Awareness Raising of Child to Parent Violence for Practitioners in Ireland– Evidence from Research Child t o Parent Violence: European Perspect ives Sallis Benney Theat re, Universit y of Bright on, England 29 t h January 2015 With financial support from the DAPHNE Programme of the European Union.
Presenters Eileen Laust er, RCPV Proj ect Research Assist ant Fellow, Nat ional Universit y of Ireland, Galway Declan Coogan, Lect urer in S ocial Work, S chool of Polit ical S cience & S ociology, Nat ional Universit y of Ireland Galway, RCPV Proj ect Lead in Ireland
Tuning In… .Aims Int roduct ions R eview of Child t o Parent Violence Prevalance abroud and in Ireland Int roduct ion t o t he Non Violent R esist ance Programme R esearch Met hodology R esearch R esult s R esearch Anaylsis Key learning and Messages
Responding to Child to Parent Violence Proj ect
Where does child to parent violence take place? Across all socio-economic and cult ural groups (Avrahim-Krehwinkel & Aldridge 2010; Omer 2004, 2011; Laust er et al 2014) S ome families develop repeat ed pat t erns of int eract ion t hrough conflict which leads t o recurrent cycles of violence. Mot hers parent ing alone following exit from domest ic violence. (Omer 2004, Omer & Weinblat t 2008, Coogan 2012, Coogan & Laust er 2014). Two parent families – oft en well educat ed and middle class, wit h “ over ent it led” children (Gallagher 2004, 2008, 2014).
Is there a lot of child to parent violence in families? Figures vary but some argue 18% of t wo parent and 29% of one parent families (Walsh & Krienert 2009) Pagani et al (2009) - among 15/ 16 year olds, 12.3% of males and 9.5% of females were physically aggressive t owards t heir fat hers in t he previous six mont hs.
Prevalence from Research in Ireland Approximat ely, how many families do you current ly work wit h? Mean 17.28 St d Deviat ion 12.53 In how many of t he families t hat you have ident ified above are t here concerns about violence by anyone in t he family? 8.19 St d Deviat ion 9.10 In how many of t he families t hat you have ident ified above are t here concerns about violence by children/ young person in t he family? 3.86 St d Deviat ion 4.50
Approx. Number of Families
Families Experiencing Violence
Families Experiencing CPV
The Core Elements of the Non-Violent Resistance Programme. (Omer 2004; Weinblat t & Omer 2008; Coogan & Laust er 2014a, 2014b; Laust er et al 2014).
The Core Elements of the Non Violent Resistance Programme. Commit ment . Declarat ion of commit ment Breaking t he escalat ion t o Non Violence Resist ance. cycle – ending behaviour pat t erns & pressing t he Non violent resist ance & pause but t on. prot est – refusal of orders, service st rike, prot est sit in S t epping out of secrecy – t he support er net work. Reconciliation S t eps - drawing out posit ive aspect s of child’s Increasing parent al personalit y. presence. Ext ernalise t he behaviour.
Goals of S elf-Efficacy Training Increase capacity and skills of front line workers t o recognise and respond t o CPV . Ensure workers are able t o feel confident t o work in t his area. S elf-Efficacy Training Format Facilit at ed by Declan Coogan alone or wit h Eileen Laust er. Used short present at ions of t opics followed by small group discussions and role plays wit h an emphasis on CBT , solut ion focused t herapy and syst emic t echniques. Solicit ed quest ions oft en and provided an overall posit ive experience for t rainees. (see WS4 for Training Evaluat ions).
Research Methodology Number of t rainings Pre-Training, Post -Training and Follow-up Int erviews Number of complet ed quest ionnaires Descript ion of Quest ionnaires Percent ages of males and females Educat ion levels Experience post lat est qualification
Research Methodology Number of t rainings- S ix t rainings from July 2013 t o S ept . 2014 all held in Ireland on t he Non Violent Resist ance programme. Number of complet ed quest ionnaires- 145 people at t ended one or bot h days of t he t raining and of t hese 140 complet ed S elf- Efficacy Quest ionnaires 1 and/ or 2. Of t hese, 110 at t endees complet ed bot h Quest ionnaires 1 and 2. Percent ages of males and females- 80% females and 20% males. Educat ion levels- Cert ificat e 9% , Degree 26% , Post graduate Diploma 30% , Mast ers 26% , PhD 2% , Ot her 7% . Experience level post lat est qualificat ion- Newly qualified 5% , Two t o Five years 17% , S ix t o Twelve years 38% , Over Twelve years 40% .
Questions Format and Reliability Descript ion of Quest ionnaires- The first 42 quest ions in Quest ionnaire 1 and 2 are ident ical. They are Likert scaling quest ions for a st at ement rat ed 1-S t rongly Agree, 2-Agree, 3- Neit her Agree nor Disagree, 4-Disagree, and 5-S t rongly Disagree. Grouping of Quest ions and Cronback’s Alpha result s- Worker Confidence Levels wit h Parent s- .762, Worker Confidence Levels wit h Children/ Y oung People- .761, Worker S kill Levels wit h Parent s- .808 and Worker S kill Levels wit h Children/ Y oung People- .792.
Research Analysis Any missing dat a for each quest ion was discarded. The paired T-Test was performed in SPSS. Of t he 28 quest ions t hat were analysed, 25 had st at ist ically significant result s. This means t hat t he overall increase in ranking scores for each of t he four headings was not due t o chance. The first quest ion was not found t o be st at ically significant . We believe it was due t o it being worded in t he negat ive. The ot her t wo quest ions t hat were not st at ist ically significant were in t he Confidence wit h Working wit h Children Sect ion. We believe t his was due t o t he NVR programme focus on working wit h parent s and not young people in part icular. Therefore, many of t hose at t ending eit her work or have an int erest primarily wit h parent s and less int erest or experience working wit h young people.
Follow Up Interviews Results There were 10 Follow-Up Int erviews wit h pract it ioners held t hree or more mont hs aft er t hey had at t ended t he t raining S even of t he t en pract it ioners implement ed t he NVR programme wit h parent s in t heir workplace in t he int ervening period The remaining t hree pract it ioners said t hey would have liked t o implement t he t raining; however t hey had not encount ered any referrals relat ing t o CPV prior t o t he Follow-Up Int erviews.
Key Learning & Messages The t raining in t he Non Violent Resist ance programme developed and implement ed by t he RCPV proj ect increased pract it ioner awareness and underst anding of child t o parent violence; The t raining programmes developed and implement ed by t he RCPV Proj ect increased pract it ioner self-efficacy; The t raining programmes developed and implement ed by t he RCPV Proj ect provided pract it ioners wit h t he relevant skills t o work wit h parent s and children when child t o parent violence t akes place; The RCPV S elf Efficacy Quest ionnaires are st at ist ically reliable measurement s/ t ools t hat can be used in fut ure research; The fact t hat request s for RCPV t raining exceeded t he resources of t he proj ect t o provide t he t raining wit hin t he lifespan of t he proj ect highlight s t he fact t hat child t o parent violence is a growing social problem and t here is a high demand for t he pract it ioner t raining packages t hat were developed as part of t he Proj ect .
Key Learning & Messages (con’ t) As t he Proj ect is making t he t raining and research resources freely available via t he end of proj ect conference and t he www.rcpv.eu websit e, furt her t raining and research should be provided t o t rack t he development of pract ice, policy and research responses t o t his problem. Fut ure research could explore parent / carer self-efficacy in relat ion t o responding t o child t o parent violence.
More Information on the RCPV Proj ect and Child to Parent Violence www.rcpv.eu www.cpvirelrand.ie
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