Discussion points for the internationally-harmonized EPR systems - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Discussion points for the internationally-harmonized EPR systems

United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific Institute of Global Environmental Strategies, Japan

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Ｃ ｏ ｎ ｃ ｅ ｐ ｔ

• f Extended Producer

Responsibility (EPR)

• OECD defines EPR as

⇒An environmental policy approach where the producers’ responsibility, physical and/or financial, for a product is extended to the post-consumer stage of a product’s life cycle

• EPR is intended to
• reduce the amount of materials going to landfills, by promoting 3Rs
• transfer responsibility (especially cost) for waste management from local

government which is downstream in the product life cycle and instead to into producers in the upstream of the product life cycle.

• provide producers incentives to environmental consideration at product design

and raw material selection

• Producer = -Brand owner -Importer

Other actors’ involvement ; - distributor, retailer, and consumer in the supply chain has role and responsibility

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Ｃ ｏ ｎ ｃ ｅ ｐ ｔ

• f EPR

Raw Material Production Process Final Product Distribution Consumption Final Dispose Reuse/Recycle Waste Producer’s Responsibility (conventional) Extended Other actors’ involvement

• distributor, retailer, and consumer in the supply chain has role and responsibility

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Model of the 3R system based on EPR and its instruments

Final dispose Waste Recycle

Strict Penalty Tax/Surcharge according to the quantity Design for Environment

• Tax Reduction
• Subsidies

Green Market

• Eco-labeling
• Awareness

Raising Change of production concept Minimum recycled content requirement

Reduce

Illegal dumping

Distributors Consumers

Take-back requirement

Change of materials

• Material Taxes
• Deposit/refund schemes
• Advanced disposal fees

Business model change:

• Leasing
• Servisizing

Producer Responsibility Organization Producers Promote recycling Reduce in Upstream Reduce in Downstream Materials

Appropriate treatment

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Introduction of EPR in OECD Countries

P a c k a g i n g , H

• m

e a p p l i a n c e s , F

• d

w a s t e , C

• n

s t r u c t i

• n

w a s t e R e p u b l i c

• f

K

• r

e a P a c k a g i n g , W E E E , E L V , B a t t e r y E U T h e r m

• s

t a t , C a r p e t , B a t t e r y , C

• n

t a i n e r s U S A P a c k a g i n g , B a t t e r y , T i r e s , R e f r i g e r a n t P

• l

a n d P l a s t i c p a c k a g i n g N

• r

w a y P a c k a g i n g , E n d

• f

l i f e V e h i c l e s , T i r e s , P l a s t i c f i l m s f

• r

a g r i c u l t u r e , B a t t e r y N e t h e r l a n d s C

• n

t a i n e r s a n d P a c k a g i n g , H

• m

e a p p l i a n c e , E L V , F

• d

w a s t e , C

• n

s t r u c t i

• n

w a s t e J a p a n P a c k a g i n g , W E E E , E L V , B a t t e r y , B i

• w

a s t e s G e r m a n y P a c k a g i n g , W E E E , E n d

• f

l i f e V e h i c l e s ( E L V ) , B a t t e r y F r a n c e P a c k a g i n g ,

• i

l s , b a t t e r i e s , f l u

• r

e s c e n t t u b e s , t i r e s , h

• u

s e h

• l

d r e f r i g e r a t

• r

s C z e c h R e p u b l i c R e f r i g e r a n t ( I n g e n e r a l , E P R s c h e m e d

• e

s n

• t

e x i s t a t f e d e r a l l e v e l ) C a n a d a W a s t e O i l A u s t r a l i a S c

• p

e

• f

E P R p r

• g

r a m ( e x a m p l e ) C

• u

n t r y ( e x a m p l e )

Source: OECD

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Introduction of EPR in other Asian Countries (examples)

P a c k a g i n g , H

• m

e a p p l i a n c e s , F

• d

w a s t e , C

• n

s t r u c t i

• n

w a s t e R e p u b l i c

• f

K

• r

e a R e f r i g e r a n t ( I n g e n e r a l , E P R s c h e m e d

• e

s n

• t

e x i s t a t f e d e r a l l e v e l ) J a p a n P a c k a g i n g ( p r

• v

i s i

• n

a l r u l e ) , C h i n a R

• H

s a n d W E E E ( u n d e r p r e p a r a t i

• n

) C h i n a S c

• p

e

• f

E P R p r

• g

r a m ( e x a m p l e ) C

• u

n t r y ( e x a m p l e )

Source: OECD

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Germany: Packaging Ordinance of 1991

Packaging manufacturers Bottlers/ Manufacturers Distributors/ Retailers DSD ( Duals System Deutschland) (run by collected license fee) Consumers fee G-dot collection Recycler Collector Contract Contract Secondary Materials

<Target materials : glass, plastic, paper, steel can aluminum can>

• One of the first EPR-based recycling schemes in the world.
• Producers has a responsibility of recycling and disposal instead of municipalities.
• DSD was established to implement EPR acting for producers. By participating in the

program, manufacturers may use eco-label called Green Dot for their products.

128%

Compounds

121%

Aluminum

74%

Tinplate

97%

Plastic

161%

Paper/cardboard

99%

Glass

Recycling target achieved in 2003

Types of waste

Source: IGES RISPO Good Practices Inventory

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Used Car Recycling System of 2002 (effective in 2005) in Japan

Initial Car User Car Manufacturers and importers (has responsibility for recycling used car made by them)

Final Car User

Obligation to hand over ELV Permitted Wreckers Permitted Wreckers Designated companies to collect Freon from used cars Designated companies to collect Freon from used cars

Fund Corporation Fund Corporation Exporter Exporter

Export Second hand car Designated companies to collect used cars Permitted shredder companies Permitted shredder companies

Obligation to hand over ELV Obligation to hand over ELV Obligation to hand over ELV

Market for secondary parts and materials

Collection Fee Collection Fee Shredder dust Air Bag Freon

Advanced disposal fees

payment Claiming cost

• Obligating car manufacturers and importers to collect and appropriate recycle

Automobile Shredder Residue (ASR), Freon and air bags

• Deposit of disposal fees in advance to the fund corporation
• Concern of increasing export of second hand cars

52.6% 94.5% 64% 94.5% 50% 95% 2004 59.6% 93.5% 67.9% 93.5% 57% 93% 2005 ASR Airbags ASR Airbags ASR Airbags Honda Nissan Toyota

Recycling rate of materials by major car companies in Japan

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EPR is effective as a policy tool to promote

the 3Rs within a country.

However, considering the international flow

• f goods and products, EPR should be

examined from a different viewpoint.

In the context of economic integration of

Asian region, potential risk and issues should be examined.

E-waste can represent such rising issues.

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Used goods

For the introduction of EPR systems and needs for internationally-harmonized mechanism

The expansion of global market for products as well as gaps in national capacity for recycling and environmentally sound management of waste would lead to increase in higher environmental risk. Also, there is a concern of environmental pollution risk due to international gap in recycling mechanism among countries (a concern of pollution export)

Country A(EPR) Country B New Products Recycling Capacity

Inadequate Recycling Capacity

No legislation Pollution Possibility of loophole for EPR Program EPR scheme

Consumption Resource recovery

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It may be necessary to construct a mechanism to adjust and harmonize the gap in recycling-related institutional setting and recycling and management capacity. Country A(EPR) Country B(EPR) New Products Recycling Capacity

Recycling Capacity

Difficult-to-treat materials

Support for Institutional Building and the Capacity Development

Used goods

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Internationally-harmonized mechanism

To establish internationally-harmonized mechanism, the following two measures are necessary

• 1. Harmonization of institutional setting
• 2. International scheme for information sharing

Also, international cooperation for capacity development is an important starting point for this process.

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• 1. Example of Points to be Considered for

Harmonization of Institutional Setting

Objectives

Environmentally sound recycling for products in any country Prevention of illegal activities To prevent loop-hole in domestic institutional setting via trade by reducing institutional gap and harmonization

Institutional settings to be harmonized

Standardization of design for recycling Coordination of coverage of producer’s responsibility Coordination of domestic deposit scheme and financial cooperation Network of port authority to prevent illegal trade

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• 2. Example of Points to be Considered for

Information Sharing

Objectives

To encourage countries to ensure proper recycling To follow the rules of recipient countries for export of products Development of management capacity

• f recyclers

Prevention of illegal activities

Information to be shared

Standardized information on products for their recyclability Information on regulated and controlled substances and materials Information of recycling-related institutional setting of countries Certification and award for good practices by reliable recyclers

Information on dishonest traders Network of monitoring for prevention of illegal trade

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Towards internationally harmonized EPR

A suggestion for research and examination of internationally harmonized EPR in Asian region

Identification of issues for international harmonization of EPR systems

＜Examples of strategic issues and policy-relevant issues＞ ⇒Examination of possibilities to introduce collaborative mechanisms for domestic deposit scheme and international financial cooperation ⇒International networking of recycling hub to prevent illegal trade and to develop management capacity Examination of strategic mapping Examination of individual themes ⇒information sharing, harmonization

• f institutional setting and

international cooperation

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IGES and UNESCAP would like to suggest to start examination of the possibilities and issues involved in EPR systems taking into consideration of economic integration in Asian region

1)Establishment of discussion group 2)Call for volunteers, especially experts from government, industrial sector, researchers and NGOs

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Thank you for your attention