Biofortification of Crops for Reducing Malnutrition Gurdev S. Khush University of California, Davis, CA
Human Dietary Requirements Macronutrients Carbohydrates, Lipids Proteins, Amino Acids Micronutrients Seventeen Minerals Thirteen Vitamins Many phytochemicals
Consequences of Micronutrient Malnutrition • higher morbidity • higher mortality – 23% reduction with vitamin A supplementation pp • lower cognitive ability • lower work productivity • impaired growth • impaired reproduction • 5% annual loss in GDP in South Asia
Malnutrition Problem • 800 million people go to bed hungry • 250 million children are malnourished • 400 million people have vitamin A deficiency • 100 million young children suffer from vitamin A deficiency • 3 million children die as a result of vitamin A deficiency • 14 million children suffer from clinical eye problems • 2 billion people are iron deficient • 1 billion people reside in iodine-deficient regions
Deficiencies of Iron Zinc and Vitamin A are most Debilitating They Affect: • Development and Function of Brain • Reduce Immune Competence p • Impair Body Temperature Regulation • Psychomotor Development • Poor Work Performance
Some Statistics about Iron Deficiency • Anemia affects 2 billion people worldwide • Iron deficiency affects 3.7 billion people • 40% of the people have clinical iron deficiency • 58% of pregnant women in developing countries are anemic • 31% of children under five are anemic
Abnormalities Caused by Zinc Deficiency • Retarded Growth • Depressed Immune Function • Anorexia • Skeletal Abnormalities • Diarrhea • Alopecia • Dermatitis
A World Bank publication estimates that deficiencies of iron, zinc and vitamin A, at the level of malnutrition that presently exist in S South Asia, cause economic losses h A i i l equal to 5% of GNP each year due to sickness, poor work performance, lost education and other factors
Improving the nutritional status of children and adults is a highly effective way to is a highly effective way to increase economic productivity in agriculture and other sectors
Possible Solutions to Micronutrient Deficiencies • Dietary diversification • Food fortification • Supplementation • Biofortification
Strategy Develop micronutrient dense staple crops using the best traditional practices and modern p biotechnology to achieve provitamin A, iron and zinc concentrations that can have measurable effect on nutritional status
Breeding Micronutrient Dense Staple Food Crops • Plant Breeding technology has great impact • Impact greatest on lowest socioeconomic strata strata • Enhancement of staples will deliver most micronutrient • Agronomic bonus in micronutrient-dense seeds can preserve and enhance nutrient balance
Fig.1 Effect of polishing on grain iron content Areumbyeo IR 68144-2B-2-2-3-1-120 PSB Rc 28 20 18 16 ntent (ppm) 14 12 10 Iron con 8 6 4 2 0 Brown 10 20 30 40 50 60 rice Polishing time (sec) About 70% loss
Fig 2. Effect of polishing on grain zinc content Areumbyeo IR 68144-2B-2-2-3-1-120 PSB Rc28 32 30 28 content (ppm) 26 24 22 20 20 Zinc c 18 16 14 Brown 10 20 30 40 50 60 rice Polishing time (sec) About 25% loss
Iron content in polished rice grains (2 locations, 3 seasons) 8.00 7.40 7.00 6.63 6.00 5.00 4.01 4.00 ppm 2.97 3 00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 IR64 IR69428-6-1-1-3-3 IR75862-221-2-1-2-B-B-B IR68144-2B-2-2-3-1-120
Iron (ppm) MN14 MN16 MN22 MN23 MN24 MN26 IR64 11.00 10.00 9.00 8.00 7.00 6.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 S S S S S S W W D W D W 5 5 4 5 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 R R R R R R I P P I I P
Zinc content in polished rice grains (2 locations, 3 seasons) 25.00 20.00 15.00 ppm 10.00 5.00 0.00 IR69428 IR75862-221 IR68144-120 IR64
IRRI’s High Iron Rice IR68144-2B-2-2-3-2 ‘Maligaya Special Rice #13’ Yield potential of 5t/ha Micronutrient level enhanced Released in the Philippines Leo Sebastian, PhilRice, October 2003
Genetic Engineering Approaches to Improve the Bioavailability and Level of Iron in Rice • Introduction of ferritin ( pfe ) gene from soybean and Phaseolus bean b d Ph l b • Introduction of phytase ( PhyA ) gene • Selection of low phytate ( Ipa ) mutants
Vitamin A Deficiency • 400 million people in the world are at risk of Vitamin A deficiency •100-200 million children are affected 100 200 million children are affected by severe Vitamin A deficiency •1.3 – 2.5 million preschool children die annually because of Vitamin A deficiency
Genetic Engineering for Vitamin A Synthesis in Rice Endosperm Introduction of three genes under control of endosperm specific promoters Psy and lyc from daffodil Cryt1 from Erwina uredovora
Golden Rice
White and Golden Rice
The principle of provitamin A The principle of provitamin A The principle of provitamin A production is applicable to other production is applicable to other production is applicable to other crops, like potato … crops, like potato … crops, like potato … Control Control Transgenic Transgenic Diretto et al 2007
Molecular-Aided- Backcrossing program to transfer carotenoids to transfer carotenoids loci into IR64 and IR36
SGR1 events BC1F1 progeny Number of seeds produced IR64 X (146 X IR64) 1000 and reciprocals IR36 X (146 X IR36) 1303 and reciprocals IR64 X (309 X IR64) IR64 X (309 X IR64) 761 761 and reciprocals IR36 X (309 X IR36) 1192 and reciprocals IR64 X (652 X IR64) 921 and reciprocals IR36 X (652 X IR36) 903 and reciprocals BC2F1 for one cross in progress
Location of SGR2 loci Event Chromosome Location (Mbp) SGR2E1 Chr3 24.66 SGR2G1 Chr5 27.70 SGR2L1 Chr2 35.28 SGR2R1 Chr1 36.98 SGR2T1 Chr3 17.59 SGR2W1 Chr10 16.86 F1s with IR64, IR36, BR29, PSBRc 82 produced Production of BC1F1 in progress
Harvest Plus Program of CGIAR on Biofortification on Biofortification
Phase II Phase I Crops Crops • Pota Potato • Ri Rice ce • Barl Barley ey • Whea Wheat • Cowpea Cowpeas • Mai Maize • Groundnuts dnuts • Cassa C assava • Lenti Lentils • Sweet Sweet Potat Potato • Mille illet • Beans Beans • Pl Planta antain • Sorghum hum • Pi Pigeon geon Peas Peas • Yams Yams WHP WHP K Kl WHP WHP H
b1 Target Nutrients By Breeding Technique Conventional Conventional Transgenic Transgenic Crop Crop Beta- - Beta- - Beta Beta Iron- -Zinc Zinc Iron- -Zinc Zinc Iron Iron carotene carotene carotene carotene Bean Bean Bean Rice Rice Wheat Wheat Maize Maize Cassava Cassava Sweetpotato Sweetpotato 10 10
Slide 43 b1 Green: Current technique underway and being supported by the program Light Green: Exploratory research on the technique. Looks promising. Yellow: Not a priority area for H+. Red: Not being considered. bonnie, 8/30/2006
Research on Trace Minerals in Common Bean at CIAT Studies at CIAT suggest that iron content of common bean could be increased by 60-80% and zinc content by 50% through breeding. The genetic differences were expressed over environments and seasons
Orange-fleshed Sweet Potatoes for Raising Vitamin A Intake Most of the varieties currently grown in Sub-Saharan Africa have white or creamy flesh and little or no carotene. New high yielding-orange fleshed varieties have 7.5 to 8.8 mg/100 gm of carotene
Orange Fleshed Sweetpotato
Carotene in Cassava Roots Cassava is an important staple food for 50 million poor people. Genetic variation for carotene content in cassava roots is high. Orange colored roots have 9-10 times more carotene as compared to white roots
Improving the Amino Acid Profile of Food Crops Incorporation of opaque2 gene into maize through breeding to into maize through breeding to develop quality protein maize (QPM) which has double the amount of lysine and tryptophan
Linking agriculture and nutrition to promote dietary change and improve nutritional status can generate wide economic benefits, such as increased agricultural production and greater household security
% Changes in Cereal & Pulse Production & in Population Between 1965 & 1999 Cereals Pulses Population 250 200 150 100 100 50 0 Developing Developing Developing Bangladesh Bangladesh India India Pakistan Pakistan World
India Biofortification Project • Indian Parliament recently has passed a budget which includes $15 million for biofortification (Department of Biotechnology, DBT) for rice, wheat, and maize over five years maize over five years. • Crop leaders appointed for each crop; target nutrients are iron and zinc • Joint meetings held in August, 2004, February, 2006, March, 2007 • MOU has been signed
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