Introduction National Issues and Concerns: LRU Paradigm shift in - - PDF document

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RODRIGO B. BADAYOS Agricultural Systems Cluster Agricultural Systems Cluster UPLB College of Agriculture rodrigo_badayos@yahoo.com

 Introduction  National Issues and Concerns: LRU  Paradigm shift in LRU: coping

strategy

 Challenges

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Philippines is in precarious state of meeting it ill i l f d it its millennium goal on food security:

 Limited arable land (given known soil

related constraints);

 Mismanagement and neglect of land

resources; and resources; and

 Vulnerability to natural calamities e.g

typhoon and drought.

 Philippines have an estimated arable area

• f roughly 9.3 M hectares

 We have serious case of human-induced

land degradation due to agricultural activities estimated at 23.7 M hectares or about 79% of our total land area of 30 M hectares hectares

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Country Land degradation (total) Total area Severe Very severe Total degradation % of total area degraded ‘000 km2 ‘000 km2 ‘000 km2 ‘000 km2 % Bangladesh 138 39 39 27 China 9,369 2,347 948 3,295 35 India 3,062 1,352 494 3,846 58 Indonesia 1,898 607 108 714 37 Japan 373 Myanmar 668 237 6 243 36 Philippines 295 227 10 237 79 Thailand 516 144 258 401 78 Vietnam 330 97 162 259 79

Derived from: FAO Statistics Asia and Pacific

SOIL ORDER AREA (HA) % TOTAL SUBORDERS AND COMMON INTERNATIONAL NAMES ENTISOL 740,013 2.47 Aquents, Arents, Fluvents, Orthents, Psamments, Aquepts, Tropepts (Cambic Arenosols, Eutric Fluvisols, Eutric Regosols, Thionic Fluvisols, Dystric Cambisols, Eutric Cambisols, INCEPTISOL 4 114 591 13 72 Eutric Gleysols, Gleyic Cambisols, Vertic Cambisols) INCEPTISOL 4,114,591 13.72 ALFISOL 2,963,085 9.88 Udalfs, Ustalfs, Humults, Udults, Ustults, Ustox, Udox (Dystric Nitosols, Eutric Nitosols, Humic Acrisols, Humic Luvisols, Orthic Acrisols, Orthic Luvisols, Vertic Luvisols) ULTISOL 12,432,352 41.47 OXISOL 78,470 0.26

• MT. SOILS

8,570,069 28.58 OTHERS 1,084,079 3.62 Udands, Fibrist, Aquolls, Rendolls, Udolls, Ustolls, Uderts, Usterts (Haplic Kastanozems, Haplic Phaeozems, Ochric Andosols) TOTAL 29,982,659 100

Source: Badayos,R.B. 1997

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 Entisols; Inceptisols (16%)  Sloping terrain; shallow ; coarse textured  Sloping terrain; shallow ; coarse textured  Alfisols; Ultisols; Oxisols; Mt. Soils (80%)  Soil acidity; low inherent fertility (e.g. P, N, Ca,

Mg); shallow effective rooting depth, nutrient toxicity (e.g. Al, Mn) and nutrient imbalance

 Vertisols and Others (3.2%)  High shrink/swell potential; high P fixation; etc.

Country Total area ‘000 km2 High P fixation ‘000 km2 Vertic propert ies ‘000 k 2 Salinity ‘000 km2 Sodicity ‘000 km2 Shallo wness ‘000 km2 Erosio n risk ‘000 km2 km2 Bangladesh 138 2 9 2 21 China 9,369 806 74 735 15 2,709 2,405 India 3,062 10 657 210 15 271 879 Indonesia 1,898 174 35 21 169 889 Japan 373 32 46 127 Myanmar 668 107 17 11 93 551 Myanmar 668 107 17 11 93 551 Philippines 295 15 7 19 182 Thailand 516 55 7 10 4 29 374 Vietnam 330 50 5 7 28 256

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Country Total area ‘000 km2 Soil without major Hydromor phy ‘000 km2 Low CEC ‘000 km2 Aluminum toxicity ‘000 km2 j constraints ‘000 km2 Bangladest 138 41 78 22 China 9,369 1,887 1,195 11 1,033 India 3,062 1,292 151 44 159 Indonesia 1,898 509 377 75 566 Japan 373 211 17 102 Japan 373 211 17 102 Myanmar 668 133 103 288 Philippines 295 171 34 2 77 Thailand 516 96 132 8 310 Vietnam 330 52 69 4 186

 In 1930, 60% of the country was still

covered by primary forest.

 Between 1969 and 1988, an average of

2,000 square kilometers is logged annually.

 Today, only 6 - 8 % of the original

primary forest remains primary forest remains

 Denudation of forest contributes to

watershed degradation which affects the country’s water supply.

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Source: R. K. Suarez, P. E. Sajise 2010

 With our 9.3 M hectare arable land Beinroth et.

al (2001) estimated that such area can only al (2001) estimated that such area can only manage to produce food to 22.9 M, 41.6 M and 76.3 M Filipino, under low, medium and high technology input levels, respectively.

 Indeed, Philippines has remain major importer

particularly of rice the major staple food of particularly of rice, the major staple food of Filipinos.

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Country Population (in 1000) in land quality classes Land Quality Class I II III IV V VI Total Bangladesh 7,934 2,034 9,968 Chi 10 498 77 748 63 949 74 906 68 672 12 784 308 555 China 10,498 77,748 63,949 74,906 68,672 12,784 308,555 India 41,962 189,616 6,711 7,611 62,239 1,799 309,938 Indonesia 45,720 3,988 17,549 41,511 12,042 124,490 Japan 7,906 402 9,695 3,863 16 21,881 Myanmar 14,278 22 8,008 28,287 416 51,010 Philippines 834 7,600 4,901 1,985 2,931 4,658 22,909 South Korea 2 850 244 1 611 4 705 South Korea 2,850 244 1,611 4,705 Thailand 5,661 18,426 2,155 13,603 2,914 42,580 Vietnam 450 3,584 1,155 3,534 10,189 2,285 21,197

Derived from: Beinroth, F.H., H. Eswaran and P.F. Reich. 2001 I - Few constraints ; II - High shrink/swell potential; High temperatures; III - Seasonally excess water; Minor root restrictive layers; IV - Low structural stability and/or crusting; High anion exchange capacity; Impeded drainage; V - Seasonal moisture stress; Calcareous, gypscous condition; Excessive nutrient leaching; VI - Low nutrient holding capacity; High P, N, organic compound retention; Acid sulfate conditions; Low moisture and nutrient status; Low water holding capacity

Country Population (in 1000) in land quality classes Land Quality Class I II III IV V VI Total Bangladesh 15,868 4,067 19,935 China 15,746 132,948 106,538 149,811 137,343 25,569 567,956 , , , , , , , India 62,943 324,243 11,181 15,221 124,477 3,598 541,665 Indonesia 5,520 78,182 6,644 35,098 83,022 24,084 232,549 Japan 13,519 669 19,390 7,725 33 41,336 Myanmar 24,415 36 16,015 56,575 832 97,873 Philippines 1,250 12,995 8,166 3,970 5,861 9,316 41,599 South Korea 4,874 487 3,222 8,584 Thailand 9,681 30,398 4,309 27,207 5,828 77,423 Vietnam 675 6,129 1,924 7,068 20,378 4,570 40,744

Derived from: Beinroth, F.H., H. Eswaran and P.F. Reich. 2001 I - Few constraints ; II - High shrink/swell potential; High temperatures; III - Seasonally excess water; Minor root restrictive layers; IV - Low structural stability and/or crusting; High anion exchange capacity; Impeded drainage; V - Seasonal moisture stress; Calcareous, gypscous condition; Excessive nutrient leaching; VI - Low nutrient holding capacity; High P, N, organic compound retention; Acid sulfate conditions; Low moisture and nutrient status; Low water holding capacity

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Country Population (in 1000) in land quality classes Land Quality Class I II III IV V VI Total Bangladesh 27,769 8,134 35,903 China 22,360 199,422 170,461 262,170 274,687 63,922 993,022 China 22,360 199,422 170,461 262,170 274,687 63,922 993,022 India 89,379 486,366 17,889 26,638 248,954 8,995 878,222 Indonesia 7,839 117,272 10,630 61,421 166,044 60,211 423,416 Japan 20,279 1,070 33,932 15,450 82 70,813 Myanmar 36,622 58 28,026 113,149 2,080 179,936 Philippines 1,775 19,493 13,065 6,948 11,723 23,291 76,295 South Korea 7,311 853 6,445 14,608 Thailand 14,521 48,637 7,541 54,413 14,571 139,684 Vietnam 958 9,193 3,079 12,369 40,756 11,425 77,780

Derived from: Beinroth, F.H., H. Eswaran and P.F. Reich. 2001 I - Few constraints ; II - High shrink/swell potential; High temperatures; III - Seasonally excess water; Minor root restrictive layers; IV - Low structural stability and/or crusting; High anion exchange capacity; Impeded drainage; V - Seasonal moisture stress; Calcareous, gypscous condition; Excessive nutrient leaching; VI - Low nutrient holding capacity; High P, N, organic compound retention; Acid sulfate conditions; Low moisture and nutrient status; Low water holding capacity

YEAR POPULATION RICE REQT. PALAY EQUIV. CROP AREA RICELAND REQT. (mt) (mt) (ha) (ha)

Table 6. Projected Population, rice requirements and land requirements, Philippines, 1996‐2025. Assumptions: Population growth rate – 2.41%, Annual rice per capita consumption – 90 kg, Palay yield – 4.5 mt ha, Milling recovery – 65% ; Fully irrigated; Two crops annually.

1996 70,000,000 6,300,000 9,692,308 2,153,846 1,076,923 1998 73,257,030 6,593,133 10,143,281 2,254,062 1,127,031 2000 76,665,606 6,899,905 10,615,238 2,358,942 1,179,471 2005 85,897,148 7,730,743 11,893,451 2,642,989 1,321,495 2010 96,240,288 8,661,626 13,325,578 2,961,240 1,480,620 2015 107,828,877 9,704,599 14,930,152 3,317,812 1,658,906 , , , , , , , , , , 2020 120,812,883 10,873,159 16,727,938 3,717,319 1,858,660 2025 135,360,334 12,182,430 18,742,200 4,164,933 2,082,467

After Fernandez, Ranola and Badayos, 1997.

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 About 20 typhoons cross the country per year with five

(5), expected to cause significant damage.

 Typhoons generate landslides, flash floods, mudslides

and widespread flooding and widespread flooding.

 Agricultural productivity is dragged down by the

adverse effects of successive strong typhoons on the crops

 Projected Impact of Climate Change:

a) Temperature: Mean temperature would increase: 0.15 3 14 O C ( b t 2020 2080)

• 3.14 O C ( between 2020-2080)

b) Precipitation: Annual precipitation would largely decrease, projected at: 26.72-33.77% (between 2020- 2080)

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tropical_cyclones_1945_2006_wikicolor.png

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 The multi‐stakeholder nature of LRU and the lack of

a comprehensive land use policy framework created problems.

 Confusion due to inconsistent laws on land

utilization

 Unabated conflicts among different sectors due

to competing land uses

 Continued negative environmental effect on land

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 Land reform program as instrument for high

inequality of wealth and income. d f l d f d

 Land reform programs are continuously modified ‐‐

but has yet to be implemented towards improvement of wealth and income distribution.

 Politics plays a very important role for its success.  Lack of fund and support service infrastructure  Land fragmentation and productivity 

Land reform disruption

• f

agricultural production and decline in production for export crops‐‐‐It weakens foreign exchange earnings. F i d f l

 Fragmentation and economy of scale  Availability of support services among big

land owners (farm machineries, management skills, processing and marketing, credit access and risk diffusion) l h f f l f

 Occupational choice of farmers‐larger farms

tends to be cultivated by more productive farmers

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

Fragmentation and economy of scale

 Availability of support services among big

land owners (farm machineries, management skills, processing and marketing, credit access and risk diffusion)

 Occupational choice of farmers‐larger farms

tends to be cultivated by more productive farmers



Land reform disruption of agricultural production and decline in production for export crops‐‐‐It weakens foreign exchange earnings.

Agriculture may not be the main source of income among Filipinos but it remains as major source of income among poorer households.

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 Unpredicted energy condition of the world forced the

Philippines to enact Republic Act 9367 known as Biofuel Act

• f 2006; which raised the ff concerns:

 Potential Impact of deforestation & monoculture  Farming of biofuel feedstocks can be a threat to

environment

 Potential impact on food security  Higher prices for food commodities that could threaten

poorest people poorest people

 Integrated environmental impact  biofuel feedstocks production can aggravate competition

• n current uses of the land

 Ineffective means of land reform implementation  Insufficient knowledge

• n the status of available

arable lands for food crop production‐‐‐allows massive promotion of biofuel feedstocks production promotion of biofuel feedstocks production

 Absence of clear, sound and modern framework for

land allocation‐‐‐ resulting to serious conflicts among land users

 Open, market‐friendly economy  Sustained the disadvantage of small farmers over big

land owners

 Prevent

development

• f

small scale farming communities

 Sustained the highly unequal distribution of income

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 Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (AFMA):  Republic Act No. 8435 or Agriculture and

Fisheries Modernization Act (AFMA) became effective as law on February 9, 1998 effective as law on February 9, 1998

 National Policies to ensure the development of the

agriculture and fisheries sectors, the country’s response to Global Millennium Goal on Food Security.

 Aims at poverty alleviation and social security food  Aims at poverty alleviation and social security, food

security, rational use

• f

resources, global competitiveness, sustainable development, people empowerment, and protection from unfair competition

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 AFMA devised the Strategic Agricultural and Fisheries

Development Zones (SAFDZ) to rationalize the allocation and use of the remaining and available l l l d h agricultural lands in the country.

 The SAFDZs are designed as a planning and

implementation tool

 Philippine government is bend on putting on ground

provisions in AFMA with the hope of addressing food security issue in the country.

Land Classification Based on Suitability Evaluation

PRIME AGRICULTURAL LANDS high and moderate suitability for food and feed crops 360,193 hectares MARGINAL LANDS marginally suitable for crop production primarily due to limitations on soil depth, soil fertility, topography, and rooting condition 431,044 hectares 119 929 h t LANDS WITH SEVERE LIMITATIONS rolling, hilly to mountainous topography, erosion hazard, drainage and shallow depth limit the optimum growth and development 119,929 hectares

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0.00 hectares 52 754 h t

JATROPHA

52,754 hectares 179,468 hectares 41,121 hectares

Current suitability of marginal lands to selected biofuel feedstock

157,702 hectares 0.00 hectares 0 00 h t

SUGARCANE

Sugarcane

0.00 hectares 232,222 hectares 162,477 hectares

Current suitability of marginal lands to selected biofuel feedstock

36,345 hectares

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0.00 hectares 193 366 h t

COCONUT

193,366 hectares 38,856 hectares 162,477 hectares

Current suitability of marginal lands to selected biofuel feedstock

36,345 hectares  Philippines is now in the threshold of being aligned

with countries which likely will not be able to produce sufficient food now or in the near future for its growing population.

 We cannot be complacent with the reported

insufficiency of supply of food grains relative to current demand of our population.

 We cannot always rely on filling up our grain deficit

through importation.

 Philippines continuously suffers from degradation

• f arable land due to mismanagement and neglect.

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For the Philippines to survive the impending crises of food security, it needs to accomplish the following:

 Systematic land use plan (pending passing into law

Land Use Code to support AFMA) Land Use Code to support AFMA)

 Strictly enforce/implement laws;  Set

aside considerable investments for infrastructure, technology and support services to fuel the new direction;

 Redirect

strategy towards strengthening productivity of small farmers;

 Sustain implementation of AFMA with sufficient

budget