H ANDWRITING From an OT Perspective Presented by Jae-ellen Fowler & Alice Turner (4 th Year Occupational Therapy Students; University of the Sunshine Coast)
W HAT IS O CCUPATIONAL THERAPY (OT)? ¢ Professionals that are focussed on the activities that occupy people’s time Sleeping Dressing Work Driving, School, etc.
W E WILL BE FOCUSSING ON ; ¢ Pencil Grasp ¢ Visual Motor Integration
Forming numbers Drawing Colouring in Completing assignments Forming calculations HANDWRITING When is it used? Forming Writing your name letters Forming words to then form sentences and Completing exams stories
H ANDWRITING ¢ Complex process requiring; Memory retrieval Organisation Problem solving Language and reading ability Ideation Ability to perform motor patterns to create shapes
H ANDWRITING A child’s developmental progression:
H ANDWRITING
H ANDWRITING
H ANDWRITING
V ISUAL MOTOR INTEGRATION (VMI) What is it? “Interpreting visual information and coordinating it with motor output to replicate what is seen” A child’s ability to see the drawn letter and be able to recreate it with the correct motor patterns
V ISUAL MOTOR INTEGRATION (VMI) ¢ Developmental Progression
V ISUAL MOTOR INTEGRATION (VMI)
V ISUAL MOTOR INTEGRATION (VMI)
V ISUAL MOTOR INTEGRATION (VMI)
V ISUAL MOTOR INTEGRATION (VMI)
S TRATEGIES FOR DEVELOPING VMI ¢ Tracing On paper In salt (e.g. salt tray) In sand In soap foam or shaving cream In paint On the blackboard or whiteboard On the pavement using wet brushes or chalk Using bath crayons
S TRATEGIES FOR DEVELOPING VMI ¢ Templates Stencils of letters, shapes or numbers
S TRATEGIES FOR DEVELOPING VMI ¢ Race Tracks On the whiteboard With chalk With felt
P ENCIL GRASPS
T RIPOD G RIP
“E FFICIENT ” PENCIL GRASPS Tripod Grasp Quadrupod Grasp Adaptive Tripod Grasp
“ INEFFICIENT ” PENCIL GRASPS Five Finger Grasp Cross Thumb Grasp Tripod Grasp with Closed Web Space
D OES THE GRASP NEED TO BE CHANGED ? Dexterity Purpose of handwriting? Stability Feedback
“I MMATURE ” PENCIL GRASPS Palmar Grasp Pronated Grasp
P ENCIL GRASPS ¢ Developmental Progression
S TRATEGIES FOR DEVELOPING EFFICIENT PENCIL GRASP ¢ Play games that use the same fine motor components of pencil grasp (finger isolation, in hand manipulation, joint dissociation, strength, and endurance) eg: Play- doh, clay, lego, jumping frogs, threading, marbles, peg games, chopsticks ect.
S TRATEGIES FOR DEVELOPING EFFICIENT PENCIL GRASP o Writing on vertical surfaces o Pencil grasps (moulded, triangular) o Triangular pencils o Short pencils o Colour code fingers o Coloured dots on pencil o Splinting
S TRATEGIES FOR DEVELOPING PENCIL GRASP ¢ Pencil-Paper Warm Ups
U SEFUL WEBSITES ¢ http://iusd.org/eclc/documents/ 04ECLCNewsletterMar-Apr.pdf ¢ http://www.nha-handwriting.org.uk/ ¢ http://therapyfunzone.com/blog/ot/fine-motor- skills/handwriting/
Any questions?
R EFERENCES ¢ Beery, K. E. & Beery, N. A. Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration. ¢ Greber, C. Enhancing Handwriting Success: Strategies for the Classroom. ¢ Case-Smith, J. & O-Brien, J. C. Occupational Therapy for Children. ¢ Early Childhood Learning Centre: OT/PT Newsletter; Activities to promote visual motor integration; http://iusd.org/eclc/documents/ 04ECLCNewsletterMar-Apr.pdf
HANDWRITING Development of Prewriting and Handwriting in Young Children Drawings Age Level Scribbles on Paper 10 – 12 months Imitates horizontal, vertical and circular marks on paper 2 years Copies a vertical line, horizontal line and circle 3 years Copies a cross, right oblique line, square, left diagonal 4 – 5 years line, left oblique cross, some letters and numerals, and may be able to write own name Copies a triangle, prints own name, copies most lowercase 5 – 6 years and uppercase letters
D EVELOPMENT OF VMI From the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration. A common OT tool to assess handwriting, specifically VMI. ¢ Open Square and Circle
D EVELOPMENT OF VMI ¢ Right Oblique ¢ Cross ¢ Square
D EVELOPMENT OF VMI ¢ Triangle
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