County Associations and State Governments: Working Together Toward Smart Justice By Michael Thompson October 24, 2013
• National non-profit, non-partisan membership association of state government officials • Represents all three branches of state government • Provides practical, nonpartisan advice informed by the best available evidence Council of State Governments Justice Center | 2
90 staff in 4 offices Seattle, WA New York, NY Bethesda, MD Austin, TX Council of State Governments Justice Center | 3
Major Initiatives Underway Regarding Youth, Mental Health, and Reentry School Discipline Consensus Project National Reentry Resource Center Criminal Justice / Mental Health Consensus Project Council of State Governments Justice Center | 4
Justice Reinvestment in 18 States NH NH VT ID WI MI RI PA CT NV OH IN WV KS NC AZ OK TX HI Council of State Governments Justice Center | 5
County data and stakeholder input enriches analysis and justice reinvestment policies STATE FINDING POLICY Require the use of a pretrial risk 42% of the regional screen within 3 days of booking to jail population is identify those with greatest risk of pretrial flight 25% of prison Misdemeanor offenders may be admissions housed in a jail if: are misdemeanor The sheriff voluntarily accepts offenders – with a 3- Bed space exists month average length Reimbursed by new state funds of stay Probation violators Create a 30-day cap in statute for spend lengthy periods probationers awaiting violation in jail awaiting hearings hearings Council of State Governments 6
Overview Understand the latest science and research Improve outcomes for people with mental illnesses in contact with justice system Reduce re-offense rates for people released from jail Council of State Governments Justice Center | 7
Recidivism across the states Council of State Governments Justice Center | 8
Knowledge on Improving Criminal Justice Outcomes Has Increased Dramatically Over the Last 20 Years Academics and practitioners have contributed to this growing body of research Council of State Governments Justice Center | 9
What are 3-4 things I need to know about what works to reduce recidivism? 1. Focus on individuals most likely to reoffend 2. Base programs on science and ensure quality 3. Implement effective community supervision policies and practices 4. Apply place-based strategies “Just as helpful as pointing out commonly made mistakes are the cutting-edge practices identified in the report. … The report, in other words, should be required reading.” - The Washington Post , February 27, 2011 Council of State Governments Justice Center | 10
1. Focus on Identify and Focus on Higher-Risk individuals most Offenders likely to reoffend Who? Without Risk Assessment… With Risk Assessment… Risk of Re-offending LOW MODERATE HIGH 35% 70% 10% re-arrested re-arrested re-arrested Council of State Governments Justice Center | 11
1. Focus on TITLE (Ohio) individuals most likely to reoffend Average Difference in Recidivism by Risk for Low Risk Halfway House Offenders + 3 % Moderate High Risk Risk - 6 % - 14 % • Adopted a common set of risk assessment instruments across the state’s criminal justice system. • Ensured that program placement is driven by risk assessment score. *Presentation by Latessa, “What Works and What Doesn’t in Reducing Recidivism: Applying the Principles of Effective Intervention to Offender Reentry” Council of State Governments Justice Center | 12
1. Focus on Target the Factors that Evidence Shows individuals most Are Most Central to Criminal Behavior likely to reoffend What? Antisocial Employment/ Education The Big Four (impacting these are the Housing major drivers to reducing criminal behavior) Thinking Higher-risk Past offenders are Criminality* Criminal likely to have Family Behavior more of the Peers Big Four . Substance Programs targeting these Personality Use needs can significantly lower recidivism rates Leisure * Past criminality cannot be changed. Council of State Governments Justice Center | 13
2. Base programs After Who and What Are Answered, Supervision on science and and Programming Should Be Well Targeted ensure quality Risk of Re-offending LOW MODERATE HIGH 10% re-arrested 35% re-arrested 70% re-arrested Low Supervision/ Program Intensity Moderate Supervision/ Program Intensity High Supervision/ Program Intensity Council of State Governments Justice Center | 14
2. Base programs Ensure Funded Programs Are Reducing on science and Recidivism ensure quality Council of State Governments Justice Center | 15
2. Base programs Ensure Programs Are High Quality and on science and Properly Implemented ensure quality How Well? Is the program based on principles demonstrated to be effective? Is program matched with appropriate client population? Program Effectiveness Is program implemented as designed? (reduced recidivism) Are program staff properly trained? Is performance tracked and measured against expectations? Council of State Governments Justice Center | 16
2. Base programs Where and How Treatment Is Delivered on science and Impacts the Degree of Recidivism Reduction ensure quality Impact of Treatment Intervention on Recidivism Rates Drug Treatment Drug Treatment Supervision in Prison in the with Risk Need Community + Responsivity Supervision, with effective -17% “RNR” principles, yields the -24% biggest recidivism reduction -30% Source: Lee, S., Aos, S., Drake, E., Pennucci, A., Miller, M., & Anderson, L. Source: Latessa, Lovins, and Smith, “ Follow-up Evaluation of Ohio’s (2012). Return on investment: Evidence-based options to improve Community Based Correctional Facilities, Outcome Study, February 2010 statewide outcomes, April 2012 (Document No. 12-04-1201). Olympia: Washington State Institute for Public Policy. Council of State Governments Justice Center | 17
3. Implement effective Elements of Effective Supervision community supervision policies and practices Focus supervision officer time and program Dosage/Intensity resources on the highest-risk offenders. Use a graduated range of sanctions and Consistency incentives to guide specific type of response to violations and compliance. Enable officers to respond meaningfully to Swiftness violations without delay or time-consuming processes. Prioritize the most expensive, restrictive sanctions for offenders committing the most Cost-effectiveness serious violations. Council of State Governments Justice Center | 18
Prison Admissions Hotspots 4. Apply place- based strategies Arizona, 2004 60% of the S tate’s prison population comes from and returns to the Phoenix-Mesa metropolitan area. Council of State Governments Justice Center | 19
Prison Admissions Hotspots 4. Apply place- based strategies Maricopa County, 2004 A single neighborhood in Phoenix is home to 1% of the state’s total population but 6.5% of the state’s prison population South Mountain Zip Code 85041 Prison Admissions = 31.8 per 1000 adults Jail Bookings = 96.5 per 1000 adults Probation = 25.1 per 1000 adults
Prison Expenditures in Dollars 4. Apply place- based strategies Maricopa County, 2004 Nort h Mount ain Alhambra Glendale Encant o Camelback East Maryvale Cent ral Cit y Est rella Within high expenditure $1.1 Million neighborhoods there are numerous, smaller area, $1.8 Million Laveen S out h Mount ain million dollar block $1.6 Million groups
High Density of Probationers in South 4. Apply place- based strategies Phoenix Council of State Governments Justice Center | 22
Reducing Criminal Behavior Requires Focusing on Risk, Need, and Responsivity Evidence-Based Practices Traditional Approach Assess risk of recidivism and focus Risk Supervise everyone supervision on the highest-risk the same way offenders Prioritize programs addressing the Need Assign programs that needs most associated with feel or seem effective recidivism Deliver programs based on Deliver programs the Responsivity offender learning style, motivation, same way to every offender and/or circumstances Council of State Governments Justice Center | 23
Overview Understand the latest science and research Improve outcomes for people with mental illnesses in contact with justice system Reduce re-offense rates for people released from jail Council of State Governments Justice Center | 24
Alcohol and Drug Use Disorders: Significant Factor in Jail and Prisons 60 54 % 53 % Alcohol use disorder 50 47 % (Includes alcohol 44 % abuse and Percent of Population 40 dependence) 30 Drug use disorder (Includes drug abuse 20 and dependence) 10 8 % 2 % 0 Household Jail State Prison Source: Abrams & Teplin (2010) Council of State Governments Justice Center | 25
Prevalence of Serious Mental Illness and Co-Occurring Disorders in Jail Populations General Population Jail Population 95% 83% 28% 5% 17% 72% Co-Occurring Substance Serious Mental Illness Serious Mental Illness Use Disorder No Serious Mental Illness No Serious Mental Illness No Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorder Council of State Governments Justice Center | 26
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