LANGUAGES OF COUNTABLE WORDS
Gabriele Puppis
LaBRI / CNRS based on joint works with
Olivier Carton, Thomas Colcombet
LANGUAGES OF COUNTABLE WORDS Gabriele Puppis LaBRI / CNRS based - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
LANGUAGES OF COUNTABLE WORDS Gabriele Puppis LaBRI / CNRS based on joint works with Olivier Carton, Thomas Colcombet Given an alphabet A = { } , let , A = { all countable words on A } Given an alphabet A = { } , let
Gabriele Puppis
LaBRI / CNRS based on joint works with
Olivier Carton, Thomas Colcombet
Given an alphabet A = {
Given an alphabet A = {
⋯
⋯Given an alphabet A = {
⋯
⋯Given an alphabet A = {
ÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜ
ω
ÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜ
ω
−ω
⋯
⋯Given an alphabet A = {
η
η
η
⋯
⋯Given an alphabet A = {
ω −ω
ÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜ
ζ
⋯
⋯ÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜ
ω2
Given an alphabet A = {
⋯
⋯Interest on “regular” (= robust & decidable) languages L ⊆ A○
MSO logic Automata Semigroups
closures decidability normal forms periodic models ... MSO logic Automata Semigroups
ε
⋯
associative product Π ∶ (A○)○ → A○ e.g.
Π( (
)(
⋯⋯ )(
)) =
ε
⋯
associative product Π ∶ (A○)○ → A○ e.g.
Π( (
)(
⋯⋯ )(
)) =
e.g.
π(
=
ε
⋯
associative product Π ∶ (A○)○ → A○ e.g.
Π( (
)(
⋯⋯ )(
)) =
e.g.
π(
=
...
ε
⋯
associative product Π ∶ (A○)○ → A○ e.g.
Π( (
)(
⋯⋯ )(
)) =
e.g.
π(
=
...
ε
⋯
associative product Π ∶ (A○)○ → A○ e.g.
Π( (
)(
⋯⋯ )(
)) =
e.g.
π(
=
...
ε
⋯
associative product Π ∶ (A○)○ → A○ e.g.
Π( (
)(
⋯⋯ )(
)) =
e.g.
π(
=
Closure under complementations, unions, projections, ... e.g. if
then
Closure under complementations, unions, projections, ... e.g. if
then
Capture all languages definable in MSO negations → complementations disjunctions → unions existential quantifications → projections
Closure under complementations, unions, projections, ... e.g. if
then
Capture all languages definable in MSO negations → complementations disjunctions → unions existential quantifications → projections Algorithms for emptiness, universality, ... ? PROBLEM: need to finitely represent countable products!
We use the same approch as in classical semigroups
i.e. π(
We use the same approch as in classical semigroups
i.e. π(
binary product
:
We use the same approch as in classical semigroups
i.e. π(
binary product
:
:
We use the same approch as in classical semigroups
i.e. π(
binary product
:
:
perfect shuffle
:
{
We use the same approch as in classical semigroups
i.e. π(
binary product
:
:
perfect shuffle
:
{
Equations derived from associativity
e.g. if {
finite words: use operator ⋅
finite words: use operator ⋅
finite words: use operator ⋅ perfect shuffles: use operator η
finite words: use operator ⋅ perfect shuffles: use operator η
finite words: use operator ⋅ perfect shuffles: use operator η
finite words: use operator ⋅ perfect shuffles: use operator η
finite words: use operator ⋅ perfect shuffles: use operator η
evaluation strategy = well-founded tree where siblinghoods can be easily evaluated using ⋅,η,ω,−ω
finite words: use operator ⋅ perfect shuffles: use operator η
evaluation strategy = well-founded tree where siblinghoods can be easily evaluated using ⋅,η,ω,−ω existence: Theorems a-la Ramsey + Axiom of Choice well-definedness: Equations for associativity + Induction
ε
⋯
ε
⋯
ε
⋯
ε
⋯
ε
⋯
ε
⋯
closure of h(A) under ⋅, ω, −ω, η
ε
⋯
ε
⋯
closure of h(A) under ⋅, ω, −ω, η
iff
MSO logic Automata Semigroups Algebras
MSO logic Automata Semigroups Algebras
Recognizable languages can be defined in ∃∀
i.e. by formulas
FO formula
Recognizable languages can be defined in ∃∀
i.e. by formulas
FO formula
To check whether w ∈ L, one needs again to evaluate π(w) PROBLEM: evaluation strategy must be guessed in MSO!
Recognizable languages can be defined in ∃∀
i.e. by formulas
FO formula
To check whether w ∈ L, one needs again to evaluate π(w) PROBLEM: evaluation strategy must be guessed in MSO! new evaluation strategy = Factorization Forest [Simon ’90] [Colcombet ’10] = tree of small (bounded) height that eases evaluation of subwords via FO
2 children with arbitrary values several children with same idempotent (e ⋅ e = e)
Internal nodes of a factorization forest can have: 2 children with arbitrary values several children with same idempotent (e ⋅ e = e)
2 children with arbitrary values several children with same idempotent (e ⋅ e = e)
2 children with arbitrary values several children with same idempotent (e ⋅ e = e)
2 children with arbitrary values several children with same idempotent (e ⋅ e = e)
Internal nodes of a factorization forest can have: 2 children with arbitrary values several children with same idempotent (e ⋅ e = e) There always exist a factorization forest of height ≤ k∣S∣
Internal nodes of a factorization forest can have: 2 children with arbitrary values several children with same idempotent (e ⋅ e = e) There always exist a factorization forest of height ≤ k∣S∣
Internal nodes of a factorization forest can have: 2 children with arbitrary values several children with same idempotent (e ⋅ e = e) There always exist a factorization forest of height ≤ k∣S∣
Yi factor of Z
MSO logic Automata Semigroups Algebras Regular expressions
Yields
languages
MSO logic Automata
(rather ugly)
Semigroups Algebras Regular expressions
Yields
languages
MSO logic Automata
(rather ugly)
Semigroups Algebras Regular expressions
Yields
languages
Yields of trees L regular language of countable words ⇕ T = {t ∶ yield(t) ∈ L} regular language of trees
Yields of trees L regular language of countable words ⇕ T = {t ∶ yield(t) ∈ L} regular language of trees Logics with cuts in the background [Gurevitch & Rabinovitch]
∣
∣
∣
∣⋯∣⋯∣∣
∣
∣
∣
variables x,X,... for positions ˆ x, ˆ X,... for cuts MSO[Q, ˆ Q] is undecidable (like MSO[R]) MSO[Q, ˆ Q] defines same predicates over Q as MSO[Q]
Yields of trees L regular language of countable words ⇕ T = {t ∶ yield(t) ∈ L} regular language of trees Logics with cuts in the background [Gurevitch & Rabinovitch]
∣
∣
∣
∣⋯∣⋯∣∣
∣
∣
∣
variables x,X,... for positions ˆ x, ˆ X,... for cuts MSO[Q, ˆ Q] is undecidable (like MSO[R]) MSO[Q, ˆ Q] defines same predicates over Q as MSO[Q]
Characterizations of FO-definable languages...