Light microscopy – illuminates tissue with a beam of light (lower magnification) – Electron microscopy – uses beams of electrons (higher magnification) • May be SEM or TEM – SEM (scanning electron microscopy) – TEM (transmission electron microscopy)
Clinical Anatomy – An Introduction to Medical Imaging Techniques • X ray – electromagnetic waves of very short length – Best for visualizing bones and abnormal dense structures
Clinical Anatomy – An Introduction to Medical Imaging Techniques • Variations of X ray – Fluoroscope – x rays emitted through the specimen and images are viewed on a fluorescent screen – Cineradiography – uses X ‐ ray cinema film to record organ movements
Advanced X ‐ Ray Techniques • Computed (axial) tomography (CT or CAT) – takes successive X rays around a person's full circumference – Translates recorded information into a detailed picture of the body section
Advanced X ‐ Ray Techniques • Digital subtraction angiography imaging (DSA) – provides an unobstructed view of small arteries, used to find blockages, aneurisms . . .
Advanced X ‐ Ray Techniques • Positron emission tomography (PET) – forms images by detecting radioactive isotopes injected into the body • Sonography (ultrasound imaging) – body is probed with pulses of high ‐ frequency sound waves that echo off the body's tissues
Menu Advanced X ‐ Ray Techniques • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – produces high ‐ quality images of soft tissues – Distinguishes body tissues based on relative water content (densities)
The Hierarchy of Structural Organization Small/ Simple • Chemical Level – atoms form molecules • Cellular level – cells and their functional subunits • Tissue level – a group of cells performing a common function • Organ level – a discrete structure made up of more than one tissue • Organ system – organs working together for a common purpose • Organismal level– the result of all simpler levels working in unison Large/ Complex
Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1
Overview of Systems & General Functions • Integumentary • Skeletal • Muscular • Nervous • Endocrine • Cardiovascular • Lymphatic/Immune • Respiratory • Digestive • Urinary • Reproductive
Integumentary System • Forms external body covering • Protects deeper tissues from injury • Synthesizes vitamin D • Site of cutaneous receptors (pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands
Skeletal System • Protects and supports body organs • Provides a framework for muscles • Blood cells formed within bones • Stores fat (energy) & minerals
Muscular System • Allows for movement – internal movment – movement of body • Support • Facial expression • Maintains posture • Thermogenesis
Nervous System • Fast ‐ acting control system • Integrates all sensory information • Responds to internal and Developing neuron external changes
Endocrine System • Glands secrete hormones that regulate: – Development – Growth – Reproduction – Nutrient use – Metabolism • Works in synergy with the nervous system
Cardiovascular System • Blood vessels – transport blood – regulate pressure & control volume • Blood – carries O 2 & CO 2 – also carries nutrients & wastes – carries hormones – involved in hemostasis • Heart – pumps blood – Creates pressure gradient for transportation and filtration
Lymphatic System/Immunity • Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels • Disposes of debris in the lymphatic system • Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) • Mounts attack against foreign substances in the body
Respiratory System • Keeps blood supplied with oxygen • Removes carbon dioxide • Air exchange & gas exchange occurs through walls of air sacs in the lungs • Protection • Hormone production
Digestive System • Ingestion • Digestion: breaks down food into absorbable units • Absorption • Motility • Indigestible foodstuffs eliminated as feces
Urinary System • Eliminates nitrogenous wastes • Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid ‐ base balance
Male & Female Reproductive Systems • Overall function is to produce offspring • Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones • Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones • Mammary glands produce milk
Gross Anatomy – An Introduction • Anatomical position – a common visual reference point – Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward – Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body – Directional terminology always refers to the body in anatomical position
Gross Anatomy – An Introduction Menu
Gross Anatomy – Terminology • Directional terms – Will usually be relational (i.e. the eyes are medial to the nose . . . Or the nose is intermediate to the eyes). • Regional terms – names of specific body areas – Axial region – the main axis of the body – Appendicular region – the limbs
Recommend
More recommend
