[PPT] - Fasting, Food, Folates and the Sun Bernie Hendricks, R.Ph. CE PowerPoint Presentation

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“Fasting, Food, Folates

and

the Sun”

Bernie Hendricks, R.Ph. CE Coordinator South Dakota State University College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions Brookings, SD

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Disclosure:

I have no financial relationships to declare.

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1.0 hr – ACPE credit

Pharmacists:
#0063-9999-19-050-L04-P
Tecjnicians:
#0063-9999-19-050-L04-T
September 13, 2019

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Pharmacist Learning Objectives

1. Explain the triggering mechanisms for autophagy and

mitophagy;

2. Describe the structural changes that occur during starch

retrogradation, and explain the resulting nutritional benefits of following those changes;

3. Identify two major nutritional benefits of folates, and identify

potential absorption problems;

4. Evaluate the potential benefits of chronic, low-intensity UVR

exposure.

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Technician Learning Objectives

1. Define the terms autophagy and mitophagy;
2. Describe the nutritional benefits of starch retrogradation;
3. Name three folate supplements, and identify major food

groups that are high in folate nutritional value;

4. Explain the potential benefits of moderate daily sunshine.

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Goal of this presentation

Improve the personal health profile

f pharmacy professionals

themselves.

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Alternate title:

“Fun, Food (deprivation), Fast-Food, Folates and the Sun”

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Motivational Quotes…

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“If I had known I was going to live this long, I would have taken better care of myself.”

Unknown

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“As for me, except for an

ccasional heart attack,

I feel as young as I ever did.” - Robert Benchley

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Food deprivation - “Fasting”…

Introduction

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Glossary Autophagy (self-devouring): Segregation and disposal of damaged organelles within a cell.

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Glossary

Mitophagy: Mitochondrial selective autophagy

surveils mitochondrial population,

eliminating superfluous and/or impaired organelles and mediating cellular survival and viability in response to injury/trauma and infection.

Front. Immunol., 05 June 2018 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01283
Accessed from: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01283/full

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Fasting – triggers autophagy and mitophagy

Nutrient depletion, which is one of the physiological triggers of autophagy, results in the

depletion of intracellular acetyl coenzyme A (AcCoA) coupled to the deacetylation of cellular

proteins. We surmise that there are 3 possibilities to mimic these effects, namely (i) the

depletion of cytosolic AcCoA by interfering with its biosynthesis, (ii) the inhibition of acetyltransferases, which are enzymes that transfer acetyl groups from AcCoA to other molecules, mostly leucine residues in cellular proteins, or (iii) the stimulation of deacetylases, which catalyze the removal of acetyl groups from leucine residues.

There are several examples of rather nontoxic natural compounds that act as AcCoA depleting

agents (e.g., hydroxycitrate), acetyltransferase inhibitors (e.g., anacardic acid, curcumin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, garcinol, spermidine) or deacetylase activators (e.g., nicotinamide, resveratrol), and that are highly efficient inducers of autophagy in vitro and in vivo, in rodents. Another common characteristic of these agents is their capacity to reduce aging-associated diseases and to confer protective responses against ischemia-induced organ damage. Hence, we classify them as "caloric restriction mimetics" (CRM).

Here, we speculate that CRM may mediate their broad health-improving effects by triggering

the same molecular pathways that usually are elicited by long-term caloric restriction or short- term starvation and that imply the induction of autophagy as an obligatory event conferring

rganismal, organ- or cytoprotection.
Autophagy. 2014;10(11):1879-82. doi: 10.4161/auto.36413.
Caloric restriction mimetics: natural/physiological pharmacological autophagy inducers.
Mariño G1, Pietrocola F, Madeo F, Kroemer G.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25484097

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Fasting – triggers autophagy and mitophagy

Nutrient depletion, which is one of the physiological triggers of autophagy, results in the depletion of intracellular acetyl coenzyme A (AcCoA) coupled to the deacetylation of cellular proteins.

Autophagy. 2014;10(11):1879-82. doi: 10.4161/auto.36413.
Caloric restriction mimetics: natural/physiological pharmacological autophagy inducers.
Mariño G1, Pietrocola F, Madeo F, Kroemer G.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25484097

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Fasting – triggers autophagy and mitophagy There are several nontoxic natural compounds that are “highly efficient inducers of autophagy in vitro and invivo in rodents”:

1. AcCoA depleting agents (e.g., hydroxycitrate),

acetyltransferase inhibitors (e.g., anacardic acid, curcumin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, garcinol, spermidine)

2. deacetylase activators (e.g., nicotinamide,

resveratrol), and that are highly efficient inducers

f autophagy in vitro and in vivo, in rodents.
Autophagy. 2014;10(11):1879-82. doi: 10.4161/auto.36413.
Caloric restriction mimetics: natural/physiological pharmacological autophagy inducers.
Mariño G1, Pietrocola F, Madeo F, Kroemer G.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25484097

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Fasting – triggers autophagy and mitrophagy

Another common characteristic of these agents

is their capacity to reduce aging-associated diseases and to confer protective responses against ischemia-induced organ damage. Hence, we classify them as "caloric restriction mimetics" (CRM).

Here, we speculate that CRM may mediate their

broad health-improving effects by triggering the same molecular pathways that usually are elicited by long-term caloric restriction or short- term starvation and that imply the induction of autophagy as an obligatory event conferring

rganismal, organ- or cytoprotection.
Autophagy. 2014;10(11):1879-82. doi: 10.4161/auto.36413.
Caloric restriction mimetics: natural/physiological pharmacological autophagy inducers.
Mariño G1, Pietrocola F, Madeo F, Kroemer G.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25484097

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Autophagy - Exercise

“Exercise and exercise training induced increased autophagy markers in human skeletal muscle” “…exercise increases markers of autophagy in human skeletal muscle within the first 2 h of recovery and 8 weeks of exercise training increases the capacity for autophagy and mitophagy regulation.”

Physiol Rep. 2018 Apr;6(7):e13651. doi: 10.14814/phy2.13651. Accessed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29626392

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Mitophagy – Innate Immunity

“Defective removal of damaged

mitochondria leads to hyperactivation

f inflammatory signaling pathways and

subsequently to chronic systemic inflammation and development of inflammatory diseases.”

Mitophagy has a critical role in the

“innate immune system homeostasis.”

Front. Immunol., 05 June 2018 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01283
Accessed from: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01283/full

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“System-wide benefits to intermeal fasting by autophagy”

“Our studies suggest that consuming two

meals a day with complete food restriction in between the meals is sufficient to lower blood glucose and lipid levels. This simple dietary approach activates a cell “cleansing system” called autophagy in liver, fat, brain, and muscle that helps prevent obesity and diabetes.”

Accessed from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5718973/

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“The Fasting Cure is No Fad”

Wall Street Journal, Aug 1, 2019

https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-fasting-cure-is-no-fad- 11564676512 —Dr. Michalsen is a professor at Berlin’s Charité University Medical Center. This essay is adapted from his new book, “The Nature Cure: A Doctor’s Guide to the Science of Natural Medicine,” which Viking will publish on Aug. 6.

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Michalsen:

“Scientific evidence for the glory of breakfast is scarce. Instead, we should skip it and eat lunch like kings.”

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Michalsen:

“At the Charité University Hospital in Berlin, I’ve employed what’s called intermittent fasting, or time-restricted eating, to help patients with an array

f chronic conditions.

These include diabetes, high blood pressure, rheumatism and bowel diseases, as well as pain syndromes such as migraines and osteoarthritis.

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Michalsen:

“… omit either dinner or breakfast.. don’t ingest any food for at least 14 hours at a stretch. That makes lunch the most important meal of the day. It also reduces the time spent each day processing food and lengthens the period devoted to cleansing and restoring the body’s cells, both of which have positive health effects”

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Michalsen:

“Adopting this technique is not as difficult as it may seem. If you sleep from 11 p.m. to 7 a.m., you’ve already fasted for eight hours. Now you

nly need another six.

It’s healthy to avoid eating late in the evening to let your body burn energy from food rather than store it, so if you eat dinner by 7 p.m., that’s another four hours. For breakfast, you can limit yourself to coffee or tea (maybe with a small piece of fruit) and make lunch your first proper meal. By that time, you’re clearly beyond the 14 hours and don’t need to restrain yourself: You can eat until you are full.

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Michalsen:

“There is a logic to it. When we eat, our body releases insulin. That disrupts the process of autophagy (from the Greek, meaning “self- devouring”), by which cells deconstruct old, damaged components in order to release energy and build new molecules. Autophagy helps to counteract the aging of cells and builds immunity. Fasts stimulate autophagy and allow the full molecular process to take place, as a team led by Frank Madeo at the University of Graz in Austria found in 2017.”

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Michalsen:

“Fasting also can contribute to brain health and happiness. The neurobiologist Mark Mattson, who retired this year from the National Institutes of Health, has demonstrated in experiments for two decades that nerve growth factors contribute significantly to brain health and positive mood. He also found that fasting, restricting calories and exercising spur distinct increases in the best-known nerve growth factor, BDNF.”

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Part 2: Fast Food

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Part 2: Fast Food

The ‘original’ Fast Food: “Left-overs”

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Fast Food (the original fast food): “Left-overs”

Starch retrogradation: A process in which disaggregated amylose and amylopectin chains in a gelatinizedstarch paste reassociate to form more ordered structures.

Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1541-4337.12143

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Fast Food (the original fast food)

Dr Denise Robertson, University of Surrey: If you cook and cool pasta down, then your body will treat it much more like fibre, creating a smaller glucose peak and helping feed the good bacteria that reside down in your gut. You will also absorb fewer calories. What happens if the starch-based food is then reheated?

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Fast Food (the original fast food) Question: What happens if the starch-based food is then reheated?

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Starch Retrogradation - Research

Dr Chris van Tulleken:
The volunteers had to undergo three days of testing in all,

spread out over several weeks. On each occasion they had to eat their pasta on an empty stomach.

The volunteers were randomised to eating either hot, cold or

reheated pasta on different days.

On one day they got to eat the pasta, freshly cooked, nice and

hot with a plain but delicious sauce of tomatoes and garlic.

On another day they had to eat it cold, with the same sauce, but

after it had been chilled overnight.

And on a third day they got to eat the pasta with sauce after it

had been chilled and then reheated.

On each of the days they also had to give blood samples every

15 minutes for two hours, to see what happened to their blood glucose as the pasta was slowly digested.

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Starch retrogradation - research

Eating cold pasta led to a smaller spike in blood glucose and insulin than eating freshly boiled pasta had. Our leftovers could be healthier for us than the

riginal meal. Also… cooking, cooling and then

reheating the pasta had an even more dramatic

effect. Or, to be precise, an even smaller effect
n blood glucose.

In fact, it reduced the rise in blood glucose by 50%

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Part 3: Folates

Areas of interest…

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Part 3: Folates

Areas of interest…

DNA Is Not Destiny: The New Science of Epigenetics
Discovery Magazine – Nov 22, 2006

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