Genetic Rewilding : how connectivity can rescue small populations - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

▶
genetic rewilding
SMART_READER_LITE
LIVE PREVIEW

Genetic Rewilding : how connectivity can rescue small populations - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Feb 19, 2024 236 likes •1.08k views

Genetic Rewilding : how connectivity can rescue small populations Sarah W. Fitzpatrick Kellogg Biological Station Department of Integrative Biology Michigan State University Why does connectivity matter? geographic distribution range

slide-1
SLIDE 1

Genetic Rewilding :

how connectivity can rescue small populations

Sarah W. Fitzpatrick Kellogg Biological Station Department of Integrative Biology Michigan State University

slide-2
SLIDE 2
slide-3
SLIDE 3
slide-4
SLIDE 4
slide-5
SLIDE 5
slide-6
SLIDE 6
  • geographic distribution
  • range size
  • population dynamics
  • evolutionary trajectory of species

Why does connectivity matter?

slide-7
SLIDE 7

Charley Harper

slide-8
SLIDE 8

Connectivity shapes biodiversity patterns through gene flow

gene flow = genetic connectivity

slide-9
SLIDE 9

Connectivity shapes biodiversity patterns through gene flow

Dispersal patterns of ancient humans out of Africa

slide-10
SLIDE 10

Why does gene flow matter for conservation?

slide-11
SLIDE 11
  • Gene flow can decrease fitness
  • Gene flow can increase fitness

Why does gene flow matter for conservation?

fitness = a measure of reproductive success

slide-12
SLIDE 12
  • Gene flow can decrease fitness
  • Gene flow can increase fitness

Why does gene flow matter for conservation?

slide-13
SLIDE 13
  • Gene flow can decrease fitness
  • Gene flow can increase fitness

high low fitness gene flow

Why does gene flow matter for conservation?

slide-14
SLIDE 14
  • Gene flow can decrease fitness
  • Gene flow can increase fitness

high low fitness gene flow

Why does gene flow matter for conservation?

slide-15
SLIDE 15
  • Gene flow can decrease fitness
  • Gene flow can increase fitness

high low fitness

Why does gene flow matter for conservation?

slide-16
SLIDE 16
  • Gene flow can decrease fitness
  • Gene flow can increase fitness

Why does gene flow matter for conservation?

slide-17
SLIDE 17
  • Gene flow can decrease fitness
  • Gene flow can increase fitness

fitness gene flow high low

Why does gene flow matter for conservation?

slide-18
SLIDE 18
  • Gene flow can decrease fitness
  • Gene flow can increase fitness

fitness high low

Why does gene flow matter for conservation?

slide-19
SLIDE 19
  • Gene flow can decrease fitness
  • Gene flow can increase fitness

fitness high low

  • increase genetic variation
  • facilitate local adaptation
  • rescue small populations

Why does gene flow matter for conservation?

slide-20
SLIDE 20
  • risks of inbreeding depression
  • reduced adaptive potential
  • little buffer to withstand environmental disturbance

Cheetah Scrub mint Bighorn sheep Devil’s hole pupfish

Problems with small populations

slide-21
SLIDE 21
slide-22
SLIDE 22

historical range (green) current range (red)

  • habitat loss
  • severe population declines
  • signs of inbreeding depression
  • 49 % of male panther’s suffered

from cryptorchidism (undescended testes)

  • kinked tail phenotype
slide-23
SLIDE 23

By 1994, only 20-30 adult panthers remained in Florida

Inbreeding exposes deleterious alleles

slide-24
SLIDE 24

historical range (green) current range (red)

  • 8 female panthers from Texas

introduced to Florida

1995

slide-25
SLIDE 25

Johnson et al 2010 Science

genetic diversity increased

Great. What about population size?

slide-26
SLIDE 26

Johnson et al 2010 Science

population size increased too! genetic diversity increased

slide-27
SLIDE 27

Johnson et al 2010 Science

population size increased genetic diversity increased

Genetic rescue: increase in population growth by more

than the demographic contribution of immigrants

slide-28
SLIDE 28

How does connectivity, or lack thereof, affect evolution and persistence

  • f small populations?
slide-29
SLIDE 29

How does connectivity, or lack thereof, affect evolution and persistence

  • f small populations?
slide-30
SLIDE 30

How does connectivity, or lack thereof, affect evolution and persistence

  • f small populations?
slide-31
SLIDE 31

1. Effects of a rapidly changing landscape

  • n natural patterns of connectivity

in a threatened fish

Rest of talk

slide-32
SLIDE 32

1. Effects of a rapidly changing landscape

  • n natural patterns of connectivity

in a threatened fish

Rest of talk

  • 2. Genetic rescue in guppies:

a model system for evolution, conservation, and education

slide-33
SLIDE 33

1. Effects of a rapidly changing landscape

  • n natural patterns of connectivity

in a threatened fish

Rest of talk

  • 2. Genetic rescue in guppies:

a model system for evolution, conservation, and education

slide-34
SLIDE 34

Arkansas darter (Etheostoma cragini)

Characterizing gene flow in an imperiled species

slide-35
SLIDE 35

Arkansas darter (Etheostoma cragini)

Characterizing gene flow in an imperiled species

slide-36
SLIDE 36

Big Sandy Creek lives up to its name

slide-37
SLIDE 37

COLORADO

FT N 02 FT N 03 B SY 04 R C R 05 R C R 07 A FT 09 A FT 10 A FT 11 A FT 12 A FT 13

Arkansas River Fountain Creek Rush Creek Big Sandy Creek

Perennial Intermittent

5 10 20 30 40 miles

R C R 06 H G P08 FT N 01

perennial intermittent

more than 5 darters 5 darters or less

2010 Arkansas darter sampling

slide-38
SLIDE 38

COLORADO

FT N 02 FT N 03 B SY 04 R C R 05 R C R 07 A FT 09 A FT 10 A FT 11 A FT 12 A FT 13

Arkansas River Fountain Creek Rush Creek Big Sandy Creek

Perennial Intermittent

5 10 20 30 40 miles

R C R 06 H G P08 FT N 01

perennial intermittent

Totals

  • 12 sites
  • 614 darters

sampled

  • genotyped at 10

microsatellite loci

2010 Arkansas darter sampling

more than 5 darters 5 darters or less

slide-39
SLIDE 39

COLORADO

FT N 02 FT N 03 B SY 04 R C R 05 R C R 07 A FT 09 A FT 10 A FT 11 A FT 12 A FT 13

Arkansas River Fountain Creek Rush Creek Big Sandy Creek

Perennial Intermittent

5 10 20 30 40 miles

R C R 06 H G P08 FT N 01

perennial intermittent

Totals

  • 12 sites
  • 614 darters

sampled

  • genotyped at 10

microsatellite loci

2010 Arkansas darter sampling

more than 5 darters 5 darters or less

slide-40
SLIDE 40

FT N 02 FT N 03 B SY 04 R C R 05 R C R 07 A FT 09 A FT 10 A FT 11 A FT 12 A FT 13

Arkansas River Fountain Creek Rush Creek Big Sandy Creek

Perennial Intermittent

5 10 20 30 40 miles

R C R 06 H G P08 FT N 01 Fitzpatrick, S.W., H. Crockett, W.C. Funk (2014) Conservation Genetics.

Low genetic diversity within sites & connectivity among sites

slide-41
SLIDE 41

Fitzpatrick, S.W., H. Crockett, W.C. Funk (2014) Conservation Genetics.

How does the landscape affect connectivity?

5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3

log Stream Distance

Mantel’s r: 0.656 p-value: 0.001

Fst

  • verall distance

stream distance (km) genetic distance

slide-42
SLIDE 42

Fitzpatrick, S.W., H. Crockett, W.C. Funk (2014) Conservation Genetics.

Stream distance lowers connectivity

5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3

log Stream Distance

Mantel’s r: 0.656 p-value: 0.001

Fst

  • verall distance

stream distance (km) genetic distance

slide-43
SLIDE 43

Fitzpatrick, S.W., H. Crockett, W.C. Funk (2014) Conservation Genetics.

Intermittency acts as a barrier to gene flow

5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3

log Stream Distance

Mantel’s r: 0.656 p-value: 0.001

Fst

  • verall distance

% intermittency log Stream Distance % intermittency Fst stream distance (km) genetic distance % intermittency genetic distance

slide-44
SLIDE 44

Fitzpatrick, S.W., H. Crockett, W.C. Funk (2014) Conservation Genetics.

Intermittency acts as a barrier to gene flow

5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3

log Stream Distance

Mantel’s r: 0.656 p-value: 0.001

Fst

  • verall distance

% intermittency log Stream Distance % intermittency Fst Fst

slide-45
SLIDE 45

photo credit: Kurt Fausch

FT N 02 FT N 03 B SY 04 R C R 05 R C R 07 A FT 09 A FT 10 A FT 11 A FT 12 A FT 13

A r k a n s a s R i v e r Fountain Creek Rush Creek Big Sandy Creek

Perennial Intermittent

5 10 20 30 40 miles

R C R 06 H G P08 FT N 01

How should isolated, threatened populations be managed?

slide-46
SLIDE 46

1. Effects of a rapidly changing landscape

  • n natural patterns of connectivity

in a threatened fish

Rest of talk

  • 2. Genetic rescue in guppies:

a model system for evolution, conservation, and education

slide-47
SLIDE 47

“The island of Trinidad formed the natural laboratory for the present work”

  • Caryl Haskins

Venezuela

slide-48
SLIDE 48

Venezuela

“The island of Trinidad formed the natural laboratory for the present work”

  • Caryl Haskins
slide-49
SLIDE 49

Venezuela

“The island of Trinidad formed the natural laboratory for the present work”

  • Caryl Haskins

Low Mid High Low High

slide-50
SLIDE 50
slide-51
SLIDE 51

Low predation

  • small headwater populations
  • isolated from gene flow
  • good proxy for threatened species
slide-52
SLIDE 52

low predation high predation

slide-53
SLIDE 53

Ne = 3 Ne = 2 Ne = 928 12 microsatellite loci

Initial divergence between native and source populations

slide-54
SLIDE 54

Ne = 3 Ne = 2 Ne = 928 12 microsatellite loci male body shape & size traits

Initial divergence between native and source populations

slide-55
SLIDE 55
slide-56
SLIDE 56
  • Gene flow can decrease fitness
  • Gene flow can increase fitness
slide-57
SLIDE 57

2 streams 29 months 9,590 guppies 25,581 captures

photo: Andrés Lopez-Sepulcre

“Counting fish is like counting trees… except they are invisible and they keep moving.”

  • John Shepard
slide-58
SLIDE 58

catching guppies

slide-59
SLIDE 59

lab processing catching guppies

slide-60
SLIDE 60

lab processing catching guppies release!

slide-61
SLIDE 61

Increase in migration rate

slide-62
SLIDE 62

Increase in migration rate and genetic diversity

slide-63
SLIDE 63

200 400 600 800 1000 1200

2009 upstream introduction 2010 2011 mark- recapture begins

number of captures Caigual Taylor

Changes in population size following gene flow

slide-64
SLIDE 64

200 400 600 800 1000 1200

2009 upstream introduction 2010 2011 mark- recapture begins

number of captures

Changes in population size following gene flow

Caigual Taylor

slide-65
SLIDE 65

200 400 600 800 1000 1200

2009 upstream introduction 2010 2011 mark- recapture begins

number of captures

Changes in population size following gene flow

Caigual Taylor

slide-66
SLIDE 66

200 400 600 800 1000 1200

2009 upstream introduction 2010 2011 mark- recapture begins

number of captures

Changes in population size following gene flow

Caigual Taylor

end of wet season 1 end of wet season 2 end of wet season 3

slide-67
SLIDE 67

200 400 600 800 1000 1200

2009 upstream introduction 2010 2011 mark- recapture begins

number of captures Caigual Taylor

Genetic rescue: increase in population growth by more

than the demographic contribution of immigrants

Fitzpatrick et al. (2016) Evolutionary Applications

slide-68
SLIDE 68

Estimating individual fitness with wild pedigrees

Lifetime reproductive success = 4

slide-69
SLIDE 69

Estimating individual fitness with wild pedigrees

Lifetime reproductive success = 4

fitness = a measure of reproductive success

slide-70
SLIDE 70

Hybrid index = 0 “pure native”

Estimating individual fitness with wild pedigrees

Lifetime reproductive success = 4

slide-71
SLIDE 71

Hybrids have highest individual fitness

native immigrant fitness

slide-72
SLIDE 72

Hybrids have highest individual fitness

native immigrant fitness

slide-73
SLIDE 73

TAKE HOME: gene flow from a divergent source caused genetic rescue in two wild populations of guppies

slide-74
SLIDE 74
  • introduced population came from the same drainage

Important considerations

reduced chance of negative impacts of gene flow!

slide-75
SLIDE 75

Weese et al. (2011) Evolutionary Applications

Important considerations

  • environment matters
slide-76
SLIDE 76

What can we learn from the guppy?

(not to scale)

slide-77
SLIDE 77
slide-78
SLIDE 78
slide-79
SLIDE 79

When will genetic rescue be useful in conservation?

Ozark Hellbender Channel Island fox Blue shiner FL Scrub Jay

slide-80
SLIDE 80

…that can be manipulated for managing microevolution in the face of climate change and altered patterns of connectivity. Gene flow plays an important, evolutionary role…

slide-81
SLIDE 81

Thank you!

Funding

American Society of Icthyology & Herpetology American Society of Naturalists Colorado State University Kellogg Biological Station Michigan State University National Science Foundation National Geographic Society for the Study of Evolution

Collaborators

Lisa Angeloni Larissa Bailey Harry Crockett Chris Funk Cameron Ghalambor Corey Handelsman John Kronenberger Andrés Lopez-Sepulcre David Reznick Julian Torres-Dowdall

Funk-Hoke Lab Undergraduate assistants

Jill Gerberich Brie Nixon Samantha Coisman

slide-82
SLIDE 82

Questions?

photo credit: John Fitzpatrick

slide-83
SLIDE 83

Venezuela

http://www.sii‐inc.org/guppy‐trailer‐3/