Digitalization- story of connecting and fixing t f ti d fi i - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Digitalization- t f ti d fi i story of connecting and fixing

Global Mobility Roundtable 11/25/2008 Kalle Lyytinen David Tilson David Tilson Iris S. Wolstein Professor Weatherhead School of Management g Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, OH, USA

The plot e p ot

• The new challenge - massive

digitalization

• New page on a broader saga of

New page on a broader saga of digitalization as connecting and fixing N d l f ti

• New spaces and layers of connecting
• Pace of connecting

Pace of connecting

Agenda ge da

• Digitalization
• Spheres of digitalization
• Generative elements of digitalization
• Generative elements of digitalization
• Digitalization as re-ordering socio-

technical order

• The case of Mobile TV
• The case of Mobile TV

The idea e dea

Wikipedia “The term digitization is often used when The term digitization is often used when diverse forms of information, including t t d i d i text, sound, image and voice, are encoded in a single 0-1 binary code. Digital information exists in only one of two forms -0 or 1- which are called bits t o o s 0 o c a e ca ed b ts (a contraction of 'binary digits'), and the sequences of 0s and 1s that constitute sequences of 0s and 1s that constitute information are called bytes.”

Analog technologies

T it i t f t f i

• Transmit using separate format for voice,

picture, image, moving picture

• Store using ink, groove, magnetic field,

chemically chemically

• Industrial organization fixed for extended

periods

• Formats inscribe in single purpose electronic analog

circuits and the values of resistors and capacitors

• Tight coupling between signal formats and devices
• Industry structures tightly bound to single purpose

physical networks

5

Digitalization

The conversion, processing, movement of all social The conversion, processing, movement of all social experience in binary experience in binary

Film Documents Film

10011100101 10011100101 10011100101

Video

Global Information Infrastructure 10011100101 10011100101 10011100101

Voice

10011100101 10011100101 10011100101

Books Pictures Commercial transactions

The New Digital E i t Environment

C t i ti Technology Use Connectivity and service Connectivity and service availability via multiple scalable availability via multiple scalable Information Infrastructure Tailoring of product/service to unique needs of the user Customization 5 A Service y p y p networks networks Digital Convergence q Hi h t ti f t Pervasive contexts of use Any service ti Transformation of physical Transformation of physical media into digital format media into digital format O St d d I f ti I d t i High penetration of computers and knowledge to use them any time, any place, any device, any user For transmission, presentation, For transmission, presentation, interaction, security interaction, security Open Standards Industry transformation and value increasingly dependent on i f i Information Industries interaction, security interaction, security information content

Digitalization New (old) idea

Represent machine Represent machine behaviors digitally (punch cards) Store those in machine l bl memory as replacable instructions (computers) instructions (computers)

New basis to represent New basis to represent and store digital and store digital information information

Increased Processing Power

Intel Processor Densities (Actual Products)

80 000 000 60,000,000 70,000,000 80,000,000 per Chip Processing power doubles every 18-24 months for about the same cost 30,000,000 40,000,000 50,000,000 ansistors p 10,000,000 20,000,000 # of Tra 1 9 7 1 1 9 7 3 1 9 7 5 1 9 7 7 1 9 7 9 1 9 8 1 1 9 8 3 1 9 8 5 1 9 8 7 1 9 8 9 1 9 9 1 1 9 9 3 1 9 9 5 1 9 9 7 1 9 9 9 2 1 Year Intel Actual Products Projected Trend Intel Actual Products Projected Trend

Data from Intel Products and Museum (From Brad Wheeler, Indiana University)

Increased Storage Capacity c eased Sto age Capac ty

http://www.storage.ibm.com/technolo/grochows/221.htm

And, It’s Getting Smaller and Ch Cheaper

http://www.almaden.ibm.com/sst/html/leadership/g05.ht

Storage prices – an example. g p p

Cost of Storage: Cost/MB Cost of Storage:

– 100 GB = $25 = 100 hour video cache, large music collection

Cost/MB IDC 10

– 1 TB = ~ $250 = 500 movie collection or roughly one quarter of Rhapsody’s streaming i i ll ti

1

music service collection – 18 TB = $4750 = All syndicated TV shows il bl i 1998 t d d i

1

available in 1998 or most recorded music.

~ $2000 in 2010? ~ $10 in 2015?

.1

– How many different devices can afford to have significant storage? Wh t l l f i diff t d i id

.01

• What level of service can different devices provide

at different storage levels?

.001

Increasing Bandwidth c eas g a d dt

Telecom Speed (Projected)

40 Gb D d 2001 2,000 2,500 nd Telecommunications capacity doubles every 6-9 months 40 Gbps Demonstrated 2001 1 000 1,500 ts per Secon y 500 1,000 Gigabit 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 Year Projected

Based on 11 Months Doubling

(From Brad Wheeler, Indiana University)

Transmission speeds

PSTN DVB

Transmission speeds

Stationary

PSTN ISDN xDSL DVB cable LAN

2001 1990

DVB satellite

2000 1998

Pedestrian

UMTS GPRS Bluetooth 1999

2002 2000 1998

WLAN IEEE 811 2000 DVB 2000

Mobile

GSM DAB DVB terrestrial

2000 1999

1 10 100 1.000 10.000 100.000

Bit rate (kbps)

1995 2004

Internet Host Domain Growth, 1980-2000

80 70 60 40 50

ts

30 40

s of Host

20

Millions

10 82 83 84 85 86 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

Year

00 81 80

1980

Law of accelerating returns in digital engine capability digital engine capability

• Exponential growth (Kurzweil)
• Growth rates also follow exponential
• Growth rates also follow exponential

growth in scale and speed R lt i l ti t

• Results in accelerating returns on

cumulative investments in digitalization

• Changes views of digital engine (IT), its

use and capability

(From Brad Wheeler, Indiana University)

y

New forms of interactions e

• s o

te act o s

Vi i

MIPS

10000 Vision

MIPS

1000 Natural Language understanding 100 g g g Speech recognition 10 Graphical User interface Handwriting recognition 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 1 User interface Textual 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002

New interactions e te act o s

Output Information Representation

3D i t l

St hi i l di

Multimedia 3D virtual reality

Speech synthesis Stereographic visual, audio

textual Iconic

Keyboard Alphanumeric display Graphical display y Click and point Handwriting, speech recognition Gesturing

11/26/2008

Input

Position sensing

A Series of Waves of Innovation have defined the applications we use. Ubiq it Ubiquity Mobility Connectivity Computation y

Three Key Forces ee ey

• ces

Mobility Convergence Mass Scale

Ubiquitous Computing as ti new connecting

Level of embeddedness

Low Traditional

Level of bilit

Mobile Computing Traditional Organizational Computing

mobility

High Low Pervasive Computing Ubiquitous Computing High

Ride the technological waves

1970- The wave of mainframe computing Large scale transaction systems, Business Automation and ff ti effectiveness 1980- The wave of microcomputers Personal support, office automation

• f clerical tasks

microcomputers

• f clerical tasks

1990- The wave of network Universal information access, computing (Internet) electronic commerce, group applications 2000- The wave of digital Any time any place digital 2000- The wave of digital convergence and net-centric computing Any time, any place digital services, service integration, peer- to-peer computing, context dependency dependency

Digitalization as connecting

place

g ta at o as co ect g

place things people

Information

things people

Experiences

time time

Connecting and fixing Co ect g a d g

• Digitalization is about connecting in new

ways in time, space, artifacts and people into new representations of the p p p world W( R—W(R—W))

• Digitalization is about fixing by making
• Digitalization is about fixing by making

the “new” and “ephemeral” permanent and persistent

Digitalization of work Digitalization of work

digitization digitization g

• f tools and
• f tools and

works works

di iti ti f d t di iti ti f d t digitization of products digitization of products

digitization of content

digitizing time & space digitizing time & space

di iti i l ti hi digitizing relationships

digitization of familiar d t products

digitizing triviality digitizing triviality

digitizing pain digitizing pain

Digitizing Entertainment g t g te ta e t

Convergence

http://nano.xerox.com/hypertext/weiser/UbiHome.html

Digitizing environment g t g e

• e t

Convergence

http://nano.xerox.com/hypertext/weiser/UbiHome.html

coalescence between digital g and physical materiality

In 2008 there are almost 9000 In 2008 there are almost 9000 cameraphones per square mile in NYC NYC.

(Assumes 80% of cameraphones sold still in use)

If h h d 1 i t / t – If each cameraphone sends 1 picture/year to NYC that’s 2.7 Million pictures. And we haven’t even mentioned video. – How will NYC – or any organization – accept and use this media?

Digitaligation f i l d

• f social order as

connecting and fixing connecting and fixing

A i Automation

I f i Informating

Architecting experience

phenomena that were unrelated can be connected unrelated can be connected and the connection can be and the connection can be fixed

allowing new meanings on familiar products and familiar products and activities activities

bi i f di i l ubiquity of digital presence in the physical in the physical and physical in the digital p y g

materiality of digitization

programmability

memorability

addressability

locatability locatability

senseability

communicability

associability associability

Digitalization in two ways g ta at o t o ays

• Connecting and Fixing the context with

a digital representation

• Connecting and fixing social and

Connecting and fixing social and physical context that precedes and unfolds around the digital representation unfolds around the digital representation

Mapping out the organizations and technologies involved involved . . . main actors by domain for 1G & 2G

Semiconductor Manufacturers Device Manufacturers Network Operators Customers

• Corporate

Innovation System Market Place

Airtime resellers Manufacturers Manufacturers Operators

• Corporate
• Consumer

Infrastructure resellers (UK) Infrastructure Manufacturers Government / Regulators Industrial policy Regulatory framework Spectrum allocation Operator licenses

Regulatory System 6 9

Key actors and actions mapped onto ‘time-sequence’ version connecting

Innovation System Marketplace Regulatory System Standards

FCC Cellular concept (1947) Transistor (1948) IC (1958) Non-cellular mobile phones (1946) FCC AT&T Bell Labs Others VHF spectrum allocations AT&T IC (1958) Others 800 MHz cellular band allocation (1974) Lobby for cellular spectrum (1958-68) AT&T FCC / TIA A S 800 MHz cellular band Chicago trial launched (1978) AT&T AMPS air interface spec submitted to FCC (1971) AT&T FCC / TIA AMPS Infra & mobile manufacturers AMPS compatible equipment produced FCC Cellular licenses awarded (1982-89) Cellular services launched (1978) AT&T Roaming requirements CTIA (Network operators) AT&T Divestiture (1984) Govt.

70

Roaming requirements established (1984) IS-41 Manufacturers / TIA First version of inter-system standard developed (1988)

2.5G/3G services brought new connections new connections

Semiconductor Manufacturers Device Manufacturers Network Operators Customers

• Corporate
• Consumer

Innovation System Market Place

OS and middleware vendors Content Providers Infrastructure Manufacturers Service Providers System Integrators/ Solution Providers Industrial policy Regulatory framework Spectrum allocation Operator licenses

Regulatory System

New dimensions: DRM, privacy and security Government / Regulators

71

3G evolution steps

Europe

Japan

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 1990 1991 1992 1993

Global

• perators

72

Changes leading to increasingly complicated coordination problems of how to connect and fix p

Data transport mechanisms and improving handset capabilities support new services Growing importance of computer, content and specialized players Wider range of devices Reordering of a stable industry structure

• Major technological shifts

New interfaces to specify Competing and complementary wireless technologies Major technological shifts New interfaces to specify

• Industry convergence
• Entrance of new players

More players to coordinate

73

Competing and complementary wireless technologies

Digitizing TV and making it mobile in the United Kingdom g

Context Context – Telecom and TV industries transformed as they can be connected by the content “C i ” i i d i h l i – “Converging” or connecting services, devices, technologies – Connect any content, consumer, device and location- mobile TV

• Between devices
• With devices

The challenge H bil TV i th U it d Ki d l d th – How mobile TV in the United Kingdom evolved as the new connection space became open? – What connections were created, why and how are they fixed over

74

y y time

Mobile computing: the numbers are there

1200 1400

Cellular Subs Net Connected PCs Mobile wireless industry

• High-growth since 1981

800 1000

Net Connected PCs Net Connected Handsets

• ~ 2 billion mobile wireless users
• M

bil h th PC d

400 600

• More mobile phones than PCs and

TVs combined

• 816m handsets sold in 2005 (21%

200

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

• 816m handsets sold in 2005 (21%

growth)

• 3G WCDMA has really taken off

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

3G WCDMA has really taken off

75

Source: Gartner, IEE

Telecom and TV industries

Mobile phone industry Mobile phone industry

Uses radio spectrum to deliver services

Television industry

Uses radio spectrum to deliver content

• St ted i 1930

Uses radio spectrum to deliver services – Started in 1980s – Grew out of telcos R l ti i t t

• Started in 1930s
• Grew out of radio broadcasting

Regulation important

Regulation important – Licensing and spectrum allocation – Allowed telcos to offer TV Di it l i t it / i

g p

• Licensing and spectrum allocation
• Allowed cable to offer telephony/data

Digital impacts capacity / economics

Digital impacts capacity / economics – Went digital in 1990s – 3G and 3.5G well underway – IP connectivity

Digital impacts capacity / economics

• Satellite/cable digital in 1990s
• DTT switchover continues into 2010s

Operators looking for new revenue – Developed markets highly penetrated – Competition in voice / text

Broadcasters looking to regain viewers

• People watching less TV- especially

Generation Z

76

– Churn / lifetime value focus

Generation Z

• Competition from Internet
• Churn / lifetime focus

18-24 Yr olds very familiar with downloading video

Percentage of survey respondents who have downloaded

70% 80% 90% 50% 60% 70% All age groups 18-24 30% 40% 25-44 45-64 0% 10% 20% 0% Music video TV shows User generated video News Music video TV shows User generated video News

77

UK USA

Source: Ofcom

How content and distribution are now connected?

BBC

TV viewers

Arqiva / M i PAL UHF T V TV license fee ITV, C4, Five Macquarie Analog and digital broadcast network

Advertisers

S C t t Ch l Freeview (DTT) A t & DVB-T UHF T V T B/ P V R Top Up TV S T Content Creators Channel Owners BSkyB Virgin Media ( bl ) Astra & Eutelsat Satellites DVB-S Sat DVB-C T V B/ P V R (cable) IPTV B db d DVB C Coax T V Various IP S T B/ P

Broadband TV

Content Flow

Broadband (e.g. DSL) Various IP P C V IP V R

78 Broadcasters Broadcast Networks Payment Flow

“Mobile TV” was around before mobile phones

Sinclair MTV1 (1978) First Sony Watchman (1982) Sinclair MTV1 (1978) First Sony Watchman (1982) Analog mobile TV has several limitations – Battery life limited Samsung SCH-x820 with integrated analog TV tuner (2003) – Battery life limited – Reception poor – particularly while moving – People self-conscious about using devices in public

Digital terrestrial TV standards not suitable for Digital terrestrial TV standards not suitable for pocket TV

– Power consumption (ATSC and DVB-T)

79

– Doppler (ATSC)

Digital Alternatives to “mobileTV” available

80

How to connect customers around fixed- mobile convergence options mobile convergence options

Fixed line substitution and migration of voice traffic – but wired broadband central Fixed line substitution and migration of voice traffic but wired broadband central – Even HSDPA pale imitation of fixed broadband (getting faster) → DSL offer – HSDPA may be a viable option to fixed broadband → no DSL offer Mobile data services enable VoIP bypass – Some operators block VoIP service providers (e.g. Vodafone) – Others partner with them (e.g. 3 and Skype) R l f SIM d OPP f t ( bilit t th ti ti ) – Role of SIM card as OPP for operators (e.g. mobility management, authentication) Multiple paths to network convergence – many configs explored – France Telecom / Orange quad play include free fixed broadband France Telecom / Orange quad play include free fixed broadband – NTL / Virgin Mobile - quad play – BT is an MVNO, Fusion, and TV via 21CN network. – BSkyB purchased ISP – Carphone Warehouse will offer fixed telephony and broadband services Wireless technologies have technical and economic constraints B ildi i l t k (i UK) d ’t k i 81 – Building a new wireless network (in UK) doesn’t make economic sense – WiMax does not look economically viable (in UK) – UK Broadband uses UMTS-TDD for fixed ISP services – but 50-70% LLU price

Timeliness and breadth of content and time/location shifting features vary across technical options y p

Multiplicity of technical options – ambiguity – DTT battery consumption to heavy – DVB-H trial in UK, but no spectrum allocation, new network required – DAB has spectrum, existing transmission network, – UMTS-MBMS would be more cost effective – Different enrollments required for each Wireless link not (absolutely) necessary for time and location-shifting – Sync with web-based services e.g. iPod with PC/MAC, Google video and PSP – Sync with broadcast video using DVR – Slingbox – access your own services via data link Opportunities for “iTunes” like services for mobile video? pp

82

Availability of spectrum is driving development of TDtv but it is only in technical trial stage TDtv . . . but it is only in technical trial stage

UK version of the IMT2000 / UMTS band plan

83

Alternative Unicast and Broadcast Mechanisms to Deliver TV and/or video clip offerings Deliver TV and/or video clip offerings

Streaming video Sent to many recipients simultaneously Streaming video sent to each recipient individually

• Alternatives to connect per different time /

place different type of content

• Time sensitive material

simultaneously

• Time sensitive material

– News – Financial – Sport

• Maintains social element

people see same al al-

• time

time

Video on demand from range of clips broadcast and t d d i Video / clips Downloaded

• n demand

OR d l d d

• Maintains social element – people see same

content ‘as’ same time

• Non time sensitive material

– General entertainment

Not rea Not rea

stored on device OR downloaded in advance – Movie trailers – Music video

• Broadcast mode can give ‘push VoD’

– Stored broadcasts clips (c.f. PVR)

Unicast Unicast

• 2.5G - 3.5G
• Wi-Fi
• USB

p ( ) – News, weather, sport clips updated periodically

Broadcast Broadcast

• DMB
• DVB-H / ATSC-mobile
• MediaFLO

84

USB

• MediaFLO
• TDtv
• MBMS / BCMCS

Handset capabilities as significant actants

Ambivalence about breadth of handset portfolio p – Customer choose handsets first – so operator needs a wide range – Diverse device characteristics (under-standardization) an operational disadvantage g

• Bigger operators can drive reduction in range of device capabilities they

support

• Content providers have to support transcoding for 50-60 video formats

Three types of brands on (tier 1) handsets. . . . . many more content brands Some operators taking more proactive role in handset specification – Tier 1 manufacturers for most devices – Deal directly with ODMs to fill gaps y g p O2’s X-series

85

Vodafone’s Simply

Mobile video and TV services in UK

Video calling and clips from 3UK (2003) g p ( ) – Video calls restricted to 3’s customers – Also offered video clips T-mobile’s Euro 2004 soccer coverage (GPRS) – Video clip highlights / goals – Paid per team Vodafone and Orange offer TV on 3G handsets (2005) – Time-critical news / sport transmitted live – Non time-critical content looped and updated periodically p p p y – Uses unicast mechanisms – not scalable – Leverage broadcaster brands e.g. Sky Mobile TV 86

Broadcast wireless technology trials and expansion

• f connections
• f connections

Unicast wireless for mobile TV are not scalable

• 6 mobile TV viewers per cell
• If 40% of subscribers watch 8 minutes per day – 3G network would grind to a halt
• £268.00 revenue for 1MB of SMS data . . . . . . £0.20 for 1MB of TV data

DVB-H Trials in Oxford (UK)

• Oxford trial proved technology and supported business case
• Avg.3 hours viewing per week . . . commutes / lunchtime new ‘primetime’

g g p p

• . . . but no spectrum available for operational systems in the UK
• Network operators lobbying for release of “channel 36” for mobile TV

DMB –Trialed by Virgin Mobile UK and BT in 2005 y g

• 5 TV channels (and ~50 radio stations)
• 95 minutes of radio and 66 minutes of video (on average)
• A lot of viewing at home

DMB based service launched in

• Uses DAB spectrum and infrastructure already in place
• Modest take-up so far . . . . battery, phone, reception . . . Only 6 channels

87

MediaFLO trialed by BSkyB two UK cities

Mobile TV platforms support a range of unicast and multicast technologies- connecting is never fixed

BT Movio mobile TV architecture

88

Content brands as important actors

Content providers establish legitimate access to

• n-line video

To forestall illegal sharing mechanisms – To forestall illegal sharing mechanisms – PC as second screen / channel for VoD Phone seen as “Third screen” (a new way of connecting) – Complement TV and PC screens H l ith h ARPU t – Help with churn, ARPU, customer acquisition – Access younger audience Major video suppliers loathed to make exclusive (long-term) deals – Customers not tied to one mobile network BBC’ i l i bli ti 89 – BBC’s universal service obligation

Mobile TV builds upon existing brands existing brands

Channel bundles offered Orange TV UK (as of March 2007)

£5 i k 1 £5 i k 2 £5 f il k £5 mix pack 1 £5 mix pack 2 £5 family pack Aardman My Movies Living tv Kiss fm Kerrang! British EuroSport Smashhits My Movies ITN News Living tv Channel 4 mobile ITN News E! Bravo British EuroSport FHM TV Aardman ITN News Comedy Time ITN News Channel 4 Gong Living tv Cartoon Network Bravo Comedy Time Channel 4 Bravo Cartoon Network Toon World Disney £5 Sky entertainment £5 Sky sports football pack £5 music pack £5 Sky entertainment pack £5 Sky sports football pack £5 music pack Bravo Living tv Sky Sports News Sky Sports Soccer Special Kiss fm Kerrang! Living tv Cartoon Network Sky One E! Discovery lifestyle Sky Sports Soccer Special Champions League Soccer AM Kerrang! Smash hits Trace Magic 90 Discovery lifestyle

Sky brand is central to Vodafone

Sk N S t Sk E t t i t P k V d f V i t

Channel bundles offered on Vodafone UK (as of March 2007)

Sky News, Sports & Factual pack (£5/mth) Sky Entertainment Pack (£5/mth) Vodafone Variety Pack (£3/mth) Sk N (li ) E! Ch l 4 Sky News (live) Sky Sports News (live) CNN (live) Extreme Sports E! MTV Trax MTV Snax Sky One Channel 4 Big Brother HBO Mobile ITN News p Channel At the Races Bloomberg (live) Di F t l y Sky Movies Living TV Paramount Comedy B ITN Weather British Eurosport UEFA Champions L Discovery Factual The History Channel National Geographic Bravo Cartoon Network Nickelodeon Discovery Lifestyle League Chilli TV Fashion TV GMTV y y The Biography Channel Fox 24

91

Summary: mobileTV as connecting in the U.K. ?

Content / viewer

• More channels / content
• Personal TV
• New type of content connected, different context, different modality

New type of content connected, different context, different modality On-going re-ordering in the industry

• Industry structure strained
• Leverage around established content brands as connecting “points”
• Leverage around established content brands as connecting points
• Triple / quad plays e.g. BSkyB offering broadband (what’s next, how to

connect the connections to the customer) Regulation / policy (who can connect and where how to fix this?) Regulation / policy (who can connect and where, how to fix this?)

• Spectrum availability (UHF, L-band)
• Deregulation of TV distribution, Telecom services, v.s. BBC mandate
• LLU in UK support more bundling options
• LLU in UK support more bundling options
• Standardization – European versus US/UK stance

Devices (when and how can I connect?) B tt lif

92

• Battery life
• Form factor and antenna
• Convergence with fixed services

Connection story illustrated

93

Concluding Thoughts Co c ud g

• ug ts
• Understanding digitalization as connecting and fixing
• ffers a valuable metaphor

p

• Analyze both contextually within the situation and

from the context into the preceding context

• The small and the large need to be always connected
• The small and the large need to be always connected
• The amplification of connecting makes fixing more

difficult, but makes more fixing necessary g y

• The need for fixing drives down the rate of

amplification for connecting- but is necessary for it!

• New forms of connecting that link unconnected
• New forms of connecting that link unconnected

communities, technologies and regulatory forms the main story and challenge- innovation as disruption Th f i d l i i f t

• The pace of opening and closing is fast

Questions?

Combination of ‘triangle’ and ‘loop’ models loop models

96

Initial industry consensus around walled garden ‘Internet’

Walled gardens – Services tightly controlled by network operators (e.g. sports, news, basic t t i t t t hi id i t d ll ) entertainment – text, graphics, video, ring tones and wallpaper) – Network operators retain 50-60% of service revenue – Slow adoption by customers – voice and SMS still main revenue drivers Use of wireless networks / walled gardens as OPP inhibited actor-network building – Closed approach probably stifled innovation – Kept out small (innovative) content / service providers – Customers confused / not enrolled

97

allocations, and the timing of those allocations affected those allocations affected the migration paths to 3G

1G Analog 2G Digital 2.5G 3G

the migration paths to 3G

HSCSD 57.6kbits/s Circuit EDGE 384kbits/s Packet

g g

GSM 9.6kbits/s Circuit Analog (FDMA) 14.4kbits/s Circuit UMTS

384 kbits/

GPRS 115kbits/s Packet

kbits/ s – 2Mbi ts/s

Packet IMT-2000 IMT-2000

1840 1880 1920 1960 2000 2040 2080 2120 2160 1 60 1800 1 20 DCS/GSM1800 DCS/GSM1800 PCS PCS

98

1840 1880 1920 1960 2000 2040 2080 2120 2160 MHz 1760 1800 1720

Actor-Network Theory (ANT) treats the social and the technological symmetrically technological symmetrically

Implications Main idea Example

E h i li k d P / t i thi ith t D ith t f lt Emphasis on links and networks Network nodes are human or Person / actor is nothing without network

• Non-human / human actors

Dean without faculty, students, funds, university

• Nature and artifacts

Network nodes are human or non-human actors Non-human / human actors treated symmetrically

• Non-human actors “act”

Nature and artifacts

• Projector light bulb “acts”

Actors have different values and interests

• Translation required to create

links

• On-going translation needed to

maintain links

• Start a project
• Keeping it moving

maintain links Actor-networks can become “black boxed”

• Becomes package for further

network building

• May be irreversible
• TCP/IP
• Institutions

Human actors as “sociologists”

• Heterogeneous engineers act on

theory of environment

• Try to establish “Obligatory
• Project managers
• Windows API as OPP

May be irreversible Institutions

99

Try to establish Obligatory Passage Points” (OPP) Windows API as OPP

Based on works from Callon, Latour and Law

Will we have a Universal Device?