Dark Matter Candidates Dark Matter Candidates Stefano Scopel Korea - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Dark Matter Candidates Dark Matter Candidates Stefano Scopel Korea Institute for Advanced Study - Korea Institute for Advanced Study Korea Institute for Advanced Study Korea Institute for Advanced Study - - Seoul - Seoul Seoul Seoul

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Dark Matter Candidates Dark Matter Candidates

Stefano Scopel

Korea Institute for Advanced Study Korea Institute for Advanced Study Korea Institute for Advanced Study Korea Institute for Advanced Study -

  • Seoul

Seoul Seoul Seoul

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Outline

  • Evidence for Dark Matter
  • Dark Matter properties
  • neutrinos
  • axions
  • WIMP candidates from UED, Little Higgs, SUSY
  • The neutralino
  • Relic abundance
  • Direct detection
  • Conclusions
  • Topics covered by other talks:
  • Experimental direct searches (Pierluigi Belli, Dan Bauer)
  • Indirect detection – theory (Lars Bergström)
  • Indirect detection – experiment (Piergiorgio Picozza)
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EvidenceforDarkMatter

  • Spiral galaxies
  • rotation curves
  • Clusters & Superclusters
  • Weak gravitational lensing
  • Strong gravitational lensing
  • Galaxy velocities
  • X rays
  • Large scale structure
  • Structure formation
  • CMB anisotropy: WMAP
  • Ωtot=1
  • Ωdark energy~0.7
  • Ωmatter~ 0.27
  • Ωbaryons~0.05

Ωdark matter~ 0.22

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stable(protectedbyaconserved quantumnumber) nocharge,nocolour (weakly interacting) cold,nondissipative relicabundancecompatibleto

  • bservation

motivatedbytheory(vs.“adhoc”)

ThepropertiesofagoodDarkMattercandidate: subdominantcandidates– varietyiscommoninNature →maybeeasiertodetect *

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ThefirstplacetolookforaDMcandidate…

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Neutrino

HOT COLD

eV

  • 91.5

2

∑

=

  • ν

ν

m h

1 2 −

> ∝<

  • v

h

ann

σ

ν

  • Σmv<0.66eV

(WMAP+LSS+SN)

  • LEP:

Nν=2.994±0.012 → mν≥45GeV → Bνh2≤ 10D3

  • DMsearches

exclude:

10GeV ≤ mν≤ 5 TeV

(similarconstraints forsneutrinos and KKDneutrinos)

3– 7GeV ~10eV

mixwithsterilecomponent (bothforneutrinosandsneutrinos) doesnotwork

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beyondthe standard model

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(Incomplete) ListofDMcandidates

  • RHneutrinos
  • Axions
  • LightestSupersymmetric

particle(LSP)– neutralino, sneutrino,axino

  • Lighest KaluzaDKlein

Particle(LKP)

  • HeavyphotoninLittle

HiggsModels

  • Solitons (QDballs,BDballs)
  • BlackHoleremnants
  • …
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Theaxion

  • PseudoGoldstonebosonofPecceiDQuinnsymmetryintroduced

toexplainCPconservationinQCD:φ=Feiθ

  • (0.3<ka<afew)

ifnoinflationafterPQphasetrans.:

(flatdist.→<θ2>=π2/3)→ → → →

  • 3productionsmechanismsintheearlyUniverse:

1)misalignment(T>ΛQCD)+coherentoscillationsaround minimum(T<ΛQCD): 2) axion strings(TR>fa) 3)thermal(ma>10D3 eV,subdominant)

  • therwise:smallerma possible

[Tegmark,Aguirre,Rees.Wilczek]

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Experimentallimits:

(DAMA,SOLAX,COSME)

ADMX, KYOTO

gaγγ fromtheory&uncertaintyinthemassesoflightquarks,

(Buckley,Murayama,arXiv:0705.0542) usedatafrom WIMPsearches! (butsensitivity improvesas (MT)1/8)

B gaγγ a γ

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mostpopularDMcandidatesfromparticlephysics (solvehierarchyproblem:MW/MPl~10D16)

  • susy

conserved symmetry

DM candidate RDparity KDparity TDparity

χ (neutralino)

  • extradimensions
  • littleHiggs

B(1)(KKphoton) BH(heavyphoton) allthermalcandidates,massive,withweakDtype interactions(WIMPs)

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thethermalcosmologicaldensityofaWIMPX ΩXh2 ~ 1/<σannv>int <σannv>int=∫<σannv>dx

xf x0

xf=M/Tf x0=M/T0 Tf=freeze-out temperature T0=present (CMB) temperature Xf>>1, X non relativistic at decoupling, low temp expansion for

<σannv>: <σannv>~a+b/x ifσann isgivenbyweakDtypeinteractions→ BX~0.1D1 …+cohannihilations withotherparticle(s) closeinmass+resonantannihilations

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WIMP directdetection

ElasticrecoilofnonrelativistichaloWIMPsoffthe nucleiofanundergrounddetector RecoilenergyofthenucleusinthekeVrange Yearlymodulationeffectduetotherotationofthe EartharoundtheSun(therelativevelocitybetween thehalo,usuallyassumedatrestintheGalactic system,andthedetectorchangesduringtheyear)

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WIMPdifferentialdetectionrate

ER=nuclearenergy NT=#ofnucleartargets v=WIMPvelocityintheEarth’srestframe Astrophysics

  • ρχ=WIMPlocaldensity
  • f(v)=WIMPvelocitydistributionfunction

Particleandnuclearphysics

  • =WIMPDnucleuselasticcrosssection

usuallydominates,α (atomicnumber)2

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Differenthalomodelsarepossible

timeDindependent part [Belli,Cerulli,Fornengo,Scopel]

InteractiononNaI

modulationamplitude sizeablevariationofthelocaldensity:0.17<ρ <1.7

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B(1) relicabundance

[Servant,Tait,NPB650,391;NewJ.Phys.4,99;Kakizai &al.,PRD71,123522;Kong, Matchev,JHEP0601,038]

  • coannihilations (manymodeswithsimilarmasses)
  • resonances(MNLKP ~2xMLKP)
  • generalruleofcoannihilation:

ifcohannihilating particleannihilatesthanLKP→ relicabundance faster

slower

smaller larger bothcasesarepossible:KKquarksandgluonsvs.KKleptons

KKleptons

b≡fractionalmasssplitting

BB(1)h2=0.1

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  • lowdirectdetectionsignals:

b≡(mq1DmB1)/mB1

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  • !" #
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$%&'(' (#

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  • Theneutralinoisdefinedasthelowest*mass

linearsuperpositionofbinoB,winoW(3) andthe twohiggsinostatesH10,H20:

2 1 1 1 ) 3 ( 2 1

~ ~ ~ ~ H a H a W a B a + + + ≡ χ

neutral,colourless,onlyweak*typeinteractions stable ifR*parityisconserved,thermalrelic nonrelativisticatdecoupling→ ColdDarkMatter (requiredbyCMBdata+structureformation models) relicdensitycanbecompatiblewithcosmological

  • bservations: 0.095≤ χh2≤ 0.131

→IDEALCANDIDATEFORCOLDDARKMATTER ~

~

~ ~

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&!) #

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SUGRA (a.k.a.CMSSM)

focuspoint

*+,(,,-(./

stau coannihilation Higgsfunnel

*0,1,2,2#/

  • onlyfewregionscosmologicallyallowed
  • variants(e.g.nonDuniversalityofsoftmasses

attheGUTscaleorlowerunificationscale) thatincreaseHiggsino contentofthe neutralino→ lowerrelicabundanceandhigher signals

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DirectdetectioninSUGRA

[Ellis,Olive,Santoso,Spanos]

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TheNextDtoDMinimalMSSM(NMSSM) solvesthed problem,i.e.whyd~MEWin:μH1H2 superpotential:

HiggssofttermsintheNMSSM: NMSSMparticlecontent: MSSM+ 2Higgs(CPDeven,CPDodd) 1neutralino dof Thelightestneutralino: CPDevenHiggs:

d=λ<S>

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RelicdensityanddirectdetectionrateinNMSSM

[Cerdeño,Hugonie,LópezDFogliani,Muñoz,Teixeira]

relicabundance directdetection

M1=160GeV,M2=320,Aλ=400GeV,Ak=D200GeV,d=130GeV,tanβ=5 (sizeabledirectdetection)

  • verylightneutralHiggs(mainlysinglet)
  • lightscalarsimplymoredecaychannelsandresonantdecays
  • neutralino relativelylight(<decaythresholds)andmostlysinglino
  • highdirectdetectioncrosssections(evenbetterforlowerM1)

(

Landaupole

unphysicalminima

  • 3

3454

χ,H χ

6

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EffectiveMSSM: effectivemodelattheEWscalewithafew MSSMparameterswhichsetthemostrelevantscales

  • M1U(1) gauginosoft

breakingterm

  • M2SU(2)gauginosoft

breakingterm

  • ( Higgsmixingmass

parameter

  • tanβ ratiooftwoHiggs

v.e.v.’s

  • mAmassofCPoddneutral

Higgsboson(theextended HiggssectorofMSSM includesalsotheneutral scalarsh,H,andthe chargedscalarsH±)

  • mq softmasscommon

toallsquarks

  • ml softmasscommon

toallsleptons

  • Acommon

dimensionlesstrilinear parameterforthe thirdfamily(Ab =At≡ Amq;Aτ ≡ Aml)

  • R≡ M1/M2

~ ~

~

~ ~ ~ ~

SUGRA→R=0.5

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Cantheneutralino be?

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Cosmologicallowerboundon Cosmologicallowerboundonm mχ

χ

upperboundon CDMh2 scatterplot: fullcalculation curve:analytical approximationfor minimalCDMh2

[Bottino,Fornengo,Scopel,PRD68,043506]

4,7

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DAMAmodulationregion,likelyhoodfunctionvaluesdistant morethan4σ fromthenullresult(absenceonmodulation) hypothesis,Riv.N.Cim.26n.1(2003)1*73, astro*ph/0307403

Neutralino– nucleoncrosssection

  • χh2 <0.095

× × × × χh2 >0.095 Theelasticcrosssectionis boundedfrombelow → “funnel” atlowmass

tightcorrelationbetweenrelicabundance andχDnucleon crosssection:

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Howexp.limitchangewithdifferenthalomodels(CDMS):

A.Bottino,F.Donato,N.Fornengo and S.Scopel Phys.Rev.D72,083521 (2005)

largestuncertaintyatlow massesfromhighvelocitytail

  • fthethe distribution
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Conclusions

  • WIMPs attheTeV scalecanberealizedindifferent

wellDmotivatedscenarios(KKphotoninUED,Heavy photoninLittleHiggs,neutralino inSUSY) +”Minimal” extensionsofSM(talkbyTytgat inparallelsession)

  • theycanallprovidetheColdDarkMatterwiththe

correctabundance

  • neutralino isstillthemostpopular.Todayavailable

indifferentflavours: SUGRA,nuSUGRA,subDGUT, Miragemediation,NMSSM,effMSSM,CPV,…

  • neutralinos canbelight
  • astrophysicaluncertaintiesinsignalpredictions
  • directsearchesarealreadyexploringsomeSUSY

scenarios