Biofortification of Crops for Reducing Malnutrition Gurdev S. Khush - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Biofortification of Crops for Reducing Malnutrition

Gurdev S. Khush University of California, Davis, CA

Human Dietary Requirements

Macronutrients Carbohydrates, Lipids Proteins, Amino Acids Micronutrients Seventeen Minerals Thirteen Vitamins Many phytochemicals

Consequences of Micronutrient Malnutrition

• higher morbidity
• higher mortality

– 23% reduction with vitamin A supplementation pp

• lower cognitive ability
• lower work productivity
• impaired growth
• impaired reproduction
• 5% annual loss in GDP in South Asia

Malnutrition Problem

• 800 million people go to bed hungry
• 250 million children are malnourished
• 400 million people have vitamin A deficiency
• 100 million young children suffer from vitamin A

deficiency

• 3 million children die as a result of vitamin A

deficiency

• 14 million children suffer from clinical eye

problems

• 2 billion people are iron deficient
• 1 billion people reside in iodine-deficient regions

Deficiencies of Iron Zinc and Vitamin A are most Debilitating

They Affect:

• Development and Function of Brain
• Reduce Immune Competence

p

• Impair Body Temperature Regulation
• Psychomotor Development
• Poor Work Performance

Some Statistics about Iron Deficiency

• Anemia affects 2 billion people worldwide
• Iron deficiency affects 3.7 billion people
• 40% of the people have clinical iron

deficiency

• 58% of pregnant women in developing

countries are anemic

• 31% of children under five are anemic

Abnormalities Caused by Zinc Deficiency

• Retarded Growth
• Depressed Immune Function
• Anorexia
• Skeletal Abnormalities
• Diarrhea
• Alopecia
• Dermatitis

A World Bank publication estimates that deficiencies of iron, zinc and vitamin A, at the level of malnutrition that presently exist in S h A i i l South Asia, cause economic losses equal to 5% of GNP each year due to sickness, poor work performance, lost education and

• ther factors

Improving the nutritional status of children and adults is a highly effective way to is a highly effective way to increase economic productivity in agriculture and other sectors

Possible Solutions to Micronutrient Deficiencies

• Dietary diversification
• Food fortification
• Supplementation
• Biofortification

Strategy

Develop micronutrient dense staple crops using the best traditional practices and modern p biotechnology to achieve provitamin A, iron and zinc concentrations that can have measurable effect on nutritional status

Breeding Micronutrient Dense Staple Food Crops

• Plant Breeding technology has great

impact

• Impact greatest on lowest socioeconomic

strata strata

• Enhancement of staples will deliver most

micronutrient

• Agronomic bonus in micronutrient-dense

seeds can preserve and enhance nutrient balance

Fig.1 Effect of polishing on grain iron content

10 12 14 16 18 20 ntent (ppm) Areumbyeo IR 68144-2B-2-2-3-1-120 PSB Rc 28

About 70% loss

2 4 6 8 Brown rice 10 20 30 40 50 60 Polishing time (sec) Iron con

Fig 2. Effect of polishing on grain zinc content

20 22 24 26 28 30 32

content (ppm)

Areumbyeo IR 68144-2B-2-2-3-1-120 PSB Rc28

About 25% loss

14 16 18 20 Brown rice 10 20 30 40 50 60

Polishing time (sec) Zinc c

Iron content in polished rice grains (2 locations, 3 seasons)

6.63 7.40 4.01 2.97

3 00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00

ppm

0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00

IR69428-6-1-1-3-3 IR75862-221-2-1-2-B-B-B IR68144-2B-2-2-3-1-120 IR64

Iron (ppm)

7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 MN14 MN16 MN22 MN23 MN24 MN26 IR64 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 P R 2 4 W S I R 2 4 W S I R 2 5 D S I R 2 5 W S P R 2 5 D S P R 2 5 W S

Zinc content in polished rice grains (2 locations, 3 seasons)

20.00 25.00 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 IR69428 IR75862-221 IR68144-120 IR64 ppm

IRRI’s High Iron Rice IR68144-2B-2-2-3-2 ‘Maligaya Special Rice #13’ Yield potential of 5t/ha Micronutrient level enhanced

Released in the Philippines Leo Sebastian, PhilRice, October 2003

Genetic Engineering Approaches to Improve the Bioavailability and Level of Iron in Rice

• Introduction of ferritin (pfe) gene from

b d Ph l b soybean and Phaseolus bean

• Introduction of phytase (PhyA) gene
• Selection of low phytate (Ipa) mutants

Vitamin A Deficiency

• 400 million people in the world are

at risk of Vitamin A deficiency

• 100-200 million children are affected

100 200 million children are affected by severe Vitamin A deficiency

• 1.3 – 2.5 million preschool children

die annually because of Vitamin A deficiency

Genetic Engineering for Vitamin A Synthesis in Rice Endosperm

Introduction of three genes under control of endosperm specific promoters Psy and lyc from daffodil Cryt1 from Erwina uredovora

Golden Rice

White and Golden Rice

The principle of provitamin A The principle of provitamin A The principle of provitamin A production is applicable to other production is applicable to other production is applicable to other crops, like potato … crops, like potato … crops, like potato …

Control Control Transgenic Transgenic

Diretto et al 2007

Molecular-Aided- Backcrossing program to transfer carotenoids to transfer carotenoids loci into IR64 and IR36

BC1F1 progeny Number of seeds produced IR64 X (146 X IR64) and reciprocals 1000 IR36 X (146 X IR36) and reciprocals 1303 IR64 X (309 X IR64) 761

SGR1 events

IR64 X (309 X IR64) and reciprocals 761 IR36 X (309 X IR36) and reciprocals 1192 IR64 X (652 X IR64) and reciprocals 921 IR36 X (652 X IR36) and reciprocals 903

BC2F1 for one cross in progress

Event Chromosome Location (Mbp) SGR2E1 Chr3 24.66 SGR2G1 Chr5 27.70 SGR2L1 Chr2 35.28

Location of SGR2 loci

SGR2R1 Chr1 36.98 SGR2T1 Chr3 17.59 SGR2W1 Chr10 16.86

F1s with IR64, IR36, BR29, PSBRc 82 produced Production of BC1F1 in progress

Harvest Plus Program of CGIAR

• n Biofortification
• n Biofortification

Phase II Crops

• Pota

Potato

• Barl

Barley ey

• Cowpea

Cowpeas

• Groundnuts

dnuts

• Ri

Rice ce

• Whea

Wheat

• Mai

Maize C

Phase I Crops

• Lenti

Lentils

• Mille

illet

• Pl

Planta antain

• Sorghum

hum

• Pi

Pigeon geon Peas Peas

• Yams

Yams

• Cassa

assava

• Sweet

Sweet Potat Potato

• Beans

Beans

WHP WHP K Kl WHP WHP H

Target Nutrients By Breeding Technique

Transgenic Transgenic Conventional Conventional

Bean Bean

Beta Beta-

• carotene

carotene Iron Iron-

• Zinc

Zinc Beta Beta-

• carotene

carotene Iron Iron-

• Zinc

Zinc

Crop Crop

10 10

Sweetpotato Sweetpotato Cassava Cassava Maize Maize Wheat Wheat Rice Rice Bean

b1

Slide 43 b1 Green: Current technique underway and being supported by the program Light Green: Exploratory research on the technique. Looks promising. Yellow: Not a priority area for H+. Red: Not being considered.

bonnie, 8/30/2006

Research on Trace Minerals in Common Bean at CIAT

Studies at CIAT suggest that iron content of common bean could be increased by 60-80% and zinc content by 50% through breeding. The genetic differences were expressed over environments and seasons

Orange-fleshed Sweet Potatoes for Raising Vitamin A Intake Most of the varieties currently grown in Sub-Saharan Africa have white or creamy flesh and little or no carotene. New high yielding-orange fleshed varieties have 7.5 to 8.8 mg/100 gm

• f carotene

Orange Fleshed Sweetpotato

Carotene in Cassava Roots

Cassava is an important staple food for 50 million poor people. Genetic variation for carotene content in cassava roots is high. Orange colored roots have 9-10 times more carotene as compared to white roots

Improving the Amino Acid Profile

• f Food Crops

Incorporation of opaque2 gene into maize through breeding to into maize through breeding to develop quality protein maize (QPM) which has double the amount of lysine and tryptophan

Linking agriculture and nutrition to promote dietary change and improve nutritional status can generate wide economic benefits, such as increased agricultural production and greater household security

100 150 200 250

Cereals Pulses Population

% Changes in Cereal & Pulse Production & in Population Between 1965 & 1999

50 100 India Pakistan Bangladesh Developing India Pakistan Bangladesh Developing World Developing

India Biofortification Project

• Indian Parliament recently has passed a

budget which includes $15 million for biofortification (Department of Biotechnology, DBT) for rice, wheat, and maize over five years maize over five years.

• Crop leaders appointed for each crop;

target nutrients are iron and zinc

• Joint meetings held in August, 2004,

February, 2006, March, 2007

• MOU has been signed

In Conclusion

“The remedy is to look at the whole field covered by crop production, animal husbandry, food, nutrition, and health as one related subject and then to realize the great principle that the birthright of every crop, every animal, and every human being is health.”