CO 2 + H 2 O Sugar + O 2 200 billion tons of CO 2 fixed per year - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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CO 2 + H 2 O Sugar + O 2 200 billion tons of CO 2 fixed per year - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Apr 19, 2023 149 likes •736 views

Photosynthesis (cyanobacteria, protists, algae, plants) Light reactions Dark reactions light energy CO 2 + H 2 O Sugar + O 2 200 billion tons of CO 2 fixed per year Different forms of carbohydrates produced (glucose,

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Photosynthesis (cyanobacteria, protists, algae, plants)

“Light” reactions “Dark” reactions

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CO2 + H2O Sugar + O2

light energy

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  • 200 billion tons of CO2 fixed per year
  • Different forms of carbohydrates produced

(glucose, starch, cellulose, lignins…)

  • Basis of most food chains
  • Directly and indirectly supports animals
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Herbivory: consumption of living plant tissues

for food or water

Similar to predation except:

  • generally does not kill the “prey”
  • “prey” generally cannot hide
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  • Grazer
  • Stem-borer
  • Leaf-miner
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  • Grazer
  • Stem-borer
  • Leaf-miner
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  • Grazer
  • Stem-borer
  • Leaf-miner
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  • Frugivore
  • Xylem-feeder
  • Phloem-feeder
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  • Frugivore
  • Xylem-feeder
  • Phloem-feeder
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  • Frugivore
  • Xylem-feeder
  • Phloem-feeder
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Why Is The World Green?

  • Plants make lots of sugars
  • Plants are abundant
  • Plants cannot move
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Chemical Defense

Primary chemicals/metabolites: essential to plant growth and reproduction; found throughout plant kingdom (e.g. sugars, proteins, DNA, etc.) Secondary chemicals/metabolites: not essential to plant growth and reproduction; not universal throughout plant kingdom

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“Quantitative” reduced digestibility (high conc.) lignins silica tannins “Qualitative” toxins (low concentration) alkaloids glucosinolates cyanogenic glycosides

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Qualitative Alkaloids

Numerous effects on metabolism & physiology…

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Glucosinolates Qualitative

Releases sulfur groups, found in Brassicaceae…

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Cyanogenic glycosides

Releases HCN, cyanide blocks cellular respiration…

Qualitative

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Milkweeds: sticky latex sap

containing glycosides

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  • Prickles
  • Spines
  • Thorns
  • Waxy Cuticles
  • Trichomes

Mechanical Defense

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Urtica dioica (Stinging Nettle)

Hollow, brittle hairs:

  • 1. Histamine
  • 2. Acetocholine
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Constituent Defense: Defense mechanisms

always operating in plant

  • many mechanical defenses
  • most quantitative chemical defenses

Inducible Defense: Defense mechanisms that

can be turned on by external cue

  • many morphological changes
  • many physiological changes
  • many qualitative chemical defenses
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Ethnobotany: study of relationships

between plants and people

  • Food (wild plants or agricultural)
  • Medicine
  • Fiber
  • Art
  • Spiritual
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  • Why are some plants delicious?
  • Why are some plants poisonous?
  • Why are some plants pokey?
  • What does “safe” mean?
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  • Poisonous
  • Side effects
  • Neutral
  • Beneficial
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Poisonous: immediately

White Snakeroot Castor Bean Deadly Nightshade / Beladonna

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Poisonous: long term

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Side Effects

Coca Opium Poppy Tobacco Buckthorn

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Neutral

Wood Cellulose Grass Kinnikinnick Ponderosa Pine

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  • Sweeteners
  • Greens/Vegetables
  • Fruits
  • Flour
  • Flavoring/Tea

Edible Plants of South Dakota

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Factors Affecting Safety of Edible Plants

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  • Amount consumed
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  • Amount consumed
  • Details of preparation
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  • Amount consumed
  • Details of preparation
  • Part of plant consumed
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  • Amount consumed
  • Details of preparation
  • Part of plant consumed
  • Age or location of plant
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  • Amount consumed
  • Details of preparation
  • Part of plant consumed
  • Age or location of plant
  • Season of the year
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  • Amount consumed
  • Details of preparation
  • Part of plant consumed
  • Age or location of plant
  • Season of the year
  • Status of consuming person
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Sometimes it’s hard to predict…

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Sometimes it’s hard to predict…

“Into the Wild”

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Wild Potato aka Alpine Sweetvetch Hedysarum alpinum pp. 216-217

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What killed Chris?

  • Theory 1: wrong plant (alkaloids)
  • Theory 2: Lathyrism (ODAP)
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Lathyrism

  • Named after genus Lathyrus
  • Contains ODAP (protein)
  • Grass Pea sometimes consumed
  • Can cause leg paralysis
  • Young men more affected
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What killed Chris?

  • Theory 1: wrong plant (alkaloids)
  • Theory 2: ODAP
  • Theory 3: another protein
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What killed Chris?

  • Theory 1: wrong plant (alkaloids)
  • Theory 2: ODAP
  • Theory 3: another protein
  • Theory 4: normal starvation
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Often there is contradictory info…

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Safety?????

Black Nightshade

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Poisonous Plants of South Dakota

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Dock and Sorrel, Rumex pp. 304-305

Sometimes bad (oxalates)….

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Milkweeds, Asclepias pp. 60-64

Maybe bad (cardiac glycosides)…

  • Boil, don’t boil?
  • Change water,

don’t change water?

  • Bitter, not bitter?
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Locoweed, pp. 222-224

  • Swainsonine (from a fungus)
  • Most widespread problem poisonous

plant in western North America

  • Loco disease or ‘pea struck’
  • Chemotherapy
  • Native

Bad (alkaloids)…

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Monkshood aka Wolf’s Bane, pp. 310-311

  • Aconitum
  • One of world’s most toxic plants
  • Digestive-cardiac-asphyxiation
  • Sometimes used for cardiac issues,

nerve pain, cold feet —don’t use!

  • Native

Bad (alkaloids)…

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Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium) (not in book)

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  • Atropine & scopolamine
  • CNS & cardiac effects
  • Bad trips & death
  • Anesthesia & asthma treatment
  • Native to Mexico

Bad (alkaloids)…

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Poison Hemlock, pp. 48-49

  • Coniine
  • CNS effects
  • Medicinal?
  • Non-native

Bad (alkaloids)…

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Water Hemlock, pp. 46-47

  • Cicutoxin
  • CNS effects
  • Most poisonous plant in

North America

  • Medicinal?
  • Native

Bad (alkaloids)…

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Plant families to be super careful with… Plant families that are usually safe…

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