Mbidzi zi-na-perek-a msampha kwa nkhandwe. zebras( 10) S U B J (10)-PAST -hand-ASP trap to fox 'The zebras handed the trap to the fox.' Mbidzi zi-na-perek-er-a nkhandwe msarnpha. zebras(l0) ~ U B J ( ~ ~ ) - P A S T - ~ ~ ~ ~ - A P P L - A S P fox trap 'The zebras handed the fox the trap.' Ndi-na-tumiz-a kalata kwa mfurnu. Isg.su BJ - PAST-send-ASP letter to chief 'I sent a letter to the chief.' Ndi-na-tumiz-ir-a mfumu kalata. l s g . s u B ~ - ~ A s T - s e n d - A ~ ~ ~ -ASP chief letter 'I sent the chief a letter.' Fisi a-na-dul-a chingwe ndi mpeni. hyena(]) SUBJ(~)-PAST-cut-ASP rope with knife 'The hyena cut the rope with a knife.' Fisi a-na-dul-ir-a mpeni chingwe. hyena(]) SUBJ(~)-PAST-cut-APPL-ASP knife rope 'The hyena cut the rope with a knife.' Msangalatsi a-ku-yend-a ndi ndodo. entertainer(1) SuBJ(1)-PRES-walk-ASP with stick 'The entertainer is walking with a stick.' Msangalatsi a-ku-yend-er-a ndodo. entertainer(1) s J (1)-PRES-walk-APPL-ASP stick UB 'The entertainer is walking with a stick.' (25) a Mtsikana a-na-phik-ir-a ana nsima. girl(1) susr(1)-PAST-cook-APPL-ASP children cornmeal 'The girl cooked cornmeal for the children.' b Atsikana a-na-vin-ir-a mfumu. girls(2) SUBJ(~)-PAST-dance-APPL-ASP chief 'The girls danced for the chief.' c Kalulu a-na-gul-ir-a mbidzi nsapato. hare(1) su~~(1)-PAST-buy-APPL-ASP zebras shoes 'The hare bought shoes for the zebras.'
(26) a Amayi [a-na-pats-a mwana mtsuko], woman(1) SUBJ(~)-~ AsT-give-Asp child(1) waterpot (3) 'The woman gave the child a waterpot.' b Amayi [a-na-mu-pats-a mtsuko], (mwana). woman(1) SUBJ(I)-PAST-OBJ(I)-~~V~-ASP waterpot(3) child(1) 'The woman gave him (the child) a waterpot.' c *Amayi [a-na-u-pats-a mwana],, (mtsuko). womaIl(l) S U B J ( ~ ) - P A S T - O B J ( ~ ) - ~ ~ V ~ - A S P child(1) waterpot(3) 'The woman gave it (a waterpot) to the child.' (27) a Anyani [a-ku-u-phwany-ir-a dengu]", (mwala). baboons(2) SUBJ basket stone(3) (2)-PRES-OBJ(~)-~~~~~-APPL-ASP 'The baboons are breaking the basket with it (the stone).' b Arnayi [a-ku-mu-tumb-ir-a mtsukoIw (mwana). woInaIl(1) SUBJ(~)-PRES-OBJ(~)-mold-APPL-ASP waterpot(3) child(1) 'The woman is molding him (the child) a waterpot.'
(28) a Mtsikana a-na-phik-a nsima. girl(1) (1)-PAST-cook-ASP cornmeal(9) SUBJ 'The girl cooked cornmeal.' b Nsima i-na-phik-idw-a (ndi mtsikana). s s commeal(9) SU B J (9)- -cook-PA P (by girl) PA ST -A S 'The cornmeal was cooked (by the girl).' (29) a Ngombe zi-na-pats-a mbuzi nsima. cows(l0) su BJ (10)- P A s ~ - g i v e - ~ s p goats(l0) commeal(9) 'The cows gave the goats cornmeal.' b mbuzi zi-na-pats-idw-a nsima (ndi ngombe). goats(l0) SuBJ(10)-PAST-give-PASS-ASP commeal(9) (bycows) 'The goats were given cornmeal (by the cows).' c *Nsima i-na-pats-idw-a mbuzi (ndi ngombe). cornmeal(9) SUBJ(~)-PAST-give-PASS-ASP goats(l0) (by cows) 'The cornmeal was given the goats (by the cows).' i\ ~cc;w,~~w b l L l 7 Q. 18 I & d d i O S 2- wcGc ;I p s . ; i ~ (30) a Msangalatsi a-ku-yend-a ndi ndodo. entertainer(1) S U B J (1)-PRES-walk-ASP with stick(9) 'The entertainer is walking with a stick.' b *Ndodo i-ku-yend-edw-a (ndi). stick(9) suB~(9)-PRES-walk-PASS-ASP with (for: 'The stick is being walked with.') c Ndodo i-ku-yend-er-edw-a. stick(9) ~ ~ B J ( ~ ) - P R E ~ - W ~ ~ ~ - A P P L - P A S ~ - A S P 'The stick is being walked with.'
b h l h l ~ l , ~ ~i-ni~-g~~l-ir-~dw-a ns;rp,i~rj (ndi k 6 ~ l u I ~ ~ ) . cc.braa(lt)) SLIBJ( 10)-r.\a I -l)uy-~ rrr.-I>.\s>-,t sr s.hot.a( 10) rbt hirrc) the hiuej.' '-l'hv ~ c b r ; ~ s were l~nught \hoe4 (by 'Nx:~pirtr) ~i-ua-gill-ir-idu-a rrlhidfi !ndi h,1lt1111 c shoesr 10) s c H J ( l O ) - r ~ s lehra.r;(lO) (b! h;s~c, I - h u y - n r r ~ . - ~ n s \ - n \ r 'Shuzs wcrc bought for the zebras (by the hare).' Mhid7i ~i-ria-perck-a (341 a msan~pha kwit nkhandwe. zchras(l0) sr. R I ( 1 0 ) - ~ . 4 s ~ i ~ - h a n d - ~ s r trap(3 fox(9) 1 lo 'The 7ehras handed thc trap to the fox.' Mbidzi 1) 7i-nn-perek-el-a nkharldarc ~ll+ilrnph;t / e t ~ r . ; ! s ( l ~ ) s 1 ! ~ ~ ( 1 0 ) - r ~ s ~ - h a r i d - r n l - . ~ s r f u ~ ( 9 ) !rap(3? 'The zchras hnndetl the fox the trap.' Nkhandwe i-n;i-perek-cr-ct1w-n c ri~\a~nph;~ ntli n-ihid~i 1 s r : ~ . ~ b 7.ebr;ix r - rd.4s3-nhr tr;lp( 4 l tox(9) ( ~ ~ - P A S T - ~ I ~ I I ~ - A ~ I ] 'Thc frjh was trap (by thc rehrasl ' hiirlded ; i "M\nmph;t u-IIA-pcrck-er-edw n k l ~ , ~ t ~ ~ l u c (rldi ni hidzi). d -a trap(3) c u n ~ c 3 ~ - ~ i s r - h ; l r 1 d - \ r ~ ~ - r , ~ s s - ~ ~ 1 ~ t n a [ ~ ~ ~ , I /,el)r~~s 'Thc trip I ,I> h.inded lo thc f 0 ~ ctr? the ;lebr;r>r.' , e hlsampha 11-11a-pcl rk-eil~ k\c.,~ nLh311dtvc. (ndi 1nbid7i). -:i (rap(3) p s I i n - I s by zcbrah A P t I $ 1 I - 'The trap \\*as l):jndl*tl (I> tht. fin (by ~ h c ~chr.151.'
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