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4/21/14 Connecting Neural Connections The B rain R esearch - PDF document

4/21/14 Connecting Neural Connections The B rain R esearch through A dvancing I nnova6ve N eurotechnologies to Behavior (BRAIN) Ini6a6ve is part of a new Presiden6al


  1. 4/21/14 ¡ Connecting Neural Connections “The ¡ B rain ¡ R esearch ¡ through ¡ A dvancing ¡ I nnova6ve ¡ N eurotechnologies ¡ to Behavior � (BRAIN) ¡ Ini6a6ve ¡ is ¡ part ¡ of ¡ a ¡ new ¡ Presiden6al ¡ focus ¡ aimed ¡ at ¡ � revolu6onizing ¡our ¡understanding ¡of ¡the ¡human ¡brain. ¡By ¡accelera6ng ¡the ¡ Josh Titlow, Ph.D. � development ¡and ¡applica6on ¡of ¡innova6ve ¡technologies, ¡researchers ¡will ¡ be ¡able ¡to ¡produce ¡a ¡revolu6onary ¡new ¡dynamic ¡picture ¡of ¡the ¡brain ¡that, ¡ for ¡the ¡first ¡6me, ¡ shows ¡how ¡individual ¡cells ¡and ¡complex ¡neural ¡circuits ¡ interact ¡in ¡both ¡:me ¡and ¡space. ¡ Long ¡desired ¡by ¡researchers ¡seeking ¡new ¡ ways ¡to ¡treat, ¡cure, ¡and ¡even ¡prevent ¡brain ¡disorders, ¡this ¡picture ¡will ¡fill ¡ major ¡ gaps ¡ in ¡ our ¡ current ¡ knowledge ¡ and ¡ provide ¡ unprecedented ¡ opportuni6es ¡for ¡exploring ¡exactly ¡how ¡the ¡brain ¡enables ¡the ¡human ¡body ¡ to ¡ record, ¡ process, ¡ u6lize, ¡ store, ¡ and ¡ retrieve ¡ vast ¡ quan66es ¡ of ¡ informa6on, ¡all ¡at ¡the ¡speed ¡of ¡thought.” ¡ ¡ C. elegans � Deep Homology of Arthropod Central Complex D. melanogaster � and Vertebrate Basal Ganglia � Strausfeld and Hirth, 2013 Science � D. rerio � M. musculus � OTX2 � Dopaminergic pathways � H. sapiens � Inhibitory pathways � Excitatory and regulatory pathways � Descending pathways � 4 ¡ 1 ¡

  2. 4/21/14 ¡ Steps to a comprehensive understanding of Steps to a comprehensive understanding of nervous system function � nervous system function � Step 1- Anatomy � � Generate a complete wiring diagram � � � � Step 2- Physiology � � Generate functional connectivity map � � � � Step 3- Behavior � � Correlate circuits with behavior �� Step 3- Behavior � � Correlate circuits with behavior �� Circuit breaking the old-fashioned way. � Circuit breaking with optical recording � Edwards et al., 2009 � 2 ¡

  3. 4/21/14 ¡ Circuit breaking with genetics � Proboscis extension is a fixed action pattern � Flood et al., 2013- Nature � Heat activation of neurons to study behavioral circuits � 34°C 34°C R22A05- 0 sec R22A05- 30 sec R22A05-Gal4 x UAS-cd8:GFP 3 ¡

  4. 4/21/14 ¡ Enhancing cellular resolution � A command neuron for feeding behavior � Flood et al., 2013- Nature � Flood et al., 2013- Nature � D. rerio- Mauthner neuron? � Anatomical motif of command neurons � The command neuron experiment � P. clarkia- Lateral giant � P. Americana � “Cell should be necessary and sufficient for the behavior” � Kupfermann and Weiss, 1978 � D. melanogaster- GF � H. sapiens- Purkinje? � Crayfish escape circuit- � a prototypical command neuron � 4 ¡

  5. 4/21/14 ¡ The C-start escape response � The C-start escape response � Eaton et al., 2005- Progress in Neurobiology � Eaton et al., 2005- Progress in Neurobiology � Eaton et al. take offense to the command neuron experiment � Different interpretations of the command neuron experiment � “If the CNE is not perceived as being simply wrong, approaches such as this should at least seem quaint in light of the fact that highly interconnected networks can now be quantitatively simulated and evaluated with computer models (for an example of a Mauthner model, see Guzik et al., 1999). Here the understanding of the role of network elements does not have to depend on the uncertain lexical implications of terms such as necessity and sufficiency.” � � Eaton et al., 2005- Progress in Neurobiology � Eaton et al., 2005- Progress in Neurobiology � 5 ¡

  6. 4/21/14 ¡ Parallel pathway for command-like neurons � Synaptic integration in a command-like neuron � Eaton et al., 2005- Progress in Neurobiology � Korn and Faber, 2005- Neuron � Summary � Neuronal screen for behaviors � -Command-like neurons and segmental homologues are a common feature of nerve cords. � � -Neural networks that control behavior are hierarchical. � � -Transgenic organisms are a powerful tool to analyze neural networks. � Korn and Faber, 2005- Neuron � Vogelstein et al., 2014- Science � 6 ¡

  7. 4/21/14 ¡ Neuronal screen for behaviors � This week’s experiment: Photo-activation of an escape response. � Vogelstein et al., 2014- Science � Neural circuit for flight in Drosophila � A307-GAL4 expression pattern � GFs dye-coupled neurons � Orr et al., 2014- J. Neuroscience � Augustin et al., 2011- JOVE � 7 ¡

  8. 4/21/14 ¡ Channelrhodopsin-evoked action potentials in adult fly muscle. � Ephys preparation to record from adult fly muscles � Active properties of various adult thoracic muscles. Intrinsic properties of adult thoracic muscles. � Dorsal longitudinal muscle (indirect flight muscle) Dorsal ventral muscle Tergotrochanteral muscle (direct flight muscle) (jump muscle) 8 ¡

  9. 4/21/14 ¡ Experimental questions for this lab: � Connecting Neural Connections to Behavior � � � � Josh Titlow, Ph.D. � -What are there differences in behavioral/physiological responses to activating the command-like neuron compared to activating motor neurons directly? � � � -What are the differences in action potential waveforms evoked by current injection compared to those evoked by synaptic potentials? � � � -How does activation affect spontaneous activity (i.e. minis)? � 9 ¡

  10. 4/21/14 ¡ D. Melanogaster larvae are equipped with Evolutionary arms race between mechanosensory behaviors to evade wasps � Measuring mechanosensory wasps and flies � function at the cellular level. � Leptopilina heterotoma females lay eggs in D. melanogaster larvae � Kazuo Emoto � M. L. Henneman � Dopaminergic modulation of sensory-evoked activity � Mechanosensory responses are modulated by dopamine through local interneurons. � 10 ¡

  11. 4/21/14 ¡ Evoking mechanosensory behaviors. � Connecting Neural Connections to Behavior � Neural ¡circuits ¡ Layout of the flying muscles in Drosophila Anatomical specificity in mechanosensory behaviors. � Jahrling et al., 2010- Front. Neurosci 11 ¡

  12. 4/21/14 ¡ Electrical activation of the flight circuit Optogene6c ¡ac6va6on ¡of ¡ dopaminergic ¡neurons ¡in ¡adult ¡ flies. ¡ ¡ Lima ¡and ¡Miesenbock, ¡2005 ¡ ¡ Heat activation of neurons to study behavioral circuits Heat activation of neurons to study behavioral circuits 34°C 34°C 34°C 34°C Fru -/- 0 sec Fru -/- 30 sec Fru -/- 0 sec Fru -/- 30 sec 12 ¡

  13. 4/21/14 ¡ C. elegans � Fru-Gal4 x UAS-Brainbow Knee extension reflex � C. elegans � 13 ¡

  14. 4/21/14 ¡ C. elegans � 14 ¡

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